EE6611 - POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVES LABORATORY

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. Gate Pulse Generation using R, RC and UJT.
2. Characteristics of SCR and Triac
3. Characteristics of MOSFET and IGBT
4. AC to DC half controlled converter
5. AC to DC fully controlled Converter
6. Step down and step up MOSFET based choppers
7. IGBT based single phase PWM inverter
8. IGBT based three phase PWM inverter
9. AC Voltage controller
10. Switched mode power converter.
11. Simulation of PE circuits (1Φ&3Φsemiconverter, 1Φ&3Φfullconverter, dc-dc

converters, ac voltage controllers).

 DAT
EXP.NO LIST OF EXPERIMENTS MARKS SIGN
E

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
EXPERIMENT NO.1
 CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR

Aim

To obtain the forward conduction characteristics of the SCR and to measure holding
and latching currents.

Apparatus Required

Sl.No Equipment Quantity

1 SCR study module 1 no
2 Ammeter (0-10mA)MC 1 no
3 Ammeter (0-100mA)MC 1 no
4 Voltmeter (0-30V)MC 1 no
5 Patch chords as required
6. Multimeter

Precautions

1. Check all fuses

2. Check the working condition of SCR
3. Avoid loose connections
4. Avoid short circuits

Theory

A SCR is a four layer three terminal semiconductor switching device of PNPN

structure with three PN junctions. The three terminals are anode, cathode and gate. SCRs are
manufactured by diffusion.
When the anode voltage is made positive with respect to cathode, the junctions J1 and
J3 are forward biased and junction J2 is reverse biased. A small leakage current flows from
anode to cathode. The thyristor is then said to be in forward blocking or OFF state condition.
If VAK is increased to a sufficient larger value, the reverse biased junction J2 will break.
This is known as avalanche breakdown and corresponding voltage is called forward
breakdown voltage (VBO). Now the device is in ON state. Latching current is defined as the
minimum amount of anode current required to maintain the thyristor in ON state immediately
after the thyristor has been turned ON and the gate signal has been removed. However, if the
forward anode current is reduced below a level known as holding current (IH), a depletion
region will develop around junction J2 due to the reduced number of carriers and the thyristor
will be in the blocking state. Holding current is the minimum anode current required to
maintain the thyristor in ON state. Holding current is less than latching current.
When the cathode is positive with respect to anode, junction J2 is forward biased but
junction J1 and J3 are reverse biased. Now the thyristor will be in reverse blocking state and
reverse leakage current known as reverse current known as IR would flow through the
device.
Procedure:

1. Connect the trainer kit to standard AC mains single phase AC supply through 3- pin
mains cord provided in the unit.
2. Keep the potentiometers in the left-most position.
3. Switch ON the kit. The neon lamp will glow indicating that the unit is ready for
operation.
4. Connect the required Voltmeter and Ammeter to the terminals provided on the
unit,with due care to the polarities.
5. Set the gate current ( I G) to a convenient value, like 3mA, and vary the voltage across
anode-cathode (V AK ) from 0 volt upwards.
6. Set the voltage across anode-cathode (V AK ) to say, 10V and Note down the
corresponding anode current ( I A).
7. Increase the anode-cathode voltage (V AK ) till the current break-down occurs for the
chosen gate current ( I G), at which point the voltage across anode-cathode (V AK ) will
drop abruptly down to a fraction of volt and the anode current ( I A) will tend to shoot
up (limited only by load resistance in the anode circuit).
8. In the post-trigger state, vary the voltage on the anode circuit side and note down the
corresponding anode current ( I A) and anode voltage (V AK ). It will in the order of 0.8
to 1V.
9. Tabulate the readings.

Tabular Column

Prior to break down

( I G)= mA
V AK (V) I A (mA)

After break down

I A (mA) V AK (V)

V-I characteristics

RESULT:

Thus the Characteristics of SCR and the Output waveforms were obtained.

EXPERIMENT NO.2
 CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIAC

Aim

To obtain the forward and reverse conduction characteristics of TRIAC and to plot its
characteristic curve.

Apparatus Required

Sl.No Equipment Quantity

1 Bread board 1 no
2 Ammeter (0-100mA)MC 1 no
3 Ammeter (0-20mA)MC 1 no
4 Voltmeter (0-30V)MC 1 no
5 Connecting wires as required
6. Resistors-470 ohm 2
7. Potentiometer -1K,10K 1 each

Precautions

1. Check the working condition of TRIAC

2. Avoid loose connections
3. Avoid short circuits

Theory

A SCR is a unidirectional device as it conducts from anode to cathode only and not
from cathode to anode. A TRIAC can conduct in both directions. A TRIAC is a bidirectional
thyristor with three terminals. It is used extensively for control of power in AC circuits.
When in operation, a TRIAC is equivalent to two SCRs connected in anti-parallel. As the
TRIAC can conduct in both directions, the term anode and cathode are not applicable to
TRIAC. Its three terminals are usually designated as MT1 (main terminal 1), MT2 (main
terminal 2) and gate.

With no signal in the gate, TRIAC will block both half cycles of applied voltage in
case peak value of the voltage is less than the break over voltage of the TRIAC. The TRIAC
can however be turned ON in each half cycle of the applied voltage by applying a positive or
negative voltage to MT2 with respect to MT1.

Circuit Diagram - V-I Characteristic of TRIAC

Procedure
 1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. Connect MT2 terminal of the TRIAC to positive with respect to MT 1 with positive
gate current.
3. Switch on the main AC supply
4. Vary the pot3 and set the gate current (12 mA to 15 mA)
5. Slowly increase Voltage by varying pot4 till the TRIAC gets turned ON. Note down
the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
6. Now note down the forward breakdown voltage.
7. Further increase Voltage and note the current in ammeter
8. Now tabulate the readings.
9. Plot the graph V versus I.
10. Connect MT2 terminal of the TRIAC to negative with respect to MT 1 with positive
gate current.
11. Repeat the procedure from step 3 to 9

Tabular Column

Sl.No MT2 is positive w.r.t MT1 MT2 is negative w.r.t MT1

IG = (mA) IG = (mA)
VAK (V) IA (mA) VAK (V) IA (mA)

Model graph:

RESULT:

Thus the Characteristics of TRIAC was obtained.

EXPERIMENT NO.3
 CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET

Aim

To obtain the steady state output and transfer characteristics of MOSFET and to plot
the same.

Apparatus Required

Sl.No Equipment Quantity

1 MOSFET study module 1 no
2 Ammeter (0-100mA)MC 1 no
3 Voltmeter (0-30V)MC 1 no
4 Patch chords as required
5. Multimeter

Precautions

1. Check all fuses

2. Check the working condition of MOSFET
3. Avoid loose connections
4. Avoid short circuits

Theory

A power MOSFET has three terminals called drain, source and gate in place of
corresponding three terminals collector, emitter and base for BJT. A BJT is a current
controlled device whereas power MOSFET is a voltage controlled device. The control signals
are base current in BJT is much larger than the control signal or gate current required in a
MOSFET. This is because of the fact that gate circuit impedance in MOSFET is extremely
high of the order of 109 ohms. This large impedance permits the MOSFET gate to drive
directly from microelectronics circuits. BJT suffers from secondary breakdown voltage
whereas MOSFET is free from this problem.

Power MOSFETs finds application in low power high frequency converters. Two
types of power MOSFETs are there. 1. Enhancement MOSFET 2. Depletion MOSFET. Out
of these two types, n-channel enhancement MOSFET is more common because of high
mobility of electrons.

Circuit Diagram - Characteristics of MOSFET

Trainer kit module for MOSFET characteristics

Procedure

1. Connect the trainer kit to standard AC mains single phase supply through a 3-
pin mains cord provided in the unit.
2. Keep the potentiometers in the left most position.
3. Switch On the trainer kit. The neon lamp will glow indicating that the unit is
ready for operation.
4. Connect the required Voltmeter and Ammeter to the terminals provided on the
unit, with due care to the polarities.
5. Set the gate source voltage (V GS ) to a value , like 2V and vary the voltage across
drain source (V DS), from 0V upwards in steps of 2V or 3V till maximum level
(=12V) is reached. Note down the corresponding collector current ( I D ).
6. Repeat the above increasing values of V GS like 2.5V, 3.0V, 3.3V, 3.6V…e.t.c.
7. Tabulate the readings.

Tabular Column

(V GS )= mA
V DS (V) I D (mA)

Model Graph
Output characteristics:

Transfer characteristics:

RESULT

Thus the Characteristics of MOSFET were obtained.

EXPERIMENT NO.4
 CHARACTERISTICS OF IGBT

Aim

To obtain the steady state output and transfer characteristics of IGBT and to plot the
same

Apparatus Required

Sl.No Equipment Quantity

1 IGBT study module 1 no
2 Ammeter (0-100mA)MC 1 no
3 Voltmeter (0-30V)MC 1 no
4 Patch chords as required
5. Multimeter

Precautions

1. Check all fuses

2. Check the working condition of IGBT
3. Avoid loose connections
4. Avoid short circuits
Theory

A power IGBT has terminals called emitter, collector and gate. This device combines
into it the advantages of both MOSFET and BJT. So an IGBT has high impedance like
MOSFET and low on state power loss like BJT. Further IGBT is free from secondary
breakdown problem present in BJT. IGBT is also known as Metal Oxide Insulated Gate
Transistor (MOIGT) or Conductively Modulated Field Transistor (COMFET).

In forward direction, the shape of the output characteristics is similar to that of BJT.
But here the controlling parameter is the gate emitter voltage (VGE) because IGBT is a
voltage controlled device. The transfer characteristic of IGBT is identical to that of power
MOSFET.

Circuit Diagram - Characteristics of IGBT

Trainer kit module for IGBT characteristics

Procedure

1. Connect the trainer kit to standard AC mains single phase supply through 3-pin
mains cord provided in the unit.
2. Keep the potentiometers in the left most position.
3. Switch ON the trainer kit. The neon lamp will glow indicating that the unit is
ready for operation.
4. Connect the required Voltmeters and Ammeter to the terminals provided on the
unit, with due care to the polarities.
5. Set the gate emitter voltage V ¿ to a value like 2V, and vary the voltage across
collector emitter (V CE ), from ) 0V upwards in steps of 2 or 3 V till maximum level
(=12V) is reached. Note down the corresponding collector current. ( I C).
6. Repeat the above increasing values ,V ¿, like 2.5V,3.0V,3.3V,3.6V...e.t.c.
7. Tabulate the readings

Tabular column:

(V Gs)= mA
V CE (V) I C (mA)

Model graph:
Transfer characcteristics:

Output characteristics:

RESULT:

Thus the Characteristics of IGBT were obtained.

Circuit Diagram:
Trainer Kit Module for MOSFET based step down chopper

Patching diagram

EXPERIMENT NO 4
 MOSFET BASED STEP DOWN CHOPPER

Aim

To construct MOSFET based Step down choppers and to draw its output response.

Apparatus Required

Sl.No Name of the Equipment Quantity

1 MOSFET based Step up/Step 1 no
down converter study module
2 CRO 1 no
3 Patch chords as required
4 Multimeter

Formulae

1. Duty cycle ratio δ = TON / T

2. Output Voltage Vo = δ Vs (V)
Where,

T- total time for a cycle

T = TON + TOFF (ms)

Vs = SupplyDC voltage (V)

Precautions

1. Check all fuses.

2. Check the working condition of converter.
3. Avoid loose connections.
4. Avoid short circuits.
5. Check CRO probe.
6. Calibrate the CRO properly.

Theory

In Buck converter the output voltage is always less than the input voltage in the same
polarity and is not isolated from the input. The input current for a buck converter is
discontinuous or pulsating due to power switch current that pulses from zero to I 0 every
switching cycle. The output current for a buck power stage is continuous or non-pulsating
because the output current is supplied by the output inductor /capacitor combination; the
output current never supplies the entire load current. It’s main applications are in regulated
DC power supplies and DC motor speed control.
Model graph

Input and Output Voltage Waveforms

Procedure
 1. Plug in the unit to AC mauns 230V, 50 Hz supply.
2. Switch ON the toggle switch. The neon lamp will glow indicating the unit is ready for
experimentation
3. Observe the trigger circuit waveforms, as shown in fig
(a) Step Down Chopper
1. Establish interconnections as shown in fig
2. Connect the lamp load with incandescent lamp of 35V.
3. Observe the voltage waveforms across the device and the load, for a chosen
setting of the frequency control and duty cycle control
4. Observe the current waveform through the device, by connecting the BNC probe
across the ohmic resistor provided in the device, for a chosen setting of the
frequency control and duty cycle control

RESULT

Thus the output response of MOSFET based Step down chopper was drawn.

Circuit diagram
Trainer Kit Module for MOSFET based Step up chopper

Patching diagram

EXPERIMENT NO 5
 MOSFET BASED STEP UP CHOPPER

Aim

To construct MOSFET based Step up choppers and to draw its output response.
Apparatus Required

Sl.No Name of the Equipment Quantity

1 MOSFET based buck-boost 1 no
converter study module
2 CRO 1 no
3 Patch chords as required
4 Multimeter

Formulae

Duty cycle ratio δ = TON / T

Output Voltage Vo = Vs / (1- δ) (V)
where,

T- Total time for a cycle

T = TON + TOFF (ms)

Vs = SupplyDC voltage (V)

Precautions

1. Check all fuses.

2. Check the working condition of converter.
3. Avoid loose connections.
4. Avoid short circuits.
5. Check CRO probe.
6. Calibrate the CRO properly.

Theory

In boost converter the output voltage is always higher than the input voltage in the
same polarity and is not isolated from the input. The input current for a buck power stage is
continuous or non pulsating because the input current is the same as the inductor current. The
output current for a boost power stage is discontinuous or pulsating because the output diode
conducts only during a portion of the switching cycle. The output capacitor supplies the
entire load current for the rest of the switching cycle.

Input and Output Voltage Waveforms

Procedure
 1. Plug in the unit to AC mauns 230V, 50 Hz supply.
2. Switch ON the toggle switch. The neon lamp will glow indicating the unit is ready for
experimentation
3. Observe the trigger circuit waveforms, as shown in fig

Step Up Chopper

5. Establish interconnections as shown in fig

6. Connect the lamp load with incandescent lamp of 220V.
7. Observe the voltage waveforms across the device and the load, for a chosen
setting of the frequency control and duty cycle control
8. Observe the current waveform through the device, by connecting the BNC probe
across the ohmic resistor provided in the device, for a chosen setting of the
frequency control and duty cycle control

RESULT

Thus the output response of MOSFET based Step up chopper was drawn.

Circuit diagram
Trainer kit module for IGBT based Three phase PWM inverter

Patching diagram

EXPERIMENT NO. 6
 IGBT BASED THREE-PHASE PWM INVERTER

Aim

To control the speed of three phase induction motor by v/f control and plot the graph for

i. Speed Vs Frequency
ii. Voltage Vs Frequency

Apparatus Required

Sl.No Name of the Equipment Quantity

1 IGBT based 3 phase PWM 1 no.
inverter-power module
2 CRO 1 no
3 3 phase induction motor 1 no.
4 Patch chords as required
5 Tachometer 1 no

Precautions

1. Check all fuses.

2. Check the working condition of Modules.
3. Check Whether the AC main Switch is OFF condition.
4. Avoid loose connections.
5. Avoid short circuits.
6. Keep the MCB in off position
7. keep the frequency pot and amplitude pot in minimum position

Theory

DC to AC converter is known as inverter. For providing adjustable frequency power

to industrial applications, three phase inverters are common than single-phase inverters.
Three phase inverters like single-phase inverters, take their DC supply from a battery or more
usually from a rectifier.

Basic three-phase inverters are a six-step bridge inverter. It uses a minimum of six thyristors.
In inverter terminology a step is defined as a change in firing from one thyristor to the next
thyristor in proper sequence. For one cycle of 360° each step would be of 60° intervals for a
six-step inverter. This means that thyristor would be gated at regular intervals of 60° in
proper sequence so that a 3-phase voltage is synthesized at the output terminals of a six-step
inverter.

Tabular column
Sl.n Frequency (Hz) Speed (rpm)
o

Sl.n Frequency (Hz) Voltage (V)

o
Procedure

1. On switching the power to the unit, the seven segment display will changing and settle to
0.00
2. By varying the potentiometer. Frequency of inverter output can be varied from 0 to 50.00
Hz
3. Press the MON push switch : Display will appear as AUH
4. Press the MON push switch : Display will read Fr---F (Fr—F: Forward Direction)
5. A miniature Toggle Switch (1-0-1) is included, positioned just above the AC Drive
Display Area to select the direction of the motor : Forward or Reverse, When changed
from forward to direction, Display will read as Fr---r (Fr—r : Reverse Direction)When
the switch in center position (0) the motor will not run
6. Press ∆ switch : Display will read F0.00 ( F denotes Frequency and the Frequency value
selected depends upon the potentiometer setting – maximum 50.0 Hz )
7. Press ∆ switch once again : Display will read C1.0A ( C denotes Current and the value
depends upon the potentiometer setting
8. Press∆ switch once again : Display will read Y 230V (denotes input voltage )
9. Press ∆ switch : Display will read P 210V ( P denotes Output Voltage ). Also the output
voltage between any two phases can be measured, for corresponding frequency setting.
10. Using a Digital Non-contact Tachometer, measure the speed for the corresponding
frequency setting
Model graph

Output Phase Voltage Waveforms

RESULT

Thus the output waveform for IGBT inverter (PWM) was obtained.
7. SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE SEMI CONVERTER
AIM:
To simulate single Phase Semi Converter circuit with R load in MATLAB -
SimuLink.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
A PC with MATLAB package.
THEORY:
SINGLE PHASE SEMI CONVERTER

A semi converter uses two diodes and two thyristors and there is a limited control
over the level of dc output voltage. A semi converter is one quadrant converter. A one
quadrant converter has same polarity of dc output voltage and current at its output terminals
and it is always positive. It is also known as two- pulse converter. Figure shows half
controlled rectifier with R load. This circuit consists of two SCRs T1 and T2, two diodes D1
and D2. During the positive half cycle of the ac supply, SCR T1 and diode D2 are forward
biased when the SCR T1 is triggered at a firing angle ωt = α, the SCR T1 and diode D2
comes to the on state. Now the load current flows through the path L - T1- R load –D2 - N.
During this period, we output voltage and current are positive. At ωt = π, the load voltage and
load current reaches to zero, then SCR T1 and diode D2 comes to off state since supply
voltage has been reversed. During the negative half cycle of the ac supply, SCR T2 and diode
D1 are forward biased.
When SCR T2 is triggered at a firing angle ωt = π + α, the SCR T2 and diode D1
comes to on state. Now the load current flows through the path N - T2- R load – D1 -L.
During this period, output voltage and output current will be positive. At ωt = 2π, the load
voltage and load current reaches to zero then SCR T2 and diode D1 comes to off state since
the voltage has been reversed. During the period (π + α to 2π) SCR T2 and diode D1 are
conducting.
√2 V s
V out = ( 1+cos α )
π

PROCEDURE:
1. In MATLAB software open a new model in File->New->model.
2. Start SIMULINK library browser by clicking the symbol in toolbar

OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:
Set AC Input Parameter
(Peak amplitude =100 V, Phase=0 deg and Frequency=50 Hz)
Set Pulse generator Parameter
(First pulse generator period=0.02 sec, Pulse width=50% and Phase delay=0.002 sec)
(Second pulse generator period=0.02 sec, Pulse width=50% and Phase delay=0.012 sec)
3. And Open the libraries that contain the blocks you will need. These usually will include the
sources, sinks, math and continuous function block and possibly other.
4. Drag the needed blocks from the library folders to that new untitled Simulink window.
You must give it a name using the Save As menu command under the File menu heading.
The assigned filename is automatically appended with an .mdl extension.
5. Arrange these blocks in orderly way corresponding by Matlab Model Shown
Below.
6. Interconnect the blocks by dragging the cursor from the output of one block to the input of
another block.
7. Double click on any block having parameters that must be established and set these
parameters.
8. It is necessary to specify a stop time for the simulation; this is done by clicking on the
simulation parameters entry on the simulation-> parameters entry on the simulation toolbar.
9. Now we are ready to simulate our block diagram. Press start icon to start the simulation.
After simulation is done, double click the scope block to display the output. Click the auto
scale icon in the display window to scale the axis as per variable range.
10. Finally Save the Output.

RESULT:
Thus the simulation of single phase semi converter model is done and the output is
verified using MATLAB Simulink.
8.SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE FULL CONVERTER
AIM:
To simulate single Phase Full Converter circuit with R load in MATLAB - SimuLink.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
A PC with MATLAB package.
THEORY:
SINGLE PHASE FULL CONVERTER

A fully controlled converter or full converter uses thyristors only and there is a wider control
over the level of dc output voltage. With pure resistive load, it is single quadrant converter.
Here, both the output voltage and output current are positive. With RL- load it becomes a
two-quadrant converter. Here, output voltage is either positive or negative but output current
is always positive. Figure shows the quadrant operation of fully controlled bridge rectifier
with R-load. Fig shows single phase fully controlled rectifier with resistive load. This type of
full wave rectifier circuit consists of four SCRs. During the positive half cycle, SCRs T1 and
T2 are forward biased. At ωt = α, SCRs T1 and T3 are triggered, and then the current flows
through the L – T1- R load – T3 – N. At ωt = π, supply voltage falls to zero and the current
also goes to zero. Hence SCRs T1 and T3 turned off. During negative half cycle (π to
2π).SCRs T3 and T4 forward biased. At ωt = π + α, SCRs T2 and T4 are triggered, then
current flows through the path N – T2 – R load- T4 – L. At ωt = 2π, supply voltage and
current goes to zero, SCRs T2 and T4 are turned off. The Fig-3, shows the current and
voltage waveforms for this circuit. For large power dc loads, 3-phase ac to dc converters are
commonly used. The various types of three-phase phase-controlled converters are 3 phase
half-wave converter, 3-phase semi converter, 3-phase full controlled and 3-phase dual
converter. Three-phase half wave converter is rarely used in industry because it introduces dc
component in the supply current. Semi converters and full converters are quite common in
industrial applications. A dual is used only when reversible dc drives with power ratings of
several MW are required. The advantages of three phase converters over single phase
converters are as under: In 3-phase converters, the ripple frequency of the converter output
voltage is higher than in single-phase converter. Consequently, the filtering requirements for
smoothing out the load current are less. The load current is mostly continuous in 3-phase
converters. The load performance, when 3- phase converters are used, is therefore superior as
compared to when single-phase converters are used.

2Vs
V out = cos α
π
 V avg
I avg=
R

MATLAB MODEL:

OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:
Set AC Input Parameter
(Peak amplitude =100 V, Phase=0 deg and Frequency=50 Hz)
Set Pulse generator Parameter
(First pulse generator period=0.02 sec, Pulse width=50% and Phase delay=0.002 sec)
(Second pulse generator period=0.02 sec, Pulse width=50% and Phase delay=0.012 sec)
PROCEDURE:
1. In MATLAB software open a new model in File->New->model.
2. Start SIMULINK library browser by clicking the symbol in toolbar
3. And Open the libraries that contain the blocks you will need. These usually will include the
sources, sinks, math and continuous function block and possibly other.
4. Drag the needed blocks from the library folders to that new untitled Simulink window.
You must give it a name using the Save As menu command under the File menu heading.
The assigned filename is automatically appended with an .mdl extension.
5. Arrange these blocks in orderly way corresponding by Matlab Model Shown Below.
6. Interconnect the blocks by dragging the cursor from the output of one block to the input of
another block.
7. Double click on any block having parameters that must be established and set these
parameters.
8. It is necessary to specify a stop time for the simulation; this is done by clicking on the
simulation parameters entry on the simulation-> parameters entry on the simulation toolbar.
9. Now we are ready to simulate our block diagram. Press start icon to start the simulation.
After simulation is done, double click the scope block to display the output. Click the auto
scale icon in the display window to scale the axis as per variable range.
10. Finally Save the Output.

RESULT:
Thus the simulation of single phase Full converter model is done and the output is
verified using MATLAB Simulink.
9. SIMULATION OF THREE PHASE CONVERTER
AIM:
To simulate three phase Converter circuit with RL load in MATLAB - SimuLink.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
A PC with MATLAB package.
THEORY:

Figure shows the circuit diagram of three phase bridge controlled rectifier. It consist
of upper group (T1,T3,T5) and lower group (T2,T4,T5) of thyristors .Thyristor T1 is forward
biased and can be triggered for conduction only when Va is greater than both Vb and Vc.
From figure this condition occurs at ωt=30°. Hence T1 can be triggered only at ωt=30°.If
firing angle is α, then T1 starts conduction at ωt=30° +α and conducts for 120° where it get
commutated by turning on of next thyristor ie,T3.Similarly triggering instant for T3 and T5
are determined when considering Vb and Vc respectively. For lower group T4,T6 and T2,
negative voltages,ie,-Va,-Vb and -Vc respectively are considered. Thus the forward bias
instant and triggering instants are obtained as:

Thyristor Forward Triggering Conduction

Bias instant(deg) period
T1 30 30+α 30+α to 150+α
T2 90 90+α 90+α to 210+α
T3 150 150+α 150+α to 270+α
T4 210 210+α 210+α to 330+α
T5 270 270+α 270+α to 390+α
T6 330 330+α 330+α to 450 +α

Average Value of output voltage is given by

3 √3
V avg = V m cos α
π
where V m is the maximum value of phase to neutral voltage
Average Value of output current is given by

MATLAB MODEL:

OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:
DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER
Set AC Input Parameter
(For Va : Peak amplitude =245 V, Phase=0 deg and Frequency=50 Hz)
(For Vb : Peak amplitude =245 V, Phase= -120 deg and Frequency=50 Hz)
(For Vc : Peak amplitude =245 V, Phase=120 deg and Frequency=50 Hz)
Set Synchronized 6-Pulse Generator Parameter(Frequency=50 Hz, Pulse width=10 deg)
Set RL Branch Parameter (Resistance =1000 Ohms, Inductance =350e-3 H)
 3 √3
I avg= V cos α
πR m

where R is the load resistance

PROCEDURE:
1. In MATLAB software open a new model in File->New->model.
2. Start SIMULINK library browser by clicking the symbol in toolbar
3. And Open the libraries that contain the blocks you will need. These usually will include the
sources, sinks, math and continuous function block and possibly other.
4. Drag the needed blocks from the library folders to that new untitled Simulink window.
You must give it a name using the Save As menu command under the File menu heading.
The assigned filename is automatically appended with an .mdl extension.
5. Arrange these blocks in orderly way corresponding by Matlab Model Shown Below.
6. Interconnect the blocks by dragging the cursor from the output of one block to the input of
another block.
7. Double click on any block having parameters that must be established and set these
parameters.
8. It is necessary to specify a stop time for the simulation; this is done by clicking on the
simulation parameters entry on the simulation-> parameters entry on the simulation toolbar.
9. Now we are ready to simulate our block diagram. Press start icon to start the simulation.
After simulation is done, double click the scope block to display the output. Click the auto
scale icon in the display window to scale the axis as per variable range.
11. Finally Save the Output.

RESULT:
Thus the simulation of three phase converter model is done and the output is verified
using MATLAB Simulink.
10. SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONTROL USING TRIAC
AIM:
To simulate single Phase AC Voltage Control Using TRIAC circuit with R load in
MATLAB - SimuLink.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
A PC with MATLAB package.
THEORY:
SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONTROL USING TRIAC

Triac is a bidirectional thyristor with three terminals. Triac is the word derived by
combining the capital letters from the words TRIode and AC. In operation triac is equivalent
to two SCRs connected in anti- parallel. It is used extensively for the control of power in ac
circuit as it can conduct in both the direction. Its three terminals are MT1 (main terminal 1),
MT2 (main terminal 2) and G (gate).

PROCEDURE:
1. In MATLAB software open a new model in File->New->model.
2. Start SIMULINK library browser by clicking the symbol in toolbar
3. And Open the libraries that contain the blocks you will need. These usually will include the
sources, sinks, math and continuous function block and possibly other.
4. Drag the needed blocks from the library folders to that new untitled Simulink window.
You must give it a name using the Save As menu command under the File menu heading.
The assigned filename is automatically appended with an .mdl extension.
5. Arrange these blocks in orderly way corresponding by Matlab Model Shown Below.
6. Interconnect the blocks by dragging the cursor from the output of one block to the input of
another block.
7. Double click on any block having parameters that must be established and set these
parameters.
8. It is necessary to specify a stop time for the simulation; this is done by clicking on the
simulation parameters entry on the simulation-> parameters entry on the simulation toolbar.
9. Now we are ready to simulate our block diagram. Press start icon to start the simulation.
After simulation is done, double click the scope block to display the output. Click the auto
scale icon in the display window to scale the axis as per variable range.
10. Finally Save the Output.

MATLAB MODEL:

OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:
Set AC Input Parameter
(Peak amplitude =100 V, Phase=0 deg and Frequency=50 Hz)
Set Pulse generator Parameter
(First pulse generator period=0.02 sec, Pulse width=50% and Phase delay=0.003 sec)
(Second pulse generator period=0.02 sec, Pulse width=50% and Phase delay=0.013 sec)
RESULT:
Thus the simulation of single Phase AC Voltage Control Using TRIAC model is done
and the output is verified using MATLAB Simulink.
11.DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF BUCK CONVERTER
AIM:

i. To design DC-DC buck converter and simulate it with MATLAB

ii. To compare the theoretical and simulation results for different values of duty cycle

SIMULATION BLOCKS:
DC voltage source, MOSFET, Series RLC block ,Voltage and Current measurement
blocks, Scope, Powergui block(Continuous).

THEORY:

Fig.1.Circuit diagram of Buck Converter.

Figure shows the circuit diagram of step down DC-DC converter, commonly known as buck
converter. When switch S is ON, diode D is reverse biased and voltage across inductor will
be V S −V O. So inductor current increases and attains a peak. When switch S is OFF, diode D
is forward biased and voltage across inductor will be -Vo. So inductor current decreases.
Hence inductor with diode ensures an uninterrupted current flow and hence a constant output
voltage with capacitor for removing voltage ripples.
Output voltage is given by
V O =DV S
Where
D is duty cycle and V S is input voltage
PROCEDURE:
1. Create a new MATLAB model file and create the MATLAB model as shown in figure 2
corresponding to DC-DC buck converter.
2. Give the run time value as 0.5secs.
3. Run the simulation model and obtain the results.
4. Repeat the simulation for different values of duty cycles.

DESIGN OF CIRCUIT COMPONENTS:

Input voltage,V S =100 V
Output Voltage required V O =60 V
Output current I O=0.6 A
Switching frequency, f S=50 kHZ
Ripple allowed in inductor current,∆ I =2 mA
Ripple allowed in capacitor voltage,∆ V C =50 mV
V O ( V S −V O ) D V s ( 1−D )
Inductor, L= = =0.24 henry
∆ If S V S ∆ If s

∆I V D(1−D)
Capacitor,C= = S 2 =0.1 μF
8∆VC f s 8L f S ∆VC

VO
Load Resistance R= =100Ω
IO
MATLAB MODEL:
Fig .2.Circuit diagram of Buck Converter.

WAVEFORMS:
(a)

(b)Inductor voltage and current

OBSERVATIONS:

Duty Cycle (D) Theoretical Calculations Simulation Results

Output Voltage (V) Output Voltage (V)
0.6
0.5
0.4

RESULT:
i. Simulated DC - DC buck converter circuit using MATLAB
ii. Compared the simulation results obtained with theoretical calculations.
12. DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF BOOST CONVERTER
AIM:
To simulate DC-DC Boost Converter circuit with R load in MATLAB - Simulink.

THEORY:
 Fig.1.Circuit diagram of Boost Converter.
In a boost converter, the output voltage is greater than the input voltage –hence the
name “boost”. A boost converter using a power MOSFET is shown below.
The function of boost converter can be divided into two modes, Mode 1and Mode 2.
Mode 1begins when transistor M1is switched on at time t=0. The input current rises and
flows through inductor L and transistor M1.Mode 2 begins when transistor M1is switched off
at time t=t1. The input current now flows through L, C, load, and diode Dm. The inductor
current falls until the next cycle. The energy stored in inductor L flows through the load.
PROCEDURE:
1. Create a new MATLAB model file and create the MATLAB model as shown in figure 2
corresponding to DC-DC boost converter.
2. Give the run time value as 0.5secs.
3. Run the simulation model and obtain the results.
4. Repeat the simulation for different values of duty cycles.

DESIGN OF CIRCUIT COMPONENTS:

Input voltage,V S =6 V
Output Voltage required V O =18V
Output current I O=0.4 A
Switching frequency, f S=20 kHZ
 Inductor, L=250 μH
Capacitor,C=420 μf
VO
Load Resistance R= =¿
IO

Ripple allowed in inductor current

V s ( V 0 −V s )
∆ I= =¿
fs LV0
Ripple allowed in capacitor voltage
I 0 ( V 0−V s ) I0 D
∆ V C= = =¿
V 0 f sC f sC
V 0 −V s
D= =¿
V0

MATLAB MODEL:

Fig.2.Circuit diagram of Boost Converter.

WAVEFORMS:
Output and input voltage
Output current
RESULT:
Thus the simulation of dc-dc Boost Converter model is done and the output is verified
using MATLAB Simulink.