Physics & Astronomy International Journal

Commentary Open Access

A model of particles cold forming as collapsed

Bose–Einstein condensate of gammons
Abstract Volume 2 Issue 4 - 2018

The paper brings supplementary arguments regarding the possibility of cold particles
forming as collapsed cold clusters of gammons–considered as pairs: γ
*
(
= e e
− +
) Marius Arghirescu
Patents Department, State Office for Inventions and Trademarks,
of axially coupled electrons with opposed charges. It is argued physico–mathematically Romania
that the particles cold forming from chiral quantum vacuum fluctuations is possible at
T → 0K , either by a vortexial, magnetic–like field or by already formed gammons, in a Correspondence: Marius Arghirescu, Patents Department,
“step–by–step” process, by two possible mechanisms: a)–by clusterizing, with the forming State Office for Inventions and Trademarks, Romania, Tel +4074
0 0 0 5795 507, Email arghirescu.marius@osim.ro
of preons z = 34me , and of basic bosons:
= z p 7=
z ; z2 4 z , with hexagonal
Received: June 11, 2018 | Published: July 05, 2018
symmetry and thereafter–of cold quarks and pseudo–quarks, by a mechanism with a first
( ) –pre–cluster forming by magnetic interaction and a second step
*
* ± 0
step of z / q / q

(
of z / q / q
± 0
) –collapsed cluster forming , with the aid of magnetic confinement, and
b)–by pearlitizing, by the transforming of a bigger Bose–Einstein condensate into smaller
gammonic pre–clusters which may become particle–like collapsed BEC.

Keywords: cold genesis, bose–einstein condensate, quasi–crystal quark, dark energy,

quantum vortex

Commentary
In a previous paper1 were presented briefly some basic particle
Vn r () υi Pn =
= V ⋅e=
1 0 − r /η *
2
/2 ρ n r ⋅ c (1)
; Pn r
n
() ( ) ()
models resulted from a cold genesis theory of matter and fields2–5 By an electron model with radius: a = 1.41fm and with
of the author, (CGT), regarding the cold forming process of cosmic exponential variation of the quantum volume density and of the
elementary particles, formed–according to the theory, as collapsed magnetic field quanta: ρ µ r ≈ ρ e r () () ρ e ·e
=
0 − r /η
; η ≈ 0.96 fm ;
cold clusters of gammons–considered as pairs: γ = e e
*
( − +
) of axially 0
ρ e = 2.22 x 10 kg / m .
14 3

coupled electrons with opposed charges, which gives a preonic, quasi–

crystalline internal structure of cold formed quarks with hexagonal In the base of some neo–classic (pre–quantum) relations of the
0
symmetry,5 based on z ≈ 34me preon–experimentally evidenced in electric and magnetic fields:2–5
2
Krasznahorkay et al.,6 but considered as X–boson of a fifth force, of 2 1
2
∆ pc 4π ⋅ rq
leptons–to quark binding, and on two cold formed bosonic ‘zerons’ : E s (r) = k 1 ⋅ ρ e (r) ⋅ v c = k1 ⋅ ; qs = ;
0 0 2 ∆t k1
=z2 4= z 136 me ; and = zπ =
7 z 238me , formed as clusters of (2)
degenerate electrons with degenerate mass and magnetic moment and 2 2
4π ⋅ a −10 m

( )
with degenerate charge e = 2 e , (characteristic to the up–quark–
in the quantum mechanics).
*
3
k 1 ⋅ ρ µ (r) ⋅ v c ; (k1 =
B =
e
1.56 x 10
=

In two relative recent papers,7,8 were brought arguments for two

C
; vc ≈ c )

possible
According to this theory,2–5 based on the Galilean relativity,
the magnetic field is generated by an etherono–quantonic mechanism of cold particles forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein
vortex Γ M = Γ A + Γ µ of s–etherons (sinergons–with mass condensate (BEC) without destruction:

ms ≈ 10
−60
kg ) giving the magnetic potential A by an impulse a) by clusterizing and cold collapsing without destruction, from
a gammonic quasi–crystallin pre–cluster Nz,7 or b) by pearlitizing,
density: ps =
r ()
( ρ s ⋅ c )r and of quantons (h–quanta, with mass: by the fragmenting of a bigger BEC.8 The particles cold forming
mh =
2
h ⋅ 1 / c ≈ 7.37 x 10
−51
kg , formed as compact cluster of by clusterizing may results–according to CGT, in a “step–by–step”
process,7 supposing:
sinergons) giving the magnetic moment and the magnetic induction 0* 0
a1) z / z pre–cluster/cluster forming, with the aid of magnetic
()
B by an impulse density: pc r = ( ρ c vc )r , the nuclear field resulting confinement, with a metastable equilibrium interdistance between
from the attraction of the quantum impenetrable volume υi of a nucleon gammons with antiparallel magnetic moments: de= a= 1.41 fm
in the total field generated according to fields superposition principle, (Figure 1);
*
()
by the Nn superposed vortices Γ µ r of component degenerate * *
a2) z2 / z2 and zπ / zπ are pre–cluster/cluster forming;
electrons of another nucleon, having an exponential variation of
± 0
quanta impulse density, the nuclear potential resulting in the form: a3) ( q / q ) –quark or neutral pseudo–quark pre–cluster/cluster
forming;

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Phys Astron Int J. 2018;2(4):260‒267. 260

©2018 Arghirescu. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.
 Copyright:
A model of particles cold forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein condensate of gammons ©2018 Arghirescu 261

a4) pre–cluster of quarks or pseudo–quarks forming;

a5) elementary particle/dark boson forming, or directly:
a1’) quark pre–cluster forming (Figure 2) (Figure 3)→collapsed
quark cluster forming;
a2’) elementary particle/dark boson forming (cluster of quarks with
the current mass in the same baryonic impenetrable quantum volume,
υI–Table 1).The particles cold forming by pearlitizing supposes:
b1) the forming of a bigger BEC of gammons, with the
3 44
concentration of particles: N0 ≈ 1 / a =
3.57 x 10 , (a=1.41 fm), in Figure 2 The m1–and r*–quark pre–cluster forming.
6 7
field: Bγ (2.2 x 10 ÷ 8.3 x 10 )T
a strong gravitational or magnetic =
−11 −10
, at temperatures T =
Tp =
( 4.8 x 10 ÷ 1.8 x 10 )K < TB , i.e.–
Much lower than the transition temperature TB –corresponding to a
very low (neglijible) fraction N0/N; (N( TB )–the initial concentration
24
of particles, (for example, for N ≈ 10 , TBE(B=0)=1464K), the
length along the Bγ –field, of a gammonic BEC with the concentration
−7
N0 formed at T=Tp resulting of value: L ≈ 2.5 x 10 m ;8
b2) The pearlitizing of the resulted BEC by large temperature
oscillation around the transition value TB . The necessity of
temperature oscillation around the transition value TB for the BEC’s
Figure 3 The cold forming of baryonic quarks.
pearlitization results as consequence of the residual (reciprocal)
magnetic interactions between gammons, which gives a superficial In which de is the inter–distance between adjacent gammons and lγ
tension σ . is the length of a gammon. It is necessary in consequence–for estimate
the value rp, to estimate the value of gammon’s length and magnetic
For example, considering a radius rp of meta–stable equilibrium of
moment µγ .
a drop of BEC formed by the BEC’s pearlitization and maintained by
the equilibrium between the force generated by the internal vibration It was argued in CGT,7 that is not logical to consider at an inter–
( )
(thermal) energy Ft rp = V ⋅ N0 k BTi and the force generated by the
distance di < rλ = h / 2π me c = 386 fm , a value of the electron’s
surface tension σ :
dE dV dS 4π 3 magnetic moment radius: di , higher than the inter–distance di ,
2
− P0
= +σ 0 ; V =r ; S =
= 4π ⋅ r ; (3) −9 3
dr dr dr 3 resulting a value: rp ≈ 5.5 x 10 m for TB ≈ 10 K with rp ~ 1 / Ti , by
the use of equation (2) and with rµ ≈ di .8
If we use the expression (2) of the B–field, because the magnetic
moment radius rµ , represents in the etheronic, quantum–vortexial
model of magnetic moment, the radius until which the B–field
quanta have the light speed c, and because–for di < rλ , for e − e ( − +
)
interaction is maintained the relation:B = E/c, we may re–write this
relation in the form:
E(d) e µ0 e ⋅ rµ c
B(d ) ≈= = 2 3
, a < d < rλ ; ⇒ rµ ≈ d (5)
c 4πε 0d c 2π 2 ⋅ d
Figure 1 The z0*–pre–cluster forming. Resulting in consequence, the expression of the electron’s magnetic
moment at inter–distances di ≤ rλ . The reciprocal equilibrium
( )
Because σ = ½ Fλ / 1 , (the force rectangular on unit length), position of gammonic electrons, in the particular case of a semi–hard
3 44
for: N0 ≈ 1 / a = 3.57 x 10 , (a=1.41fm–the metastable equilibrium gamma quantum considered–in CGT, as gammonic pair: γ = e e
*

, may be estimated by equation (5), imposing a correspondence with

− +
( )
− +
inter–distance between gammons),8 the equilibrium radius is: the conclusion of quantum mechanics regarding the ( e e ) pair
2
production, which indicates as minimal energy value of an external
2σ F Fγ µ0 µγ 1 electric or magnetic field which may convert the gamma quantum
rp = = ≈ ≈ ∇ 3
[m] (4) 2
into stable electrons, the value: E γ = 2me c . In CGT, based on the
P0 l ⋅ P0 lγ ⋅ P0 2π de ⋅ lγ N0 k BT i classical mechanics and relativity, this value E γ has the sense of the
energy necessary to ‘split’ the gamma quantum into the component
electrons with opposed charges:

Citation: Arghirescu M. A model of particles cold forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein condensate of gammons. Phys Astron Int J. 2018;2(4):260‒267.
DOI: 10.15406/paij.2018.02.00096
 Copyright:
A model of particles cold forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein condensate of gammons ©2018 Arghirescu 262

E γ 2m=
= c
2
=
e
2
e
*2

+ Be ⋅ µe (d= ) +
e
*2
e
*2

(6) b.
de ≈ a , ⇒ e ≈ ( 2 /3 ) e ;
*

≈ ( /3 ) e , ⇒ d ≈ ( /3 ) a .
e e
4πε 0a 4πε 0de 4πε 0de 8πε 0de * 2 2
e e
In which we considered a possible degenerate charge, e ≤ e .
* c.
Because for a photon–like gammon its length must exceed its
This interpretation is logical by the fact that the nuclear E–field may diameter proportional with the speed,9 it results that the case a)
split the γ –quantum only if it can act over internal e(e*)–charges of corresponds to a relativist gammon ( v → c ), which–in CGT, may
opposed sign. have simultaneously rest mass and the c–speed, and the case c)
Between e and (2/3)e, considering an electric permittivity correspond to a linked gammon, which is confined inside a bigger
=ε ε 0ε r ≈ ε 0 , we have the next significant possibilities: elementary particle (mesonic or baryonic), the degenerate charge

a.
*
e =e , ⇒ de =1.5 a ;
* 2
( )
e ≈ /3 e being specific to the up–quark , (p–quark–in CGT).2–5
So the case b) corresponds to a gammonic pre–cluster, in accordance
also with the quantum mechanics.
Table 1 Elementary particles: (theoretic mass) / (experimentally determined mass)

Basic quarks: m1 = (z2– me*) = 135.2 me, − −

m2 = m1 + e + σ e = 137, 8 me ; m2 → m1 + e + ve ; (σ e = e
− −
( +*
+e
−*
)→v )
e

Derived quarks: p+(n–) = m1(m2) + 2zp − + −

n =p + e + σ e → p + e + ve ; λ = n
+ − −
( p) + zπ ; s =λ + z2 ; v =λ + 2z2
− −

Mesons: (q– q ) Baryons: (q–q–q)

− − + +
µ = 2Z 1 + e = 205 me / µ = 206.7 me − pr = 2p + n = 1836.2me ; ne = 2n + p = 1838.8me ; / pr , ne = 1836.1; 1838.7me ;

o 0 o 0
π = m1 + m1 = 270.4me ; /π = 264.2 me −Λ = s + n + p= 2212.8 me ; / Λ = 2182.7 me

+
π = m1 + m2 = 273 me ; /π = 273.2 me
+
−∆
( ++ ; + ;0; − )
=
±
s +λ + p
± +
(n =
)−
2445.6; 2453.4 me ;/ ∆ = 2411 ± 4 me
± ;0

+ + + − + −
K = m1 + λ = 987 me ; / K = 966.3 me −Σ = v + 2p = 2346.2me ; Σ = v + 2n = 2351.4me ; / Σ , Σ = 2327; 2342.6me

o o o 0
K = m2 + λ = 989.6 me ; / K = 974.5 me −Σ = v + n + p = 2348.8 me / Σ = 2333 me ;

o 0 o − 0 −
η = m2 + s = 1125.6 me ; / η = 1073 me ; −Ξ = 2s + p = 2586.8 me ; Ξ = 2s + n = 2589.4 me ; / Ξ , Ξ = 2572; 2587.7 me ;

− −
−Ω = 3v = 3371.4 me ; / Ω = 3278 me .

*
The degenerate charge’s radius: re ( e =
2
/3 e ) for de ≈ a , ( ) and c) resulting that ε r > 1 , so–the charge degeneration may be less
results from (6), according to a CGT’s relation: accentuate, ( e
*
(a) > ( 2 /3 ) e ) , because the decreasing of the V – e

2 2
 re   re  2
e 2
* 2S x 4π ⋅ re 2
potential with ε . By the proportionality between n, ε and the quanta
e (a )= ≈ = e
 ≈ e  d  = 3 e ; ⇒ re ≈ 0.9di ; Sx= π (re + rv ) ; density, deduced in CGT: n, ε ~ ρ c ,9 because the proportionality:
k k

1 1  a   i −2
ρ c ~ r for r > a, it results that:
(7)
( ) () ( ) ( )
−2 2
ρ c ~ r , r > a ⇒ ε a / ε de ≈ de / a =2.2 (8)
but in the hypothesis: = ε ε 0ε r ≈ ε 0 . However, the so–called
As consequence, the relation (6) must be re–written in the
“stopped light experiment”10,11 showed that a Bose–Einstein condensate
approximate form:
determine a high slowing of the light passed through it, at a value 2 *2 2 2
vc << c , so for de ≈ a , by the known relation:= n c / vc ≈ ε it 2 e e e e
r E=
γ
2me c= = + Be ⋅ µe (d=
i
) + (9)
results that we may consider the approximation: = ε ε 0ε r ≈ ε 0 only in 4πε 0a 4πε 0di 4πε 0ε r di 8πε 0di
the case:de=1.5a, corresponding to a relativist gammon, for the case b)

Citation: Arghirescu M. A model of particles cold forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein condensate of gammons. Phys Astron Int J. 2018;2(4):260‒267.
DOI: 10.15406/paij.2018.02.00096
 Copyright:
A model of particles cold forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein condensate of gammons ©2018 Arghirescu 263

interdistances: de=1.5a and di’=(2/3)a , as consequence of the self–

() ( ) ()
with ε r ε a / ε de ≈ 2 , resulting that: Ve a ≈ Vµ a . This
= () resonance induced by the repulsive potential Vr(d), the value
de=a being a mean value, the equilibration between the attraction
result explains also the possibility of particles forming by clusterizing, force Fa(d), of magnetic and electric type, and the repulsive force
0*
by the conclusion that–in a section plane of a preonic z –pre–cluster
formed with hexagonal symmetry, the inter–distance of metastable () ()
Fr d = −∇Vr d , being realized at d ≤ di’ = (2/3)a, the action of
equilibrium di =a results by the equality Ve a ≈ Vµ a () () for the magnetic potential Vµ being diminished by Vr with a factor fd ≤1.
interaction with the central electron, either by electrostatic attraction For the approximation of the superficial tension sγ = Fγ / 2lγ ,
and magnetic repelling or by magnetic attraction and electrostatic according to the previous considerations, we may approximate that–at
repelling (Figure 1) (Figure 4), the gammonic pre–cluster’s collapsing the gammonic pre–cluster’s surface with a mean interdistance de=a
resulting by the attraction between adjacent circularly disposed between adjacent gammons, the binding force Fγ a is given by ()
gammonic electrons, the central chain of axially coupled gammons the magnetic interaction between gammons, the electric interaction
giving the z0–preon magnetic moment, which explains similarly the force between gammons (of inter–dipoles type) being considered
cold confining of a pre–cluster of z0–preons, and so on (Figure 5). compensated by the repulsive force Fr (d), in a simplified model.
At increased temperatures Ti ≥ TB , the linking (magnetic) energy
() 2
resulted from equation (9): Vµ a ≈ me c , is diminished by the
vibration energy according to a relation of the total binding energy of
() ()
the form: VT a = fd ·Vµ a – k BTi , ( fd ~ Ti –diminishing factor),
which explains also the thermal−quantum splitting, the binding force
(considered as magnetic for the pre−cluster: ), being in this case:
 Ti  me c 2  Ti  me c
2

FT (=
a ) Fµ (a )  1 −  ≈ fd  1 −  ; T=C fd (10)
 TC  a  TC  kB
In consequence, we may approximate the expression of the
superficial tension σ γ = Fγ / 2lγ as being given by the magnetic
interaction force between two adjacent gammonic electrons, according
to the approximation relation:
e
Fγ Fµ me c
2
 Ti  me c
2
9
Figure 4 The forming of the z –cluster’s kernel.
0 σ γ = ≈ =fd 2  1 −  ; TC =fd =fd ⋅ 5.9x10 K (11)
2 ⋅ l 2a 2a  TC  kB

() ()
with fd ≈ (1 − Fr a / Fµ a ) ≤ 1 . The equilibrium radius rp of
the pearlitic gammonic pre–cluster results in this case according to the
approximate relation:
2σ γ me c a
2
 Ti  TC 8.3x10
−6

rp = = fd 1 −  ≈ a ≈ fd [m] (12)
P0 kB Ti  TC  Ti Ti

3 −9
For T=
i
TB ≈ 10 K and fd ≈ 1 , it results: rp ≈ 8 x 10 m . When

Figure 5 Parts of crystallized gammonic pre–cluster which may result by a

( )
Ti > TB rp , the (metastable) equilibrium radius results smaller,
BEC’s pearlitizing.8 according to (12), (rp’< rp), but because the equilibrium inter–distance
cannot decrease when the internal energy kBTi increases, according
The total collapse of the gammon is impeded–according to CGT, to equation (4), it results that the equilibrium radius of the BEC may
by a repulsive field and force with exponential variation, generated be re–obtained at the specific decreased value only by the decreasing
by the ‘zeroth’ vibrations of the electron’s kernel (centroid) and of the particles number of the BEC, so the pearlitization with the
acting over a quantum volume of the electron: υe(re ≈ d) with a force: forming of quasi–cylindrical pre–clusters of baryonic neutral particles
() () 2
Fr d ≈ 2S x ρ r d c , (which explains also the non–annihilation corresponding to a radius: rb < ra may be formed by large oscillations
between e–and e+ at low energies), deduced considering a quasi–elastic of the internal temperature Ti–given by the boson’s vibrations, around
*
2
interaction of field quanta with the interaction surface S x = π d of the the value Ti = TB .
repelled electron. On the radial direction, for a pre–cluster with the radius rc< rp ,
We may consider–in consequence, that the gammonic electrons the electric interaction between gammons having the electron’s charge
have a remnant vibration of spin and of translation between the in surface, may be neglected for di< a and we may consider that the

Citation: Arghirescu M. A model of particles cold forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein condensate of gammons. Phys Astron Int J. 2018;2(4):260‒267.
DOI: 10.15406/paij.2018.02.00096
 Copyright:
A model of particles cold forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein condensate of gammons ©2018 Arghirescu 264

contained (quasi)integrally inside its impenetrable quantum volume

magnetic potential Vµ between gammons is partially equilibrated by υi , we may approximate that–for a protonic m–quark with Nq = 756
the vibration energy kBTi and by the repulsive potential Vr(d) acting quasi–electrons with the centroids included in the quark’s impenetrable
e
over a quantum volume of the electron: υe ( re ≤ d ) .7 quantum volume of radius rq ≈ 0.21 fm , we have de Ti ≈ 0.02 fm at ( )
Ti << TB .
For conformity with the general electrogravitic form of CGT,2–4
we will take for the repulsive force Fr(d), the form correspondent with Considering that at Ti << TB , (for example–at Ti ≈ 1K ), the pre–
p

equation (2):
cluster’s collapse is stopped at di ≈ 0.02 fm , with f µ ≈ 1 it results
d
− i
Fr (d ) = −∇Vr ' = qs ⋅ E s = S x ⋅ 2ρ r c ⋅ e
0 2 ηr 2
; S x = π rc ; re ≤ di
that ρ r
0
(T ) / =
ρ
i
ρ (T ) / ρ ≈ ( d / η ) ≈ 0.02 .
e
0
r
p
Because
e e
0
i
p

(13)
ρr
0
(T ) / ρ ≤ 1 , it results that the cluster cannot be equilibrated
i e
0

i.e.–considering an exponential variation of the quanta density

at an inter–distance di ≥ η = 0.96 fm ,2–4 ( di = η being close to
and a quasi–elastic interaction of Vr–field quanta (approximated with
small radius–in report with the radius rc of the static qs–charge) with
the interaction surface:
2
( )
but higher than di ≈ /3 a –corresponding to c)–case), so the
conclusion that the mean inter–distance di=a between the electrons of
( )
S x rc + rh ≈ S x rc ( ) 2
= π rc ≈ ½S x
*
(e ) .
*
(14)
the gammonic pre–cluster is one of un–stable equilibrium, is justified.
It results that–at temperatures Ti < T , the resulted pearlitic
Considering the effective action of the Vr–field quanta over the B
qs–pseudo–charge in a quasi–constant solid angle αs,rc may be pre–clusters with radius rc < rp may collapse because the residual
approximated as given by the result of equations (6)+(7): rc ≈ di , (reciprocal) magnetic moments of the gammons and because
which may be used also for approximate the value of the reciprocal
: µ r ½ e c ⋅ di .
magnetic moment=
* the decreasing of the internal energy: P0V rc more than the ( )
( )
superficial energy: σ γ S rc , from equation (3) resulting that:
Because the magnetic force results from the gradient of quanta
()
density ρ µ d which gives by equation (2), the magnetic induction (r / r ) < 1 ⇒ P ⋅ V ' < σ S ', (' =d / dr ) .
c p 0 γ
Because the electron
B(d), we must deduce the magnetic force considering that the is a very stable particle, its negentropy being maintained by the
magnetic moment µ r of the attracted electron is quasi–constant energy of the etherono–quantonic winds according to CGT and
to a short derivation interval δ di , retrieving the expression of the
magnetic force between two degenerate electrons in the form:7 in concordance with the particle’s “hidden thermodynamics”,12 it
a − di 0
 Ti  e di  d i  η
2 2 i a-d
results a slow variation of ρ r with the internal temperature Ti , of
η
=Fµ µr ( di )x ∇Be ( a ) ⋅ e ⋅  1 −  ≈ − fµ 4  ⋅e ;
8πε 0 a  η 
the fraction ρ r
0
( ) 0
Ti / ρ e ≈ ( di / η ) , but with the consequence of
 TC  inflation generating or of collapsing of the gammonic pre–cluster, at

* 3 2 2
e c ⋅ di ecd i * 4π re  di 
(15) high variation.
µr = = 2
; e = ≈   e ; η ≈ 0.96fm
2 2a k1 a The repulsive force increasing with the temperature Ti may be
which results from the exponential variation of the B–field quanta approximated by a relation specific to metals. Considering that the
density inside the electron’s quantum volume, f µ ~ Ti being a
0
( ) 0 14 3
value ρ r Ti ≈ ρ e ≈ 2.22 x 10 kg / m is attained at a temperature
12
diminishing factor resulted by the periodically partial destroying of the close to those of quarks deconfining: Tq ≈ 2 x 10 K , it results an
internal etherono–quantonic vortex Γ µ of the magnetic moment by the approximation relation of ρ r –density variation with the temperature:
vibration energy: ε v ≈ k B Ti . By (15) the equality: Fr di = Fµ di ( ) ( ) ∆ρ r ( di ) ρe
0
di 1 p
, for Ti << TC , gives: ≈ α c ∆T ; = fµ ≈ = α c (Tq -Ti ) ≈ α c ⋅ Tq
p p p
ρ r
( di ) ρr ηe 0.02
a-di
 di  η
2 2
e di p 12 -11 −1
Fµ ≈ fµ
2 2
2S x ρ r ( di )c ≈ 2π d i ⋅ ρ r ( di )c ;
2 ; Tq 2 x 10 K ; ⇒ c ≈ 2.5x10 K
Ti ≈ 1K= α
4  η =⋅e (17)
8πε 0 a  
d a-di
with ρ r
p
(T ) ≈ 0.02ρ
B e
0
resulting: α c ≈ 2.5 x 10
−11
K
−1
. So, we
− i
0 ηr d  η µ0 may approximate that fd ≈ (1 − ( Fr / Fµ )a ) ≈ 0.98 . At very low
⇒ ρ r ( di )= ρ r (Ti ) ⋅ e = f µ ρ e ( a )  i  ⋅ e ; ρ e ( a )= 2
; fµ ≤ 1
 
η k 1
temperatures Ti the repulsive force Fr is maintained–according to
(16) equations (7), (13) & (17), because the maintaining of the ‘zeroth’
vibrations of the electronic superdense kernels (centroids) which
ρe a
with = ()
µ=
0
/ k1
2 13
5.17 x 10 kg / m
3 1

,
and with:
creates the disturbance which generates the scalar density part:
0
( )
ρ r Ti , according to CGT. This phenomenon explains the fact that
ρ r Ti
=
0
( ) η )ρ e ; ρ e
f µ ( di / = ρ=
e
0
a ·e
0
() a /η 14
2.22 x 10 kg / m
3 the quasi–crystallin cluster of electronic centroids of the particle’s
kernel not collapses neither at very low temperatures, explaining the
, resulting that: ( di / η ) ~ Ti .
1
particle’s lifetime increasing with the temperature’s decreasing.2–5
At low temperatures, because the magnetic moment results– If the internal pre–cluster’s temperature Ti is maintained close to
e
according to CGT–by the energy of etherono–quantonic winds of the the metastable equilibrium value Ti = TB , the pre–cluster’s collapsing
quantum vacuum, we may take f µ ≈ 1 . For the kernel of a formed may still occur in a strong magnetic field, by the aid of the magneto–
particle, because the superdense centroids of quasi–electrons are

Citation: Arghirescu M. A model of particles cold forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein condensate of gammons. Phys Astron Int J. 2018;2(4):260‒267.
DOI: 10.15406/paij.2018.02.00096
 Copyright:
A model of particles cold forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein condensate of gammons ©2018 Arghirescu 265

field value given by equation (2).

gravitic potential VMG ( rφ ) , according to CGT.8 Assuming–by CGT,2–4 that the vortex–tubes ξ B of the magnetic
This conclusion may be argued by the hypothesis of the magnetic B–field are formed around vectorial photons (vectons) of 2.7K
−15 microwave radiation of the quantum vacuum–identified in CGT as
fluxon
= φ0 h / 2e ≈ 2 x 10 Wb , considering that the ξ B –vortex–
electric field quanta having a gauge radius: rv ≈ 0.41a =0.578 fm
tubes of the B–field are fluxon φ0 with a section radius rφ , with a linear 4
and that the electron has a small impenetrable quantum volume:
density: pc ρ=
decreasing of the impulse= r ·(ω ·r ) ρ r ·c ~ r () () −1
e −4 3
υi = 1.15 x 10 fm ,5 from CGT8 it results that:
, for r ≤ rφ , (which is specific to vortex–tubes) and with the mean
density: ρφ approximate equal with those resulted from the local Bl–

2
υi 2 υi c mϕ ⋅ B( R ) υi ⋅ c 0 rv
mϕ 1 0
VMG (r)= ρϕ (r ) ⋅ c= = ϕ0 B( R ); ρϕ (r)
= ρϕ = ; m=
ϕ
2πρϕ rv rϕ ;
2 4π r k1 ⋅ c 4π k1 ⋅ r r 2π ⋅ rϕ r
e
(18)
-40  J ⋅ m 
B(R) υi ⋅ c mϕ k1 ⋅ c ϕ0
=
VMG (r) K M
= ; KM = ϕ0 7.87x10  =  ; rϕ =
r 4π k1  T B( R ) B( R )

with ( mφ = 4.27 x 10
−14
kg / m –the fluxon’s binding energy of the nucleons to their neighbours: E b ≈ 40 MeV

mass on unit lengt). For

= li N= rφ ,
−1/3
we have: ( )
3
and E k = /5 ε F –the kinetic energy per nucleon, depending on
its Fermi energy.
=VMG ( rφ ) (=
e
( )
υi ·c )B R / 4π k1 1.76 x 10
−32
( )
B R –a neglijible
A generalized form of the binding energy formula for a gammonic
value comparative
= to: Vµ µ= xB , ( µ e µ PB ) , but which can initiates
e BEC, may be obtained writing the kinetic term Ek in the form: kBTv,
0
the clusterizing process of a preonic z –pre–cluster forming or of which gives:
an photon or of an electron forming–around a superdense kernel  2
 E  Ek T
(half of an electronic neutrino–in the electron’s case, according to EN ≈ E b ⋅  A − A  1 − k  ;
3
= v ;E
= k B T (19)
CGT),1–3 but at high values of the B–field or of magnetic field–like    Eb  Eb TC
etherono–quantonic vortexes formed in the quantum vacuum as chiral
fluctuations. with TC=Eb/kB and Ev=kBTv–the mean vibration energy of the
particles and Eb–the binding energy per particle. The vibrations
The necessity of a high value of the B–field–like chiral fluctuations induced by interaction particles such as a neutron which can split
intensity in the process of particles cold forming directly from the an uranium nucleus, may explain by equation (19), the fact that the
primordial “dark energy”, results in accordance with a particle–like nuclear fission is explained by the “drop” nuclear model, even if the
sub–solitons forming condition13 which specifies that the energy nuclear properties and even the nuclear “magic” numbers of nucleons
2
E Γ = mΓ c of the mass–generating chiral soliton field, (given–in which gives the maximal nuclear stability: 2, 8, 20, 28, (40), 50, 82,
this case by a sinergono–quantonic vortex Γ µ = Γ A + Γ B = 2π r ⋅ c ), 126, may be explained also by a solid rotator type of nuclear model
2 , particularly–of quasi–crystallin type, as those deduced in CGT2–4
should be double, at least, comparing to the mass energy: E m = mc
which explains the “magic” nuclear numbers as resulting from quasi–
of the generated sub–solitons; ( E Γ ≥ 2E m ).
The generalization to the scale of an atomic nucleus permits to
crystalline forms of alpha particles,
= with Z ∑ 2n ( ) , (n ∈ N ) .
2

consider an atomic nucleus as a (non–collapsed) fermionic condensate In CGT, this phenomenon is equated by multiplying the
with quasi–crystallin arrangement of nucleons, which may explain binding energy between two nucleons with a term depending on
the nucleonic “magic” numbers of maximal stability,2–4 the nuclear
the vibration “liberty” (amplitude) of the nucleon, in the form:
fission reactions–well described by the droplet nuclear model, being
explained by a nuclear local phase transformation at the internal
temperature increasing–determined by the nucleons’ vibrations.
( )
E b Tv= E ·ev
0
b
− l /η *
0
(
≈ E · 1 − k B Tv / E
b
0
b ) , with l ~ k T .
v B v

For a gammonic BEC, the number A of degenerate electrons

Mathematically this phenomenon may be equated by equation results in the form:

( ) ( ),
3
(11), by modifying the volume term: EV = av A and the surface 3
Ae ≈ ( 4π rp /=
3)·N0 ( 4π / 3) rp / a =
, N0 1/a
3
2/3
term E σ = aS A from the Bethe–Weizsäcker semi–empiric
the equations (12) & (19) , for a metastable gammonic BEC,
formula of the nuclear binding energy, based on the liquid drop giving the binding energy in the form:
model proposed by George Gamow, in which A is the atomic number
3
( )
and aV E b – /5 ε F ≈ 15.8=
= MeV ≈ aS 17.8 MeV –the volume  
 4π TC  Tv
≈ Eb ⋅ 

3 2

 4π  3  TC  Tv 
2

  Tv  (20)
and the surface term coefficiens, given as difference between the EN  1 −  −   1 −   1 −  ;
 3  Tv  TC   3   Tv  TC    TC 

Citation: Arghirescu M. A model of particles cold forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein condensate of gammons. Phys Astron Int J. 2018;2(4):260‒267.
DOI: 10.15406/paij.2018.02.00096
 Copyright:
A model of particles cold forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein condensate of gammons ©2018 Arghirescu 266

Also, in the case of the proton, is more logical that the external
2 2
with E b ≈ E m ≈ fd ·me c ;TC ≈ fd ·me c / k B , ( fd ≈ 0.98 ) , the shell of the impenetrable quantum volume, corresponding in quantum
relation (20) showing that the increasing of the BEC’s temperature mechanics to the gluonic part of the nucleon, has the inertial mass
determines transition to a liquid/like phase and thereafter– given by cold (“dark”) leptons, ln : photons, gammons or also z0–
pearlitization, as consequence of the internal temperature increasing preons (instead partons–as in the standard model of QM), coupled
over the equilibrium value. with oriented (antiparallel) magnetic moments, for example–as a
(quasi)circular chain of coupled z0–preons around the impenetrable
Conclusion quantum volume (explaining a part of the quarks confining force) or
By the paper it is argued that the particles cold forming from also in the middle part of the quantum volume (corresponding to the
quantum vacuum fluctuations–considered in the quantum mechanics, proton’s root mean square radius of its charge, η ≈ 0.86 fm ).
is possible at T → 0K , but usually by clusterizing, in specific According to the previous model, the revised Anderson’s model
conditions, as a “step–by–step” process in which the intrinsic rest of proton, with attached positron having degenerate magnetic
mass/energy necessary for the particles forming: mc2, is acquired moment (CGT),2–4 explains in this case the proton’s charge, e+, by
either by an initial quantum vortex corresponding to an intense the conclusion that the secondary vortexes ξ µ induced by the Γ µ
magnetic–like field, with vortexial energy comparable with those of –vortex of the protonic positron’ magnetic moment at the level of
the ulterior formed particle and with the producing of a dense kernel the superficially distributed internal leptons ln, increases the value of
which may stabilize the quantum vortex, or by a less intense vortex their magnetic moment parallel oriented ( µ l ↑↑ ξ µ ) and diminish
but enough strong for increase locally the density of formed gammons
the ln–lepton’ magnetic moment anti–parallel oriented ( ω ↑↓ Γ µ ),
or z0(34me) preons.
generating a roto–activity of the surface: ω x r =c, with ω ↑↓ Γ µ ,
An argument for the particles forming process by clusterizing is the electronic
Cooper pairs forming in superconductors, at low temperatures, well explained
corresponding to a negative charge, e–, the proton’s charged surface
() ()
by the relation (9) resulted in this case in the form: Ve a ≈ −Vm a and the
attracting and polarizing adjacent vectorial photons (vexons, w±–
in CGT) with opposed magnetic moment, which gives the positive
possibility of fermionic condensate forming at very low temperatures also with +
charge of the proton. At the µe transforming of the proton, the lack
electrons,13 explained in the same way, in CGT. of the protonic positron re–establish the equality between the values
The vortex was identified as the logical way to explain the of the coupled leptonic magnetic moments of the particle’s surface
fermions pairs forming also in other theoretical models,14 but a Sn which becomes neutral by the loose of the previous attracted
−60 −69 polarized vectorial photons which are carried by the released
vortex of etherons with the mass of 10 ÷ 10 kg –considered
positron, being retained at the positron’s surface by the positronic
as particles of the sub–quantum medium, (corresponding to the ‘dark +
magnetic moment, µ e . Extrapolated to the electron’ case, the model
energy’ concept), is not enough to explain the possibility of fermion explains the transforming of a (e–e+) pair into two gamma–quanta by
forming from quantum vacuum, without a quantonic component, the conclusion of reciprocal charge cancelling by polarized vexons
with quantons of energy ε = h·1 15 and having superdense centroids changement, (Figure 6).
which–by vortexial confining, can form a superdense centroid and a
rest mass of the formed fermion. According to CGT,1–5 this mechanism
may explain the background radiation (2.7K) photons forming as
pairs of vectorial photons, in the Cold ProtoUniverse.
The possibility to explain the masses and the magnetic and
electric properties of the elementary particles resulted from the
cosmic radiation, in a preonic model, by a cold clusterizing process
and with only two quasi–crystallin basic bosons: z2=4z0 =136me;
zπ=7z0 =238me, indicates–in our opinion, that after the electrons
(negatrons and positrons) cold forming, the clusterizing was the
main process of the particles forming in the Universe, by at least
two steps: a)–the quasi–crystallin pre–cluster forming (of gammons
or of formed z0–preons or z2–and zπ–zerons) and b)–the pre–cluster’s
cold collapsing, without destruction, with the maintaining of a quasi–
crystallin arrangement of electronic centroids at the kernel’s level, as
consequence of their ‘zeroth’ vibrations–which determines an internal
scalar repulsive field. (
Figure 6 The conversion process: e e
− +
) → 2g .
The particles cold forming by clusterizing, in a Galilean relativity According to the model, the electron radius of 10–18 m
supposes the conclusion that the quantum vacuum contains cold experimentally evidenced by X–rays scattering is the radius of the
gammons and z0–preons as basic “field” which gives inertial mass electron’s kernel.
of the resulted bigger particles, but also bigger leptons, such as pairs
0 As secondary, particular possibility, the particles forming by
of muonic neutrino: ν µ = 6z , (of ring form), which may explain
− + − + pearlitizing supposes the forming of a bigger BEC of gammons, with
the known reaction: e e → µ µ , by the conclusion of the 2v µ 3 44
–neutrino pair splitting in the quantum vacuum by the interaction the concentration of particles: N0 ≈ 1 / a =
3.57 x 10 , (a=1.41 fm),
energy and the forming of ( e − v µ ) couples. in a strong gravitational or magnetic field and at very low temperature

Citation: Arghirescu M. A model of particles cold forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein condensate of gammons. Phys Astron Int J. 2018;2(4):260‒267.
DOI: 10.15406/paij.2018.02.00096
 Copyright:
A model of particles cold forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein condensate of gammons ©2018 Arghirescu 267

and the BEC’s fragmenting by the temperature oscillation around the 5. Arghirescu M. A preonic quasi–crystal quark model based on a cold
transition value TB. and thereafter–the cold collapsing of the resulted genesis theory and on the experimentally evidenced neutral boson of
pre–clusters, without their destruction. We suppose that this model of 34me. Global Journal of Physics. 2016;5(1):496–504.
particles cold forming may explain a part of the dark matter, because 6. Krasznahorkay JA, Csatlós M, Csige L, et al. Observation of Anomalous
that it supposes the forming of neutral particles without magnetic moment, Internal Pair Creation in 8Be: A Possible Signature of a Light, Neutral
with low interaction with the electromagnetic radiation. Boson. UAS: Cornell University Library; 2015. p. 1–5.

In conclusion, the resulted explicative model of particles cold 7. Arghirescu M. The Explaining of the Elementary Particles Cold Genesis
genesis may explain the existence of a huge number of material by a Preonic Quasi–Crystal Model of Quarks and a Pre–Quantum Theory
particles in the Universe, by the conclusion of cold (“dark”) photons of Fields. International Journal of High Energy Physics. 2018;5(1):12–
22.
and thereafter–of electronic neutrinos and cold electrons genesis in
the Cold Proto–Universe’s period, by chiral (vortexial) fluctuations in 8. Arghirescu M. The Possibility of Particles Forming from a Bose–Einstein
the ‘primordial dark energy’–considered in CGT as omnidirectional Condensate, in an Intense Magnetic or Gravitational Field. International
fluxes of etherons and quantons circulated through a brownian part of Journal of High Energy Physics. 2018;5(1):55–62.
etherons and quantons. 9. Arghirescu M. A Revised Model of Photon Resulted by an Etherono–
Quantonic Theory of Fields. Open Access Library Journal. 2015;2(10):1–
Acknowledgements 9.
None. 10. Hau LV, Harris SE, Dutton Z, et al. Ultra–slow, stopped, and compressed
light in Bose–Einstein condensates gas. Nature. 1999;397(594):1–368.
Conflict of interest
11. Harris SE, Hau LV. Nonlinear Optics at Low Light Levels. Physical
Author declares there is no conflict of interest. Review Letters. 1999;82(23).
12. de Broglie L. La thermodynamique“cachee” des particules. Ann de l’IHP
References Secttion A. 1964;1(1):1–20.
1. Arghirescu M. The Cold Genesis– A New Scenario of Particles Forming.
13. Kenneth S and Steven S. Observations on the Role of Charge Clusters in
Physics & Astronomy International Journal. 2017;1(5):1–5.
Nuclear Cluster Reactions. Journal of New Energy. 1996;1(3):1–11.
2. Arghirescu M. A Cold Genesis: Theory of Fields and Particles. viXra;
14. Kiehn RM. The Falaco Effect, A Topological Soliton.USA: Talk at ’87
2012. p. 1–108.
Dynamics Days; 1987.
3. Arghirescu M. The Cold Genesis of Matter and Fields. USA: Science
15. Şomăcescu L. Electromagnetism and gravity in a unitary theory.
Publishing Group; 2015. p. 1– 222.
Sweden: International Conf. of Gravitation; 1986.
4. Arghirescu M. A Quasi–Unitary Pre–Quantum theory of Particles and
Fields and some Theoretical Implications. International Journal of High
Energy Physics. 2015;2(1):80–103.

Citation: Arghirescu M. A model of particles cold forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein condensate of gammons. Phys Astron Int J. 2018;2(4):260‒267.
DOI: 10.15406/paij.2018.02.00096