<@ @padhieakshayWN ST anal A Ong tots OF Aa CeCe aa Tota Ce eo NCERT Filled with ‘hinglish' quotes & tricks for 2-way communication Y Approved by JCBSE TOPPERS CRC) actcma 78 Orel a The periodic table helps to organize information about the elements in a concise and meaningful way. enn Coe The classification of elements based on their atomic structure and properties allows us to predict the properties of elements that have not yet been discovered. By classifying elements, we can identify trends in their physical and chemical properties. The classification of elements helps scientists to develop new materials and The periodic table is a chart that organizes all known elements technologies. according to their atomic structure, properties, and chemical behavior. 1st attempt towards the classification of elements was made by Johann W. Dobereiner in 1817. He arranged elements in the groups of three and in such a way that the atomic weight of middle element was equal or nearly equal to the average of atomic weights of other two elements. downloadedfrompadhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhieakshay YouTube/@padhleakshay‘Triad of atoms ‘Mean of first and last element li Na K “= =3 7 23 39 8+40 Be Mg Ca = 74 * Drawback : Only limited triads were arranged in this pattern. + Dobereiner’s Triads Law placed some elements in the wrong triad, leading to inaccuracies in their classification. XK isko ache se padh lena L exam me ata hai * Newlands observed that when the elements were arranged in order of. increasing atomic weight, every eighth element had similar properties. He called this pattern the "law of octaves" because it reminded him of the musical scale, where every eighth note is a repetition of the first, For example, when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic weight, the eighth element (starting with hydrogen) is sodium, which has similar properties to lithium, the first element, Similarly, the fifteenth element is chlorine, which has similar properties to fluorine, the first element. downloadedfrompadhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhieakshay YouTube/@padhieakshayIncreasing order of atomic mass \Wote of musicalscae| v8 | 2 | 3| 4 |s |6 |7 |aa Indian sa} | ga] ma | pa fata |i [so & Western do |r| | & [so |m |e Has)| i | Bel B |c [nN jo F(t) | Na| Me] al | si |p |s a|xK] cal ce | a |an | Fe lcoenil cul zm] y |in [as [se ou 3s] fo wonpadoy Br | Rb| sr |ceaLa Zr Mendeleev’s Periodic Law is a principle that states that the chemical and physical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. This law was proposed by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, and it forms the basis of the modern periodic table. The periodic table is a graphical representation of the periodic law that organizes elements into rows and columns based on their atomic number and electron configurations. The rows of the periodic table are called periods, and the columns are called groups or families. Elements within the same group share similar chemical and physical properties, while elements within the same period have the same number of electron shells. Mendeleev organised atoms in a table's horizontal rows and vertical columns in order of increasing atomic weights, so that elements with comparable properties were grouped together in the same vertical column. downloadedfrompadhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhleakshayDefects in Mendeleev's Periodic Table Hydrogen has been placed in group 1A along with alkali metals. But it also resembles halogens of group VII A in many properties. Thus, its position is the Mendeleev's periodic table is controversial. Although the elements in the Mendeleev's periodic table have been arranged in order of their atomic masses, but in some cases the element with higher atomic mass precedes the element with lower atomic mass. toot Weve VL Vil + The modern periodic law states that the physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. This means that as you move dcross a row (period) in the periodic table, the properties of the elements change in a predictable pattern. Additionally, as you move down a column (group) in the periodic table, the elements have similar properties due to their similar electron configurations. As a result, Mendeleev's Periodic Law was altered correspondingly. The Modern Periodic Law can be stated as follows: The physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. downloadedtrompadhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhieakshay YouTube/@padhleakshayisko yaad kane ka trick the ap ko pata hi hoga.. haay lina ne ki rab se fariyaad..and so on Nomenclature of elements with Atomic numbers > 100 + The authority of naming new elements had hitherto been reserved for the discoverer, and the recommended name was validated by the IUPAC. Digit o}ij}2}3)4 5 |6|7\8\9 Root nil | un | bi | tri] quad | pent | hex | sept | oct | enn Abbreviation) n | u|b{/t| qi|pifih|i|s jole + Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Number above 100 Atomic ‘Temporary Temporary Name of the element Symbol umber | Neme” | Symbol 101 —_[Unnitunium —| Una Mendelevium | Ma 102 | Unni Unb Nebeliam No 103 | Unnitriam Unt Tewrenciam ir 104 | Unnllquadium | _Unq | Rutherford | _ RE 105 | Unailpatiom | _Unp Dubai Db 106 [Unnithexiam | Unb Seaborgium a downloadedfrompadhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshay107 | Unnilseptium Uns Bohrium Bh 108 | Unniloctium Uno Hassium Hs rN _ = 7 SEES Division of Clements into Blocks Elements are divided into blocks based on the type of subshell that their valence electrons occupy. There are four blocks in the periodic table: s, p, d and f. s-block The s-block elements are those in which the valence electrons occupy the s subshell. The s subshell can hold up to two electrons, so the s-block elements have a maximum of two valence electrons. The s-block elements include the alkali metals (group 1) and the alkaline earth metals (group 2) as well as helium (group 18). Characteristics of s-Block elements Except Be and Mg, all impart characteristic colour to the flame These have low ionisation energy. S-Block Elements Les Reactive These are highly reactive. iihesefarest ellvay ofelectrepontivetelerarn ts () (+) They have low melting and boiling points. “characteristic properties of s-block Alkali Metals elements yaad kr lena a Alkaline Earth Metals exam me pucha jata hai downloadedtrompadhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshayprblock The p-block elements are those in which the valence electrons occupy the p subshell. The p subshell can hold up to six electrons, so the p-block elements have a maximum of six valence electrons. The p-block elements include the noble gases (group 18) and the nonmetals (groups 13-17). The outermost electronic configuration varies from ns2npt to ns2npé in each period. we bhi characteristics yaad kar lo Characteristics of p-Block elements The compounds of p-block elements are generally covalent although their ionic character increases down the group. From left to right 13 to 18, reducing character decreases. The p-block elements generally show more than one oxidation state. The reactivity of elements in a group generally decreases downwards. At the end of each period is a noble gas element with a closed valence shell ns2 np6 configuration. tisme se kuch elements yaad kar lena fans likhte time dika dena downloadedtrompadhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshayd-block The d-block elements are those in which the valence electrons occupy the d subshell. The d subshell can hold up to ten electrons, so the d-block elements have a maximum of ten valence electrons. The d-block elements are commonly referred to as the transition metals and occupy groups 3-12. These elements have the general outer electronic configuration (n-1)d'" ns °% Characteristics of d-Block elements They are all metals with high melting and boiling points. The compounds of the elements are generally paramagnetic in nature. They mostly form coloured ions, exhibit variable valence (oxidation states). They are of tenly used as catalysts. These elements have high melting point. downloadedtrompadhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhleakshayf-block The f-block elements are those in which the valence electrons occupy the f subshell. The f subshell can hold up to fourteen electrons, so the f-block elements have a maximum of fourteen valence electrons. The f-block elements are also known as the inner transition metals and are located at the bottom of the periodic table. General electronic configuration: (n - 2) f'*(n -1) d° ns2 Characteristics of f-Block elements: The two rows of elements at the bottom of the Periodic Table, called the Lanthanoids Ce (Z = 58) - Lu (Z = 71) and Actinoids Th (Z = 90) ~ Lr (Z = 103). These two series of elements are called Inner Transition Elements (f-Block Elements). They are all metals, Within each series, the properties of the elements are quite similar. Most of the elements pf the actinoid series are radio-active in nature. Ques : How does the position of an element in the periodic table relate to its physical and chemical properties? Ques : How are elements organized into blocks, and what are the characteristics of each block? \ is ques ko ache se prepare kar lena downloadedfrompadhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhlieakshayMetals * Metals comprise more than 78% of all known elements and appear on the left side of the Periodic Table. + Metals are solids at room temperature * Metal usually have high melting and boiling points. * They are good conductors of heat and electricity. + They are malleable and ductile. ye sori properties op log pehle se padhe hue ho bus ek nazar dek lena Non-metals + Non-metals are located at the top right hand side of the Periodic Table. + Non-metals are usually solids or gases at low temperature with low melting and boiling points. * They are poor conductors of heat and electricity. + The non-metallic character increases as one goes from left to right across the Periodic + Table. * Most non-metallic solids are brittle and are neither malleable nor ductile. Metalloids + The elements (¢.g., silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium) show the characteristic, of both metals and non-metals. These elements are also called semimetal Noble Gases * These are the elements present in group 18. + Eash period ends with noble gas element. * All the members are of gaseous nature and because of the presence of all the occupied filled orbitals, they have very little tendency to take part in chemical combination. + These are also called inert gases. Transition Elements + The transition elements include, all the d-block elements and they are present in the centre of the periodic table between s and p-block elements. downloadedtrompadhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshay* The atomic radius is the distance between the nucleus of an atom and its outermost electron. * In the periodic table, the atomic radius varies in a periodic manner. specifically, the atomic radius decreases from left to right across a period and increases from top to bottom within a group. 8 Atomic radius/pm > Ss 8 8 6 2 3 8 2 4 6 8 10 Atomic number (Z) * Variation in a group: The atomic radii of the elements in every group of the periodic table increases as we move downwards. Ques:Atomic radious incredses as you move down ad group why? SHaaBaaSH! downloadedtrompadhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshayPeriodic properties refer to the regular trends in properties of elements in the periodic table based on their position. These properties dre largely influenced by the electronic structure of the atoms of the elements. Some of the important periodic properties are: Atomic radius: The atomic radius of an element refers to the distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron in the atom. The atomic radius increases from top to bottom within a group and decreases from left to right across a period. lonic Radius:The ionic radii can be estimated by measuring the distances between cations and anions in ionic crystals. In general, the ionic radii of elements exhibit the same trend as the atomic radii. Cation: The removal of an electron from an atom results in the formation of a cation. The radius of cation is always smaller than that of the atom. Anion: Gain of an electron leads to an anion. The radius of the anion is always larger than that ‘ of the atom. lonisation energy It is the amount of energy required to remove the outer most electron from an isolated atom in its gaseous state. It is the measured in the unit of kI/mole. It is denoted by (AiH). M(g) - e- —> M+(g) Electron gain enthalpy Itis the enthalpy change when an electron is added to the gaseous neutral atom. downloadedtrompadhleakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhleakshayElectron gain enthalpy provides a measure of the ease with which an atom adds an electron to form anion. It is the measured in the unit of kJ/mole. It is denoted by (AH). 9 X(g) + e- +X (g) Electronegativity Electronegativity is the measure of the tendency of an atom to attract shared pair of electrons towards itself in a covalent bond. Electronegativity increases from left to right across a period and decreases from top to bottom within a group. Metallic character: It decreases across a period, maximum on the extreme left (alkali metals). Non-metallic character: It increases along a period, from left to right. Atomic Size: It decreases across a period. isko ache se lonisation energy: It increases along a period. samjh lena Electron gain enthalpy: It increases along a period. Electronegativity: It increases along a period. Basic nature of oxides: It decreases from left to right in a period. Acidic nature of oxides: It increases from left to right in a period. downloadedtrompadhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshayReactivity: Elements in a group have the same number of valence electrons, and thus have similar chemical reactivity. For example, the alkali metals in Group 1 (such as lithium, sodium, and potassium) all have one valence electron and react similarly with water and oxygen. Electronegativity: Electronegativity generally decreases down a group. This is because the outermost electrons are increasingly farther from the nucleus, which reduces the attractive force that the nucleus exerts on these electrons. As a result, atoms within a group tend to form cations (positively charged ions) more readily than anions (negatively charged ions). lonization Energy: lonization energy tends to decrease down a group. This is because the valence electrons are increasingly farther from the nucleus, which reduces the energy required to remove them from the atom. As a result, elements within a group are more likely to lose their valence electrons and form cations. Atomic radius: Atomic radius generally increases down a group. This is because the valence electrons are increasingly farther from the nucleus, and are shielded by inner electrons from the positive charge of the nucleus. As a result, the electrons are held less tightly, and the atomic radius increases. Metallic character: The metallic character of elements generally increases down a group. This is because the valence electrons are increasingly farther from the nucleus, and are held less tightly. This makes the atoms more likely to lose electrons and form cations, which, are characteristic of metallic behavior. downloadedtrompadhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshayTontzation Enthalpy downloadedtrompadhieakshay.com = = 2 S 2 = 5 Ques:How would you react to the statement that the electronegativity of N on 5 A ’ . | © the Pauling scale is 3.0 in alll the nitrogen compounds? S = Electronegativity of an element is a variable property. It is different in different 3 compounds. Hence, the statement which says that the electronegativity of Non the Pauling scale is 3.0 in all nitrogen compounds is incorrect. For example, the electronegativity of N is different in NH3 and NO2 = = S s Ques:Describe the theory associated with the radius of an atom as it = (a) gains an electron = (b) loses an electron © s 2 = 5 = (a) By gaining an electron, an anion is formed. Ate-—>A-* When an atom gains an electron, its size increases. When an electron is added, the number of electrons goes up by one. This results in an increase in repulsion among the electrons. However, the number of protons remains the same. As a result, the effective nuclear charge of the atom decreases and the radius of the atom increases. (b) By the loss of an electron, a cation is formed B—B+te- * When an atom loses an electron, the number of electrons decreases by one while the nuclear charge remains the same. Therefore, the interelectronic repulsions in the atom decreases. As a result, the effective nuclear charge increases. Hence, the radius of the atom decreases. Ques:Would you expect the first ionization enthalpies for two isotopes of the same element to be the same or different? Justify your answer The ionization enthalpy of an atom depends on the number of electrons and protons (nuclear charge) of that atom. Now, the isotopes of an element have the same number of protons and electrons. Therefore, the first ionization enthalpy for two isotopes of the same element should be the same Ques:Use the periodic table to answer the following questions. (a) Identify an element with five electrons in the outer subshell. (b) Identify an element that would tend to lose two electrons. (c) Identify an element that would tend to gain two electrons. (A) tdentify the group having metal, non-metal, liquid as well as gas at the room temperature. (a) The element has 5 electrons in its outermost subshell means that the electronic configuration should be ns 2np 5. This represents the electronic configuration of the halogen group. Thus, the element can be F, Cl, Br, |, or At. downloadedtrompadhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshay(b) An element that has two valence electrons will tend to lose two electrons easily to attain the nearest stable noble gas configuration. The general electronic configuration of such an element thus will be ns 2. This represents the electronic configuration of group 2 elements. Therefore the element can be Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, or Ba (c) An element tends to gain two electrons if it needs only two electrons to attain the nearest stable noble gas configuration. The general electronic configuration of such an element should be ns 2np 4. This represents the electronic configuration of the oxygen family. Therefore the element can be 0, S, Se, Te, or Po. (d) The group having metal, non-metal, liquid as well as gas at the roorn temperature is group 17. Ques:The increasing order of reactivity among group 1 elements is Li < Na< k < Rb whereas that among group 17 elements is Cl > Br > I, Explain. The Group 1 elements have only one valence electron, which they tend to lose, Whereas, Group 17 elements need only one electron to attain the nearest noble gas configuration. On moving down group 1, the ionisation enthalpies decrease which means that the energy required to lose the valence electron decreases. Thus, reactivity increases on moving down a group. Thus, the increasing order of reactivity among group 1 elements is as follows: Li< NaCl> Bro! —~ group 17 me electron gain enthalpy or negative ho jati hai downloadedtrompadhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhieakshayAssign the position of the element having the outer electronic configuration (i) ns np 4 for n=3 (ii) (n= 1)d 2ns 2 for n= 4, and (iii) (n- 2) 7 (n-1)d Ans 2 for n = 6, in the periodic table (i) n= 3 means that the element belongs to the 3rd period. It is a p-block element because the last electron occupies the p- orbital. There are four electrons in the p-orbital. So, the corresponding group of the element = Number of s-block groups + the number of d -block groups + the number of p-electrons = 2+ 10+ 4 = 16. Hence, the element belongs to the 3rd period and the 16th group of the periodic table. Therefore, the element is Sulphur (ii) The element belongs to the 4th period since n= 4. It is a d-block element as d - orbitals are not completely filled. There are 2 electrons in the d- orbital. So, the corresponding group of the element = Number of s-block groups + the number of d-block groups = 2+ 2=4.~ Hence, the element belongs to the 4th period and the 4th group. (iit) The element belongs to the 6th period since n = 6. Itis anf: block element as the last electron occupies the f- orbital. It belongs to group 3 of the periodic table because all f-block elements belong to group 3. Its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f 75d 16s 2. Thus, its atomic number is 54+7+1+2= 64. Therefore, the element is Gadolinium. tafter studying from this notes 1 NOTE : Worksheet (Important questions of all typology with answers) is provided as a seperate PDF on website padhleakshay.com ) downloadedfrompadhieakshay.com Teligram/@padhleakshay YouTube/@padhlieakshay