STATISTICS

AND
PROBABILITY
Random
Variables
It is a function that associates
a real number with each
sample point in the sample
space.
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It is denoted by a capital
letter (X).

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 In tossing a coin thrice,
S={HHH,HHT,HTH,HTT,THH,
THT,TTH,TTT}

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 Random Variable for Tossing a Coin Thrice

Possible Outcome/s Head (X)

TTT 0

TTH,THT,HTT 1

THH,HTH,HHT 2

HHH 3

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Random variable is used to
denote the outcomes of a
probability experiment.

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Types of
Random
Variables
Discrete random variable is a
quantitative random variable
that can assume a countable
number of outcomes.
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 Example: Toss a coin four
times and observe how many
times the tails will occur.

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Continuous random variable
is a quantitative random
variable that can assume an
uncountable number of
values.
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Example: The IQ level of Grade
11 students.

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 Probability
Distribution of
Discrete
Random
Variable
 In tossing a coin thrice,
S={HHH,HHT,HTH,HTT,THH,
THT,TTH,TTT}
N(S)=8
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Outcome Value of the Random Variable (X)
HHH 3
HHT 2
HTH 2
HTT 1
THH 2
THT 1
TTH 1
TTT 0

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 𝑛(𝑋)
P(X)=
𝑛(𝑆)

Where:
n(X)= number of elements having the
same random variable
n(S)= total number of outcomes in the
experiment.
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Probability
Distribution
Probability distribution presents
the possible values of a random
variable and its corresponding
probabilities in a table.

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Value of the Random Outcome P(X=x)
Variable (X)
1
0 TTT P(X=0)=
8

1 HTT,THT,TTH 3
P(X=1)=
8

2 HHT,HTH,THH 3
P(X=2)=
8

1
3 HHH P(X=3)=
8

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Value of the Random Variable P(X=x)
(X)
1
0 P(X=0)=
8

1 3
P(X=1)=
8

2 3
P(X=2)=
8

1
3 P(X=3)=
8

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Probability
mass
function
Probability mass function is a rule
that assigns probabilities to the
values of the random variables. The
ordered pair (X,f(x)) is a probability
function of the random variable X if,

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For each possible outcome x,
• f(x) ≥ 0,
• ∑𝑓 𝑥 = 1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑
• P(X=x)= f(x).
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 X 0 1 2 3
f(X) 1 3 3 1
8 8 8 8
1 3 3 1
(X,f(x)) (0, ) (1, ) (2, ) (3, )
8 8 8 8

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 General
Classifications
of Probability
Distribution
 Discrete
Probability
Distribution
It is a distribution that defines
probabilities that are
associated with discrete
random variables.
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 The most common discrete
probability distributions are
binomial probability distribution,
hyper geometric distribution and
Poisson Probability distribution.
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Continuous
Probability
Distribution
It is a distribution that defines
probabilities that are
associated with continuous
random variable.
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Normal Distribution is an
example of this type.

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Worksheet
no. 5
Identify whether each
variable as discrete or
continuous.
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1. The number of the telephone
calls received
2. The length of a piece of ribbon.
3. Speed of a train
4. Number of flaws in a bolt of fabric

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5. A person’s age
6. The weight of a bag of apples
7. The number of felony arrests in a
town.
8. The population of the Philippines

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9. The weight, in the nearest
whole number, of a grade 11
student
10. The number of goals in a
soccer match.
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Part 2: Consider an experiment
wherein a coin is tossed ten times.
Map each sequence to a real
number if X(s) is the number of
heads in the sequence (s). FOR GIRLS
ONLY
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a. HTHTHTHTHT
b. HHTTHHTTHH
c. TTHHTTHHTT
d. THHTTHTTTH
e. TTTTTHHTTT
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f. HHTTTTTTHH
g. TTTTTTTTTT
h. HHHHHHHHHH
i. HHHHHHHTHH
j. HHTTTTTHTH
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Part 2: Consider an experiment
wherein a coin is tossed ten times.
Map each sequence to a real
number if X(s) is the number of tails
in the sequence (s). FOR BOYS ONLY

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a. TTTTTTHHTT
b. HTHTHTTHTH
c. HHHHHHHHTH
d. HHHHTTTTTT
e. HTHTTHTHHT
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f. TTTTTTTTTT
g. HHHHHHHHH
h. HTHTHTTTTT
i. THTHTTTTHH
j. TTTHHHTHTT
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