East West Institute of Technology

(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

Bengaluru-91
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
(2023-24 Odd Semester)

DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM LAB WITH MINI PROJECT - 18CSL58

FOR
V Semester B.E
 PREFACE

Structured Query Language is a programming language used for storing and managing data in
RDBMS.SQL was the first commercial language introduced for E F Codd’s Relational model. Today
almost all RDBMS (MYSql, Oracle, infomix)uses SQL as the standard database language.SQL is used to
perform all types of data operations in RDBMS.

This manual for practical “DBMS laboratory with Mini project” is an introduction to all popular concepts
of DBMS and their implementation with Mini project. It is planned for beginners who would like to learn
the subject through programs.

This edition emphasizes on abstract concepts of Database Management System and describes how these
are useful in problem solving using available packages and utility from SQL package. Students will gain
a good appreciation of the subject as this manual has a clear display of syntax and elegant programming
examples. To simplify concepts of DBMS programs given are implemented in simple SQL language
understandable even by beginners.

--Dr. Achyutha Prasad N

Department of Computer science

ABOUT
The department of Computer Science and Engineering was established in the year 2001.The department offer
undergraduate and post graduate programmed in Computer Science & Engineering. The department has a
very good infrastructure and faculty to provide excellent education to meet the industry standards.

Today, the department caters to the needs of more than 500 UG students and 72 PG Students. It houses state
of the art computing facilities with high end servers which support the LAN, provide a Linux/Unix
environment, also provides exclusive library facility to its students and boasts of well trained and experienced
faculty teaching the departments various courses in the areas of Computer Networks, Computer Architecture,
Database Systems, Microprocessor, Operating Systems, Analysis and Design of Algorithms and Software
Engineering.

The department lays stress on the practical and application based aspects through laboratories, seminars,
group discussions, viva-voce and project work, keeping pace with the growth in Computer Science &
Engineering technology.

The Students are given scope to conduct experiments on innovative ideas. A sound theoretical and practical
work prepares the students in wider field of Computer Science & Engineering to take up challenging jobs in
the area of:

System Software Development

Application Software Development
Computer Networking

EASTWESTINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY
DepartmentofComputerScience&Engineering
PROGRAM OUTCOMES
EAST WEST INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Computer Science and Engineering

LABORATORY MANUAL (2022-2023)

DBMS Laboratory with Mini Project

(21CSL58)
FOR
B.E V SEMESTER

Prepared by,

Prof. Rajashekhar S A / Nalini B M / Shashikala A B / Nithyashree G D

Assistant Professor
Dept of CSE

Kavitha S
Programmer
Dept of CSE
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sl. No. PARTICULARS Page No.

1 PEO,PO, PSO 1-3

2 4-8
COURSE DETAILS
 CourseObjectives
 Syllabus
 CourseOutcomes
3 Evaluation Process 9

4 Program 1: Library Database 11

5 Program 2: Order Database 19

6 Program 3: Movie Database 25

7 Program 4: College Database 33

8 Program 5: Company Database 44

9 Additional Programs 53

10 Viva 65
 Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) of Department

After the course completion, CSE graduates will be able to:

PEO1: To achieve sustainable growth as Computer Science Engineers in reputed organizations.

PEO2: To accomplish higher education and research with highest degree of professionalism and integrity.
PEO3: To extend the services to mankind by exhibiting leadership qualities and ethical values.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO)

PSO 1: Apply the strong knowledge and principles of Computer Science and Engineering to model and
design various computing systems.
PSO 2: Develop diverse applications in well promised domains by adopting the practices of Computer
Science and Engineering

1
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POS)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals,

and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,
health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.

2
 8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse
teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering
and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

3
 COURSE DETAILS
Course Name: DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Course Code: 21CSL58
Course prerequisite: DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM LAB WITH MINI PROJECT

Course objectives:
This course will enable students to

1. Apply DDL and DML commands to create a simple database .

2. Apply advanced SQL Queries to create, retrieve & manipulate data from multiple DB.
3. Test the database for the given query through front end to retrieve appropriate results.
4. Develop a standalone database for a real time application

COURSE OUTCOMES
Upon successful completion of this course, students are able to

1. Apply DDL and DML commands to create a simple database .

2. Apply advanced SQL Queries to create, retrieve & manipulate data from multiple DB.
3. Test the database for the given query through front end to retrieve appropriate results.
4. Develop a standalone database for a real time application

4
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES(POs)

COURSE PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
OUTCOME
CO1 3 2 2 - 3 - - - - - - 3
CO2 3 3 3 2 3 - - - - - - 3
CO3 3 3 3 2 3 - - - - - - 3
CO4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 3

DBMS PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
LAB 3 3 3 2 3 - 2 3 3 3 2 3
18CSL58

COURSE PSO1 PSO2

OUTCOME
CO1 3 2
CO2 3 2
CO3 3 3
CO4 3 3

DBMS LAB PSO1 PSO2

18CSL58 3 3

5
 SYLLABUS

SubjectCode: 21CSL58 IAMarks 40

No. of Practical Hrs/ Week:02 ExamHours 03
Total No. of Practical Hrs :36 ExamMarks 60

PART-A: SQL Programming (Max. Exam Mks. 50)

 Design, develop, and implement the specified queries for the following problems
using Oracle, MySQL, MS SQL Server, or any other DBMS under
LINUX/Windowsenvironment.
 Create Schema and insert at least 5 records for each table. Add appropriate
database constraints.
PART-B: Mini Project (Max. Exam Mks. 30)
 Use Java, C#, PHP, Python, or any other similar front-end tool. All applications
must be demonstrated on desktop/laptop as a stand-alone or web based
application (Mobile apps on Android/IOS are not permitted.)
Installation procedure of the required software must be demonstrated, carried out in groups
and documented in the journal.

1. Consider the following schema for a Library Database:

BOOK(Book_id,Title,Publisher_Name,Pub_Year)
BOOK_AUTHORS(Book_id, Author_Name)
PUBLISHER(Name, Address, Phone)
BOOK_COPIES(Book_id, Programme_id, No-of_Copies)
BOOK_LENDING(Book_id, Programme_id, Card_No, Date_Out, Due_Date)
LIBRARY_PROGRAMME(Programme_id, Programme_Name, Address)
Write SQL queries to
1. Retrieve details of all books in the library – id, title, name of publisher, authors,
number of copies in each Programme,etc.
2. Get the particulars of borrowers who have borrowed more than 3 books, but
from Jan 2017 to Jun2017.
3. Delete a book in BOOK table. Update the contents of other tables to reflect this
data manipulationoperation.
4. Partition the BOOK table based on year of publication. Demonstrate its working
with a simple query.
5. Create a view of all books and its number of copies that are currently available in
6
 theLibrary.
2.Consider the following schema for Order Database:
SALESMAN (Salesman_id, Name, City, Commission)
CUSTOMER(Customer_id,Cust_Name,City,Grade,Salesman_id)
ORDERS(Ord_No, Purchase_Amt, Ord_Date, Customer_id, Salesman_id)
Write SQL queries to
1. Count the customers with grades above Bangalore’s average.
2. Find the name and numbers of all salesman who had more than one customer
3. List all the salesman and indicate those who have and don’t have customers in their
cities (Use UNION operation.)
4. Create a view that finds the salesman who has the customer with the highest order of
a day.
5. Demonstrate the DELETE operation by removing salesman with id 1000. All his
orders must also be deleted.

3. Consider the schema for Movie Database:

ACTOR(Act_id, Act_Name, Act_Gender)
DIRECTOR(Dir_id, Dir_Name, Dir_Phone)
MOVIES(Mov_id, Mov_Title, Mov_Year, Mov_Lang, Dir_id)
MOVIE_CAST(Act_id, Mov_id,Role)
RATING(Mov_id, Rev_Stars)
Write SQL queries to
1. List the titles of all movies directed by‘Hitchcock’.
2. Find the movie names where one or more actors acted in two or more movies.
3. List all actors who acted in a movie before 2000 and also in a movie after 2015 (use
JOIN operation).
4. Find the title of movies and number of stars for each movie that has at least one rating
and find the highest number of stars that movie received. Sort the result by movie title.
5. Update rating of all movies directed by ‘Steven Spielberg’ to5

7
 4. Consider the schema for College Database:

STUDENT(USN, SName, Address, Phone, Gender)

SEMSEC(SSID, Sem, Sec)
CLASS(USN, SSID)
COURSE(Subcode, Title, Sem, Credits)
IAMARKS(USN, Subcode, SSID, Test1, Test2, Test3, FinalIA)
Write SQL queries to
1. List all the student details studying in fourth semester ‘C’section.
2. Compute the total number of male and female students in each semester and in
eachsection.
3. Create a view of Test1 marks of student USN ‘1BI15CS101’ in allCourses.
4. Calculate the FinalIA (average of best two test marks) and update the
corresponding table for allstudents.
5. Categorize students based on the following criterion: If FinalIA = 17 to 20 then
CAT =‘Outstanding’If FinalIA = 12 to 16 then CAT = ‘Average’ If FinalIA< 12
then CAT = ‘Weak’Give these details only for 8 th semester A, B, and C section
students

5. Consider the schema for Company Database:

EMPLOYEE(SSN,Name,Address,Sex,Salary,SuperSSN,DNo)
DEPARTMENT(DNo,DName,MgrSSN,MgrStartDate)
DLOCATION(DNo,DLoc)
PROJECT(PNo,PName,PLocation,DNo)
WORKS_ON(SSN, PNo, Hours)
Write SQL queries to
1. Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee whose last
name is ‘Scott’, either as a worker or as a manager of the department that controls
theproject.
2. Show the resulting salaries if every employee working on the ‘IoT’ projectisgiven
a 10 percent raise.

8
 3. Find the sum of the salaries of all employees of the ‘Accounts’ department, as well
as the maximum salary, the minimum salary, and the average salary in this
department
4. Retrieve the name of each employee who works on all the projects controlledby
department number 5 (use NOT EXISTS operator).
For each department that has more than five employees, retrieve the department number and the
number of its employees who are making more than Rs. 6,00,000.

PART B: Mini Project

For any problem selected
Make sure that the application should have five or more tables
Indicative areas include; health care,school,hospital etc

9
 LAB EVALUATION PROCESS

INTRERNAL ASSESMENT EVALUATION (End of Semester)

1 Procedure 10

2 Execution 20

3 Viva Voce 10

TOTAL 40

PART A

EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT EVALUATION (End of Semester)

SL.NO ACTIVITY MARKS

1 Procedure 6

2 Execution 28

3 Viva Voce 6
TOTAL 40

PART B

EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT EVALUATION (End of Semester)

SL.NO ACTIVITY MARKS

1 Procedure 9

2 Execution 42

3 Viva Voce 9
TOTAL 60

10
Steps to log in to the MYSQL+:
 Switch on thesystem
 Enter user id: student, password:student
 Double click ‘MYSQL+’ ondesktop
 Enter user id: scott, password:tiger
 Then start with the execution of program

11
 PROGRAM 1

A. Consider the following schema for a Library Database:

BOOK (Book_id, Title, Publisher_Name, Pub_Year)

BOOK_AUTHORS (Book_id, Author_Name)
PUBLISHER (Name, Address, Phone)
BOOK_COPIES (Book_id, Programme_id, No-of_Copies)
BOOK_LENDING (Book_id,Programme_id, Card_No, Date_Out, Due_Date)
LIBRARY_PROGRAMME (Programme_id, Programme_Name, Address)

Write SQL queries to

1. Retrieve details of all books in the library – id, title, name of publisher, authors, number of
copies in each branch, etc.
2. Get the particulars of borrowers who have borrowed more than 3 books, but from Jan 2017 to
Jun 2017
3. Delete a book in BOOK table. Update the contents of other tables to reflect this data
manipulation operation.
4. Partition the BOOK table based on year of publication. Demonstrate its working with a
simple query.
5. Create a view of all books and its number of copies that are currently available in the Library.

Solution:
Entity-Relationship Diagram

Author_Name
Book_id Title

Pub_Year M N

Book written-by Book_Authors

Has
Published-by
N No_of_copies
Branch_id
Publisher_Name
M N
M
1 Book_Copies In Library_Branch
Branch_Name

Address
Publisher
Address
Date_out N
Book_Lending
Phone
Card_No
Due_date
N
Card

12
 Schema Diagram
Book

Book_id Title Pub_Year Publisher_Name

Book_Authors

Book_id Author_name

Publisher

Name Phone_no Address

Book_Copies

Book_id Programme_id No_of_Copies

Book_Lending

Book_id Programme_id Card_no Date_out Due_date

Library_Programme

Programmeh_id Address Programme_name

Table Creation

CREATE TABLE PUBLISHER

(NAME VARCHAR2 (20) PRIMARY KEY,
PHONE INTEGER,
ADDRESS VARCHAR2 (20));

CREATE TABLE BOOK

(BOOK_ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
TITLE VARCHAR2 (20),
PUB_YEAR VARCHAR2 (20),
PUBLISHER_NAME REFERENCES PUBLISHER (NAME) ON DELETE CASCADE);

13
CREATE TABLE BOOK_AUTHORS
(AUTHOR_NAME VARCHAR2 (20),
BOOK_ID REFERENCES BOOK (BOOK_ID) ON DELETE CASCADE,
PRIMARY KEY (BOOK_ID, AUTHOR_NAME));

CREATE TABLE LIBRARY_PROGRAMME

(PROGRAMME_ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
PROGRAMME_NAME VARCHAR2 (50),
ADDRESS VARCHAR2 (50));

CREATE TABLE BOOK_COPIES

(NO_OF_COPIES INTEGER,
BOOK_ID REFERENCES BOOK (BOOK_ID) ON DELETE CASCADE,
PROGRAMME_ID REFERENCES LIBRARY_PROGRAMME(PROGRAMME_ID) ON DELETE
CASCADE,
PRIMARY KEY (BOOK_ID, PROGRAMME_ID));

CREATE TABLE CARD

(CARD_NO INTEGER PRIMARY KEY);

CREATE TABLE BOOK_LENDING

(DATE_OUT DATE,
DUE_DATE DATE,
BOOK_ID REFERENCES BOOK (BOOK_ID) ON DELETE CASCADE,
BRANCH_ID REFERENCES LIBRARY_BRANCH (BRANCH_ID) ON DELETE CASCADE,
CARD_NO REFERENCES CARD (CARD_NO) ON DELETE CASCADE,
PRIMARY KEY (BOOK_ID, PROGRAMME_ID, CARD_NO));

Table Descriptions

DESC PUBLISHER;

DESC BOOK;

14
DESC BOOK_AUTHORS;

DESC LIBRARY_BRANCH;

DESC BOOK_COPIES;

DESC CARD;

DESC BOOK_LENDING;

Insertion of Values to Tables

INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES (‘MCGRAW-HILL’, 9989076587, ‘BANGALORE’);

INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES (‘PEARSON’, 9889076565, ‘NEWDELHI’);
INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES (‘RANDOM HOUSE’, 7455679345, ‘HYDRABAD’);
INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES (‘HACHETTE LIVRE’, 8970862340, ‘CHENAI’);
15
INSERT INTO PUBLISHER VALUES (‘GRUPO PLANETA’, 7756120238, ‘BANGALORE’);

INSERT INTO BOOK VALUES (1,’DBMS’,’JAN-2017’, ‘MCGRAW-HILL’);

INSERT INTO BOOK VALUES (2,’ADBMS’,’JUN-2016’, ‘MCGRAW-HILL’);
INSERT INTO BOOK VALUES (3,’CN’,’SEP-2016’, ‘PEARSON’);
INSERT INTO BOOK VALUES (4,’CG’,’SEP-2015’, ‘GRUPO PLANETA’);
INSERT INTO BOOK VALUES (5,’OS’,’MAY-2016’, ‘PEARSON’);

INSERT INTO BOOK_AUTHORS VALUES (’NAVATHE’, 1);

INSERT INTO BOOK_AUTHORS VALUES (’NAVATHE’, 2);
INSERT INTO BOOK_AUTHORS VALUES (’TANENBAUM’, 3);
INSERT INTO BOOK_AUTHORS VALUES (’EDWARD ANGEL’, 4);
INSERT INTO BOOK_AUTHORS VALUES (’GALVIN’, 5);

INSERT INTO LIBRARY_PROGRAMME VALUES (10,’RR NAGAR’,’BANGALORE’);

INSERT INTO LIBRARY_ PROGRAMME VALUES (11,’EWIT’,’BANGALORE’);
INSERT INTO LIBRARY_ PROGRAMME VALUES (12,’RAJAJI NAGAR’, ’BANGALORE’);
INSERT INTO LIBRARY_ PROGRAMME VALUES (13,’NITTE’,’MANGALORE’);
INSERT INTO LIBRARY_ PROGRAMME VALUES (14,’MANIPAL’,’UDUPI’);

INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (10, 1, 10);

INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (5, 1, 11);
INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (2, 2, 12);
INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (5, 2, 13);
INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (7, 3, 14);
INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (1, 5, 10);
INSERT INTO BOOK_COPIES VALUES (3, 4, 11);

INSERT INTO CARD VALUES (100);

INSERT INTO CARD VALUES (101);
INSERT INTO CARD VALUES (102);
INSERT INTO CARD VALUES (103);
INSERT INTO CARD VALUES (104);

INSERT INTO BOOK_LENDING VALUES (’01-JAN-17’,’01-JUN-17’, 1, 10, 101);

INSERT INTO BOOK_LENDING VALUES (’11-JAN-17’,’11-MAR-17’, 3, 14, 101);
INSERT INTO BOOK_LENDING VALUES (’21-FEB-17’,’21-APR-17’, 2, 13, 101);
INSERT INTO BOOK_LENDING VALUES (’15-MAR-17’,’15-JUL-17’, 4, 11, 101);
INSERT INTO BOOK_LENDING VALUES (‘12-APR-17’,’12-MAY-17’, 1, 11, 104);
SELECT * FROM PUBLISHER;

16
SELECT * FROM BOOK;

SELECT * FROM BOOK_AUTHORS;

SELECT * FROM LIBRARY_PROGRAMME;

SELECT * FROM BOOK_COPIES;

SELECT * FROM CARD;

17
SELECT * FROM BOOK_LENDING;

Queries:

1. Retrieve details of all books in the library – id, title, name of publisher, authors, number
of copies in each branch, etc.

SELECT B.BOOK_ID, B.TITLE, B.PUBLISHER_NAME, A.AUTHOR_NAME,

C.NO_OF_COPIES, L.PROGRAMME_ID
FROM BOOK B, BOOK_AUTHORS A, BOOK_COPIES C, LIBRARY_PROGRAMME
L WHERE B.BOOK_ID=A.BOOK_ID
AND B.BOOK_ID=C.BOOK_ID
AND L.PROGRAMME_ID=C.PROGRAMME_ID;

2. Get the particulars of borrowers who have borrowed more than 3 books, but from Jan
2017 to Jun 2017.

SELECT CARD_NO FROM

BOOK_LENDING
WHERE DATE_OUT BETWEEN ’01-JAN-2017’ AND ’01-JUL-2017’
GROUP BY CARD_NO
HAVING COUNT (*)>3;

3.Delete a book in BOOK table. Update the contents of other tables to reflect this data
manipulation operation.

DELETE FROM BOOK

WHERE BOOK_ID=3;

18
4.Partition the BOOK table based on year of publication. Demonstrate its working with a
simple query.

CREATE VIEW V_PUBLICATION AS

SELECT PUB_YEAR
FROM BOOK;

5. Create a view of all books and its number of copies that are currently available in the
Library.

CREATE VIEW V_BOOKS AS

SELECT B.BOOK_ID, B.TITLE, C.NO_OF_COPIES
FROM BOOK B, BOOK_COPIES C, LIBRARY_PROGRAMME L
WHERE B.BOOK_ID=C.BOOK_ID
AND C.PROGRAMME_ID=L.PROGRAMME_ID;

19
 PROGRAM 2

Consider the following schema for Order Database:

SALESMAN (Salesman_id, Name, City, Commission)

CUSTOMER (Customer_id, Cust_Name, City, Grade, Salesman_id)
ORDERS (Ord_No, Purchase_Amt, Ord_Date, Customer_id, Salesman_id)
Write SQL queries to
1. Count the customers with grades above Bangalore’s average.
2. Find the name and numbers of all salesmen who had more than one customer.
3. List all salesmen and indicate those who have and don’t have customers in their cities
(Use UNION operation.)
4. Create a view that finds the salesman who has the customer with the highest order of a day.
5. Demonstrate the DELETE operation by removing salesman with id 1000. All his orders
must also be deleted.

Solution:

Entity-Relationship Diagram

20
Schema Diagram
Salesman

Salesman_id Name City Commission

Customer

Customer_id Cust_Name City Grade Salesman_id

Orders
Ord_No Purchase_Amt Ord_Date Customer_id Salesman_id

Table Creation

CREATE TABLE SALESMAN

(SALESMAN_ID NUMBER (4),
NAME VARCHAR2 (20),
CITY VARCHAR2 (20),
COMMISSION VARCHAR2 (20),
PRIMARY KEY (SALESMAN_ID));

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER1

(CUSTOMER_ID NUMBER (4),
CUST_NAME VARCHAR2 (20),
CITY VARCHAR2 (20),
GRADE NUMBER (3),
PRIMARY KEY (CUSTOMER_ID),
SALESMAN_ID REFERENCES SALESMAN (SALESMAN_ID) ON DELETE SET NULL);

CREATE TABLE ORDERS

(ORD_NO NUMBER (5),
PURCHASE_AMT NUMBER (10, 2),
ORD_DATE DATE,
PRIMARY KEY (ORD_NO),
CUSTOMER_ID REFERENCES CUSTOMER1 (CUSTOMER_ID) ON DELETE CASCADE,
SALESMAN_ID REFERENCES SALESMAN (SALESMAN_ID) ON DELETE CASCADE);

21
22
Table Descriptions

DESC SALESMAN;

DESC CUSTOMER1;

DESC ORDERS;

Insertion of Values to Tables

INSERT INTO SALESMAN VALUES (1000, ‘JOHN’,’BANGALORE’,’25 %’);

INSERT INTO SALESMAN VALUES (2000, ‘RAVI’,’BANGALORE’,’20 %’);
INSERT INTO SALESMAN VALUES (3000, ‘KUMAR’,’MYSORE’,’15 %’);
INSERT INTO SALESMAN VALUES (4000, ‘SMITH’,’DELHI’,’30 %’);
INSERT INTO SALESMAN VALUES (5000, ‘HARSHA’,’HYDRABAD’,’15 %’);

INSERT INTO CUSTOMER1 VALUES (10, ‘PREETHI’,’BANGALORE’, 100, 1000);

INSERT INTO CUSTOMER1 VALUES (11, ‘VIVEK’,’MANGALORE’, 300, 1000);
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER1 VALUES (12, ‘BHASKAR’,’CHENNAI’, 400, 2000);
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER1 VALUES (13, ‘CHETHAN’,’BANGALORE’, 200, 2000);
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER1 VALUES (14, ‘MAMATHA’,’BANGALORE’, 400, 3000);

INSERT INTO ORDERS VALUES (50, 5000, ‘04-MAY-17’, 10, 1000);

INSERT INTO ORDERS VALUES (51, 450, ‘20-JAN-17’, 10, 2000);

23
INSERT INTO ORDERS VALUES (52, 1000, ‘24-FEB-17’, 13, 2000);
INSERT INTO ORDERS VALUES (53, 3500, ‘13-APR-17’, 14, 3000);
INSERT INTO ORDERS VALUES (54, 550, ‘09-MAR-17’, 12, 2000);

SELECT * FROM SALESMAN;

SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER1;

SELECT *FROM ORDERS;

Queries:

1. Count the customers with grades above Bangalore’s average.

SELECT GRADE, COUNT (DISTINCT CUSTOMER_ID)
FROM CUSTOMER1
GROUP BY GRADE
HAVING GRADE > (SELECT AVG(GRADE)
FROM CUSTOMER1
WHERE CITY='BANGALORE');
2. Find the name and numbers of all salesmen who had more than one customer.

SELECT SALESMAN_ID, NAME

FROM SALESMAN A
WHERE 1 < (SELECT COUNT (*)
FROM CUSTOMER1
WHERE SALESMAN_ID=A.SALESMAN_ID);

3. List all salesmen and indicate those who have and don’t have customers in their cities (Use
UNION operation.)

SELECT SALESMAN.SALESMAN_ID, NAME, CUST_NAME, COMMISSION

FROM SALESMAN, CUSTOMER1
WHERE SALESMAN.CITY = CUSTOMER1.CITY
UNION
SELECT SALESMAN_ID, NAME, 'NO MATCH', COMMISSION
FROM SALESMAN
WHERE NOT CITY = ANY
(SELECT CITY
FROM CUSTOMER1)
ORDER BY 2 DESC;

4. Create a view that finds the salesman who has the customer with the highest order of a
day.

CREATE VIEW ELITSALESMAN AS

SELECT B.ORD_DATE, A.SALESMAN_ID, A.NAME
FROM SALESMAN A, ORDERS B
 WHERE A.SALESMAN_ID = B.SALESMAN_ID
AND B.PURCHASE_AMT=(SELECT MAX (PURCHASE_AMT)
FROM ORDERS C
WHERE C.ORD_DATE = B.ORD_DATE);

5. Demonstrate the DELETE operation by removing salesman with id 1000. All his orders must
also be deleted.

Use ON DELETE CASCADE at the end of foreign key definitions while creating child table
orders and then execute the following:

Use ON DELETE SET NULL at the end of foreign key definitions while creating child table
customers and then executes the following:

DELETE FROM SALESMAN

WHERE SALESMAN_ID=1000;
 PROGRAM 3

Consider the schema for Movie Database:

ACTOR (Act_id, Act_Name, Act_Gender)

DIRECTOR (Dir_id, Dir_Name, Dir_Phone)
MOVIES (Mov_id, Mov_Title, Mov_Year, Mov_Lang, Dir_id)
MOVIE_CAST (Act_id,Mov_id, Role)
RATING (Mov_id, Rev_Stars)
Write SQL queries to
1. List the titles of all movies directed by ‘Hitchcock’.
2. Find the movie names where one or more actors acted in two or more movies.
3. List all actors who acted in a movie before 2000 and also in a movie after 2015 (use
JOIN operation).
4. Find the title of movies and number of stars for each movie that has at least one rating and
find the highest number of stars that movie received. Sort the result by movie title.
5. Update rating of all movies directed by ‘Steven Spielberg’ to 5.

Solution:

Entity-Relationship Diagram

Dir_id Dir_Name
Act_id Act_Name

Dir_Phone
Act_Gender Actor Director

M
Has
Movie_Cast
N

Role

Rev_Stars
N
Movies

Mov_Lang
Mov_id

Mov_Title Mov_Year
Schema Diagram
Actor
Act_id Act_Name Act_Gender

Director
Dir_id Dir_Name Dir_Phone

Movies
Mov_id Mov_Title Mov_Year Mov_Lang Dir_id

Movie_Cast
Act_id Mov_id Role

Rating
Mov_id Rev_Stars

Table Creation

CREATE TABLE ACTOR (

ACT_ID NUMBER (3),
ACT_NAME VARCHAR (20),
ACT_GENDER CHAR (1),
PRIMARY KEY (ACT_ID));

CREATE TABLE DIRECTOR (

DIR_ID NUMBER (3),
DIR_NAME VARCHAR (20),
DIR_PHONE NUMBER (10),
PRIMARY KEY (DIR_ID));

CREATE TABLE MOVIES (

MOV_ID NUMBER (4),
MOV_TITLE VARCHAR (25),
MOV_YEAR NUMBER (4),
MOV_LANG VARCHAR (12),
DIR_ID NUMBER (3),
PRIMARY KEY (MOV_ID),
FOREIGN KEY (DIR_ID) REFERENCES DIRECTOR (DIR_ID));
CREATE TABLE MOVIE_CAST (
ACT_ID NUMBER (3),
MOV_ID NUMBER (4),
ROLE VARCHAR (10),
PRIMARY KEY (ACT_ID, MOV_ID),
FOREIGN KEY (ACT_ID) REFERENCES ACTOR (ACT_ID),
FOREIGN KEY (MOV_ID) REFERENCES MOVIES (MOV_ID));

CREATE TABLE RATING (

MOV_ID NUMBER (4),
REV_STARS VARCHAR (25),
PRIMARY KEY (MOV_ID),
FOREIGN KEY (MOV_ID) REFERENCES MOVIES (MOV_ID));

Table Descriptions

DESC ACTOR;

DESC DIRECTOR;

DESC MOVIES;
DESC MOVIE_CAST;

DESC RATING;

Insertion of Values to Tables

INSERT INTO ACTOR VALUES (301,’ANUSHKA’,’F’);

INSERT INTO ACTOR VALUES (302,’PRABHAS’,’M’);
INSERT INTO ACTOR VALUES (303,’PUNITH’,’M’);
INSERT INTO ACTOR VALUES (304,’JERMY’,’M’);

INSERT INTO DIRECTOR VALUES (60,’RAJAMOULI’, 8751611001);

INSERT INTO DIRECTOR VALUES (61,’HITCHCOCK’, 7766138911);
INSERT INTO DIRECTOR VALUES (62,’FARAN’, 9986776531);
INSERT INTO DIRECTOR VALUES (63,’STEVEN SPIELBERG’, 8989776530);

INSERT INTO MOVIES VALUES (1001,’BAHUBALI-2’, 2017, ‘TELAGU’, 60);

INSERT INTO MOVIES VALUES (1002,’BAHUBALI-1’, 2015, ‘TELAGU’, 60);
INSERT INTO MOVIES VALUES (1003,’AKASH’, 2008, ‘KANNADA’, 61);
INSERT INTO MOVIES VALUES (1004,’WAR HORSE’, 2011, ‘ENGLISH’, 63);

INSERT INTO MOVIE_CAST VALUES (301, 1002, ‘HEROINE’);

INSERT INTO MOVIE_CAST VALUES (301, 1001, ‘HEROINE’);
INSERT INTO MOVIE_CAST VALUES (303, 1003, ‘HERO’);
INSERT INTO MOVIE_CAST VALUES (303, 1002, ‘GUEST’);
INSERT INTO MOVIE_CAST VALUES (304, 1004, ‘HERO’);

INSERT INTO RATING VALUES (1001, 4);

INSERT INTO RATING VALUES (1002, 2);
INSERT INTO RATING VALUES (1003, 5);
INSERT INTO RATING VALUES (1004, 4);
SELECT * FROM ACTOR;

SELECT * FROM DIRECTOR;

SELECT * FROM MOVIES;

SELECT * FROM MOVIE_CAST;

SELECT * FROM RATING;

Queries:

1. List the titles of all movies directed by ‘Hitchcock’.

SELECT MOV_TITLE
FROM MOVIES NATURAL JOIN DIRECTOR
WHERE DIR_NAME='HITCHCOCK';

2. Find the movie names where one or more actors acted in two or more movies.
SELECT DISTINCT MOV_TITLE
FROM MOVIES NATURAL JOIN MOVIE_CAST
WHERE ACT_ID IN (SELECT ACT_ID FROM MOVIE_CAST
GROUP BY ACT_ID
HAVING COUNT(*)>=2);

3. List all actors who acted in a movie before 2000 and also in a movie after 2015 (use JOIN
operation).
SELECT DISTINCT ACT_NAME,MOV_TITLE,MOV_YEAR
FROM(ACTOR JOIN MOVIE_CAST USING (ACT_ID))
JOIN MOVIES USING (MOV_ID)
WHERE MOV_YEAR NOT BETWEEN 2000 AND 2015;

4. Find the title of movies and number of stars for each movie that has at least one rating and find
the highest number of stars that movie received. Sort the result by movie title.

SELECT MOV_TITLE, MAX(REV_STARS)

FROM MOVIES NATURAL JOIN RATING

GROUP BY MOV_TITLE
 ORDER BY MOV_TITLE;

5. Update rating of all movies directed by ‘Steven Spielberg’ to 5

UPDATE RATING
SET REV_STARS=5
WHERE MOV_ID IN (SELECT MOV_ID
FROM MOVIES NATURAL
JOIN DIRECTOR
WHERE DIR_MAME='STEVEN
SPIELBERG');
 PROGRAM 4
Consider the schema for College Database:

STUDENT (USN, SName, Address, Phone, Gender)

SEMSEC (SSID, Sem, Sec)
CLASS (USN, SSID)
SUBJECT (Subcode, Title, Sem, Credits)
IAMARKS (USN,Subcode,SSID, Test1, Test2, Test3, FinalIA)
Write SQL queries to
1. List all the student details studying in fourth semester ‘C’ section.
2. Compute the total number of male and female students in each semester and in each section.
3. Create a view of Test1 marks of student USN ‘1BI15CS101’ in all subjects.
4. Calculate the FinalIA (average of best two test marks) and update the corresponding table for all
students.
5. Categorize students based on the following criterion:
If FinalIA = 17 to 20 then CAT = ‘Outstanding’
If FinalIA = 12 to 16 then CAT = ‘Average’
If FinalIA< 12 then CAT = ‘Weak’
Give these details only for 8th semester A, B, and C section students.
Solution:

Entity - Relationship Diagram

Schema Diagram

Table Creation

CREATE TABLE STUDENT (

USN VARCHAR (10) PRIMARY KEY,
SNAME VARCHAR (25),
ADDRESS VARCHAR (25),
PHONE NUMBER (10),
GENDER CHAR (1));

CREATE TABLE SEMSEC (

SSID VARCHAR (5) PRIMARY KEY,
SEM NUMBER (2),
SEC CHAR (1));

CREATE TABLE CLASS (

USN VARCHAR (10),
SSID VARCHAR (5),
PRIMARY KEY (USN, SSID),
FOREIGN KEY (USN) REFERENCES STUDENT (USN),
FOREIGN KEY (SSID) REFERENCES SEMSEC (SSID));
CREATE TABLE SUBJECT (
SUBCODE VARCHAR (8),
TITLE VARCHAR (20),

SEM NUMBER (2),

CREDITS NUMBER (2),
PRIMARY KEY (SUBCODE));

CREATE TABLE IAMARKS (

USN VARCHAR (10),
SUBCODE VARCHAR (8),
SSID VARCHAR (5),
TEST1 NUMBER (2),
TEST2 NUMBER (2),
TEST3 NUMBER (2),
FINALIA NUMBER (2),
PRIMARY KEY (USN, SUBCODE, SSID),
FOREIGN KEY (USN) REFERENCES STUDENT (USN),
FOREIGN KEY (SUBCODE) REFERENCES SUBJECT (SUBCODE), FOREIGN
KEY (SSID) REFERENCES SEMSEC (SSID));

Table Descriptions

DESC STUDENT;

DESC SEMSEC;
DESC SEMSEC;

DESC CLASS;
DESC SUBJECT;

DESC IAMARKS;

Insertion of values to tables

INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1RN13CS020','AKSHAY','BELAGAVI',

8877881122,'M');
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1RN13CS062','SANDHYA','BENGALURU',
7722829912,'F');
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1RN13CS091','TEESHA','BENGALURU',
7712312312,'F');
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1RN13CS066','SUPRIYA','MANGALURU',
8877881122,'F');
INSERT INTO STUDENTVALUES ('1RN14CS010','ABHAY','BENGALURU',
9900211201,'M');
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1RN14CS032','BHASKAR','BENGALURU',
9923211099,'M');
INSERT INTO STUDENTVALUES ('1RN14CS025','ASMI','BENGALURU', 7894737377,'F'); INSERT INTO
STUDENT VALUES ('1RN15CS011','AJAY','TUMKUR', 9845091341,'M');
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1RN15CS029','CHITRA','DAVANGERE',
7696772121,'F');
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1RN15CS045','JEEVA','BELLARY', 9944850121,'M'); INSERT
INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1RN15CS091','SANTOSH','MANGALURU', 8812332201,'M');
INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1RN16CS045','ISMAIL','KALBURGI',
9900232201,'M');

INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1RN16CS088','SAMEERA','SHIMOGA',

9905542212,'F');

INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES ('1RN16CS122','VINAYAKA','CHIKAMAGALUR',

8800880011,'M');

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES ('CSE8A', 8,'A');

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE8B', 8,'B');
INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE8C’, 8,’C’);

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES ('CSE7A', 7,’A’);

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE7B’, 7,'B’);
INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES ('CSE7C', 7,'C');

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE6A', 6,'A');

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE6B’, 6,’B’);
INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES ('CSE6C’, 6,’C’);

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE5A’, 5,'A’);

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES ('CSE5B', 5,'B');
INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE5C', 5,'C');

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE4A’, 4,’A’);

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES ('CSE4B', 4,’B’);
INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE4C’, 4,'C’);

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES ('CSE3A', 3,'A');

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE3B', 3,'B');
INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE3C’, 3,’C’);

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES ('CSE2A', 2,’A’);

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE2B’, 2,'B’);
INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES ('CSE2C', 2,'C');
INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE1A', 1,'A');

INSERT INTO SEMSEC VALUES (‘CSE1B’, 1,’B’); INSERT INTO

SEMSEC VALUES ('CSE1C', 1,’C’);

INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1RN13CS020’,’CSE8A’);

INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1RN13CS062’,’CSE8A’);
INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1RN13CS066’,’CSE8B’);
INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1RN13CS091’,’CSE8C’);

INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1RN14CS010’,’CSE7A’);

INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1RN14CS025’,’CSE7A’);
INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1RN14CS032’,’CSE7A’);
INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1RN15CS011’,’CSE4A’);
INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1RN15CS029’,’CSE4A’);

INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1RN15CS045’,’CSE4B’);

INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1RN15CS091’,’CSE4C’);

INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1RN16CS045’,’CSE3A’);

INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1RN16CS088’,’CSE3B’);
INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES (‘1RN16CS122’,’CSE3C’);

INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS81','ACA', 8, 4);

INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS82','SSM', 8, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS83','NM', 8, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS84','CC', 8, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS85','PW', 8, 4);

INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS71','OOAD', 7, 4);

INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS72','ECS', 7, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS73','PTW', 7, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS74','DWDM', 7, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES (‘10CS75','JAVA', 7, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('10CS76','SAN', 7, 4);

INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS51', 'ME', 5, 4);

INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS52','CN', 5, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS53','DBMS', 5, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS54','ATC', 5, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS55','JAVA', 5, 3);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS56','AI', 5, 3);

INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS41','M4', 4, 4);

INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS42','SE', 4, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS43','DAA', 4, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS44','MPMC', 4, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS45','OOC', 4, 3);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS46','DC', 4, 3);

INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS31','M3', 3, 4);

INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS32','ADE', 3, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS33','DSA', 3, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS34','CO', 3, 4);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS35','USP', 3, 3);
INSERT INTO SUBJECT VALUES ('15CS36','DMS', 3, 3);

INSERT INTO IAMARKS (USN, SUBCODE, SSID, TEST1, TEST2, TEST3) VALUES
('1RN13CS091','10CS81','CSE8C', 15, 16, 18);
INSERT INTO IAMARKS (USN, SUBCODE, SSID, TEST1, TEST2, TEST3) VALUES
('1RN13CS091','10CS82','CSE8C', 12, 19, 14);
INSERT INTO IAMARKS (USN, SUBCODE, SSID, TEST1, TEST2, TEST3) VALUES
('1RN13CS091','10CS83','CSE8C', 19, 15, 20);
INSERT INTO IAMARKS (USN, SUBCODE, SSID, TEST1, TEST2, TEST3) VALUES
('1RN13CS091','10CS84','CSE8C', 20, 16, 19);
INSERT INTO IAMARKS (USN, SUBCODE, SSID, TEST1, TEST2, TEST3) VALUES
('1RN13CS091','10CS85','CSE8C', 15, 15, 12);

SELECT * FROM STUDENT;

SELECT * FROM SEMSEC;

SELECT * FROM CLASS;

SELECT * FROM SUBJECT;

SELECT * FROM IAMARKS;

Queries:

1. List all the student details studying in fourth semester ‘C’ section.
SELECT S.*, SS.SEM, SS.SEC
FROM STUDENT S, SEMSEC SS, CLASS C WHERE
S.USN = C.USN AND
SS.SSID = C.SSID AND SS.SEM = 4 ANDSS.SEc=’C’;

2. Compute the total number of male and female students in each semester and in each section.

SELECT SS.SEM, SS.SEC, S.GENDER, COUNT (S.GENDER) AS COUNT FROM

STUDENT S, SEMSEC SS, CLASS C WHERES.USN = C.USN AND
SS.SSID = C.SSID
GROUP BY SS.SEM, SS.SEC, S.GENDER
ORDER BY SEM;

3. Create a view of Test1 marks of student USN ‘1BI15CS101’ in all subjects.

 CREATE VIEW STU_TEST1_MARKS_VIEW AS
SELECT TEST1, SUBCODE FROM
IAMARKS

WHERE USN = '1RN13CS091';

4. Calculate the FinalIA (average of best two test marks) and update the corresponding table for all
students.
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE AVGMARKS IS
CURSOR C_IAMARKS IS
SELECT GREATEST(TEST1,TEST2) AS A, GREATEST(TEST1,TEST3) AS B,
GREATEST(TEST3,TEST2) AS C
FROM IAMARKS
WHERE FINALIA IS NULL
FOR UPDATE;

C_A NUMBER;
C_B NUMBER;
C_C NUMBER;
C_SM NUMBER;
C_AV NUMBER;

BEGIN
OPEN C_IAMARKS;
LOOP
FETCH C_IAMARKS INTO C_A, C_B, C_C;
EXIT WHEN C_IAMARKS%NOTFOUND;
--DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(C_A || ' ' || C_B || ' ' || C_C); IF (C_A !=
C_B) THEN
C_SM:=C_A+C_B;
ELSE
C_SM:=C_A+C_C;
END IF;

C_AV:=C_SM/2;
--DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('SUM = '||C_SM);
--DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('AVERAGE = '||C_AV);
UPDATE IAMARKS SET FINALIA=C_AV WHERE CURRENT OF C_IAMARKS;
END LOOP;
 CLOSE C_IAMARKS;
END;
/

Note: Before execution of PL/SQL procedure, IAMARKS table contents are:

SELECT * FROM IAMARKS;

Below SQL code is to invoke the PL/SQL stored procedure from the command line:
BEGIN
AVGMARKS;
END;
/

5. Categorize students based on the following criterion:

If FinalIA = 17 to 20 then CAT = ‘Outstanding’
If FinalIA = 12 to 16 then CAT = ‘Average’
If FinalIA< 12 then CAT = ‘Weak’
th
Give these details only for 8 semester A, B, and C section students.
SELECT S.USN,S.SNAME,S.ADDRESS,S.PHONE,S.GENDER, (CASE
WHEN IA.FINALIA BETWEEN 17 AND 20 THEN 'OUTSTANDING' WHEN
IA.FINALIA BETWEEN 12 AND 16 THEN 'AVERAGE' ELSE 'WEAK'
END) AS CAT
FROM STUDENT S, SEMSEC SS, IAMARKS IA, SUBJECT SUB
WHERE S.USN = IA.USN AND
SS.SSID = IA.SSID AND
SUB.SUBCODE = IA.SUBCODE AND
SUB.SEM = 8;
 PROGRAM 5

Consider the schema for Company Database:

EMPLOYEE (SSN, Name, Address, Sex, Salary, SuperSSN, DNo)

DEPARTMENT (DNo, DName, MgrSSN, MgrStartDate)
DLOCATION (DNo,DLoc)
PROJECT (PNo, PName, PLocation, DNo)
WORKS_ON (SSN, PNo, Hours)
Write SQL queries to
1. Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee whose last name is
‘Scott’, either as a worker or as a manager of the department that controls the project.
2. Show the resulting salaries if every employee working on the ‘IoT’ project is given a 10 percent
raise.
3. Find the sum of the salaries of all employees of the ‘Accounts’ department, as well as the
maximum salary, the minimum salary, and the average salary in this department
4. Retrieve the name of each employee who works on all the projects controlled by department
number 5 (use NOT EXISTS operator). For each department that has more than five employees,
retrieve the department number and the number of its employees who are making more than Rs.
6,00,000.

Entity-Relationship Diagram

SSN Controlled_by

Name N 1
DNO
Salary

DName
1 N

Employee Manages Department

Address

MgrStartDate
1
Sex 1
N
M Dlocation

Supervisee
Supervisor
Supervision Works_on Controls

N
Hours
Project PName
 PNO PLocation

Schema Diagram

Employee

SSN Fname Lname Address Sex Salary SuperSSN DNO

Department

DNO Dname MgrSSN MgrStartDate

DLocation

DNO DLOC

Project

PNO PName PLocation DNO

Works_on

SSN PNO Hours

Table Creation

CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT

(DNO VARCHAR2 (20) PRIMARY KEY,
DNAME VARCHAR2 (20),
MGRSTARTDATE DATE);

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE

(SSN VARCHAR2 (20) PRIMARY KEY,
FNAME VARCHAR2 (20),
LNAME VARCHAR2 (20),
ADDRESS VARCHAR2 (20),
SEX CHAR (1),
 SALARY INTEGER,
SUPERSSN REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (SSN),
DNO REFERENCES DEPARTMENT (DNO));

NOTE: Once DEPARTMENT and EMPLOYEE tables are created we must alter departmenttable to add
foreign constraint MGRSSN using sql command

ALTER TABLE DEPARTMENT

ADD MGRSSN REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (SSN);

CREATE TABLE DLOCATION

(DLOC VARCHAR2 (20),
DNO REFERENCES DEPARTMENT (DNO),
PRIMARY KEY (DNO, DLOC));

CREATE TABLE PROJECT

(PNO INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
PNAME VARCHAR2 (20),
PLOCATION VARCHAR2 (20),
DNO REFERENCES DEPARTMENT (DNO));

CREATE TABLE WORKS_ON

(HOURS NUMBER (2),
SSN REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (SSN),
PNO REFERENCES PROJECT(PNO),
PRIMARY KEY (SSN, PNO));

Table Descriptions

DESC EMPLOYEE;

DESC DEPARTMENT;
DESC DLOCATION;

DESC PROJECT;

DESC WORKS_ON;

Insertion of values to tables

INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘RNSECE01’,’JOHN’,’SCOTT’,’BANGALORE’,’M’, 450000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘RNSCSE01’,’JAMES’,’SMITH’,’BANGALORE’,’M’, 500000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘RNSCSE02’,’HEARN’,’BAKER’,’BANGALORE’,’M’, 700000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘RNSCSE03’,’EDWARD’,’SCOTT’,’MYSORE’,’M’, 500000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘RNSCSE04’,’PAVAN’,’HEGDE’,’MANGALORE’,’M’, 650000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘RNSCSE05’,’GIRISH’,’MALYA’,’MYSORE’,’M’, 450000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘RNSCSE06’,’NEHA’,’SN’,’BANGALORE’,’F’, 800000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘RNSACC01’,’AHANA’,’K’,’MANGALORE’,’F’, 350000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘RNSACC02’,’SANTHOSH’,’KUMAR’,’MANGALORE’,’M’, 300000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘RNSISE01’,’VEENA’,’M’,’MYSORE’,’M’, 600000);
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (SSN, FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS, SEX, SALARY) VALUES
(‘EWIT01’,’NAGESH’,’HR’,’BANGALORE’,’M’, 500000);

INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‘1’,’ACCOUNTS’,’01-JAN-01’,’RNSACC02’);

INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‘2’,’IT’,’01-AUG-16’,’EWIT01’);
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‘3’,’ECE’,’01-JUN-08’,’RNSECE01’);
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‘4’,’ISE’,’01-AUG-15’,’RNSISE01’);
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES (‘5’,’CSE’,’01-JUN-02’,’RNSCSE05’);

Note: update entries of employee table to fill missing fields SUPERSSN and DNO

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

SUPERSSN=NULL, DNO=’3’
WHERE SSN=’RNSECE01’;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

SUPERSSN=’RNSCSE02’, DNO=’5’
WHERE SSN=’RNSCSE01’;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

SUPERSSN=’RNSCSE03’, DNO=’5’
WHERE SSN=’RNSCSE02’;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

SUPERSSN=’RNSCSE04’, DNO=’5’
WHERE SSN=’RNSCSE03’;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

DNO=’5’, SUPERSSN=’RNSCSE05’
WHERE SSN=’RNSCSE04’;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

DNO=’5’, SUPERSSN=’RNSCSE06’
WHERE SSN=’RNSCSE05’;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

DNO=’5’, SUPERSSN=NULL
WHERE SSN=’RNSCSE06’;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

DNO=’1’, SUPERSSN=’RNSACC02’

WHERE SSN=’RNSACC01’;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

DNO=’1’, SUPERSSN=NULL
WHERE SSN=’RNSACC02’;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

DNO=’4’, SUPERSSN=NULL
WHERE SSN=’RNSISE01’;

UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET

DNO=’2’, SUPERSSN=NULL
WHERE SSN=’EWIT01’;

INSERT INTO DLOCATION VALUES (’BANGALORE’, ‘1’);

INSERT INTO DLOCATION VALUES (’BANGALORE’, ‘2’);
INSERT INTO DLOCATION VALUES (’BANGALORE’, ‘3’);
INSERT INTO DLOCATION VALUES (’MANGALORE’, ‘4’);
INSERT INTO DLOCATION VALUES (’MANGALORE’, ‘5’);

INSERT INTO PROJECT VALUES (100,’IOT’,’BANGALORE’,’5’);

INSERT INTO PROJECT VALUES (101,’CLOUD’,’BANGALORE’,’5’);
INSERT INTO PROJECT VALUES (102,’BIGDATA’,’BANGALORE’,’5’);
INSERT INTO PROJECT VALUES (103,’SENSORS’,’BANGALORE’,’3’);
INSERT INTO PROJECT VALUES (104,’BANK MANAGEMENT’,’BANGALORE’,’1’);
INSERT INTO PROJECT VALUES (105,’SALARY MANAGEMENT’,’BANGALORE’,’1’);
INSERT INTO PROJECT VALUES (106,’OPENSTACK’,’BANGALORE’,’4’);
INSERT INTO PROJECT VALUES (107,’SMART CITY’,’BANGALORE’,’2’);

INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (4, ‘RNSCSE01’, 100);

INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (6, ‘RNSCSE01’, 101);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (8, ‘RNSCSE01’, 102);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (10, ‘RNSCSE02’, 100);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (3, ‘RNSCSE04’, 100);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (4, ‘RNSCSE05’, 101);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (5, ‘RNSCSE06’, 102);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (6, ‘RNSCSE03’, 102);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (7, ‘RNSECE01’, 103);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (5, ‘RNSACC01’, 104);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (6, ‘RNSACC02’, 105);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (4, ‘RNSISE01’, 106);
INSERT INTO WORKS_ON VALUES (10, ‘EWIT01’, 107);

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;

SELECT * FROM DEPARTMENT;

SELECT * FROM DLOCATION;

SELECT * FROM PROJECT;

SELECT * FROM WORKS_ON;

Queries:

1. Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee whose last name is ‘Scott’,
either as a worker or as a manager of the department that controls the project.

(SELECT DISTINCT P.PNO

FROM PROJECT P, DEPARTMENT D, EMPLOYEE E WHERE
E.DNO=D.DNO
AND D.MGRSSN=E.SSN
AND E.LNAME=’SCOTT’)
UNION
(SELECT DISTINCT P1.PNO
FROM PROJECT P1, WORKS_ON W, EMPLOYEE E1 WHERE
P1.PNO=W.PNO
AND E1.SSN=W.SSN
AND E1.LNAME=’SCOTT’);

2. Show the resulting salaries if every employee working on the ‘IoT’ project is given a 10 percent
raise.

SELECT E.FNAME, E.LNAME, 1.1*E.SALARY AS INCR_SAL FROM

EMPLOYEE E, WORKS_ON W, PROJECT P WHERE E.SSN=W.SSN
AND W.PNO=P.PNO
AND P.PNAME=’IOT’;
3. Find the sum of the salaries of all employees of the ‘Accounts’ department, as well as the maximum
salary, the minimum salary, and the average salary in this department

SELECT SUM (E.SALARY), MAX (E.SALARY), MIN (E.SALARY), AVG

(E.SALARY)
FROM EMPLOYEE E, DEPARTMENT D
WHERE E.DNO=D.DNO
AND D.DNAME=’ACCOUNTS’;

4. Retrieve the name of each employee who works on all the projects Controlled by department
number 5 (use NOT EXISTS operator).

SELECT E.FNAME, E.LNAME

FROM EMPLOYEE E
WHERE NOT EXISTS((SELECT PNO
FROM PROJECT
WHERE DNO=’5’)
MINUS (SELECT
PNO
FROM WORKS_ON
WHERE E.SSN=SSN));

5. For each department that has more than five employees, retrieve the department number and the
number of its employees who are making more than Rs. 6, 00,000.

SELECT D.DNO, COUNT (*)

FROM DEPARTMENT D, EMPLOYEE E
WHERE D.DNO=E.DNO
AND E.SALARY>600000
AND D.DNO IN (SELECT E1.DNO
FROM EMPLOYEE E1
 GROUP BY E1.DNO
HAVING COUNT (*)>5)
GROUP BY D.DNO;

ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS
1) Consider the following relations:
STUDENT (snum: integer, sname: string, major: string, level: string, age: integer)
CLASS (name: string, meets at: string, room: string, d: integer)
ENROLLED (snum: integer, cname: string)
FACULTY (fid: integer, fname: string, deptid: integer)
The meaning of these relations is straightforward; for example, Enrolled has one record per student-class pair
such that the student is enrolled in the class. Level is a two character code with 4 different values (example:
Junior: JR etc.)
Write the following queries in SQL. No duplicates should be printed in any of the answers.
i. Find the names of all Juniors (level = JR) who are enrolled in a class taught by Prof. Harshith
ii. Find the names of all classes that either meet in room R128 or have five or more Students enrolled.
iii. Find the names of all students who are enrolled in two classes that meet at the same time.
iv. Find the names of faculty members who teach in every room in which some class is taught.
v. Find the names of faculty members for whom the combined enrollment of the courses that they
teach is less than five.
SCHEMA DIAGRAM
 Create the above tables by properly specifying the primary keys and foreign keys.
Enter at least five tuples for each relation.
SQL>CREATE TABLE STUDENT

(SNUM INTEGER,
SNAME VARCHAR(10),
MAJOR VARCHAR(10),
LEVELS VARCHAR(2),
AGE NUMBER(2),
PRIMARY KEY(SNUM));
Table created.
SQL>INSERT INTO STUDENTVALUES('&SNUM','&SNAME','&MAJOR','&LEVELS','&AGE');
SQL> SELECT * FROM STUDENT;
SNUM SNAME MAJOR LEVELS AGE
101 LIKI MATHS JR 21
102 LAVI MATHS SR 22
103 GOPI SE SR 27
104 CHANDU OR JR 20
105 LAHI SE SR 27
5 rows selected.
SQL>CREATE TABLE FACULTY (
FID NUMBER(5),
FNAME VARCHAR(10),
DEPTID NUMBER(5),
PRIMARY KEY(FID));
Table created.
SQL>INSERT INTO FACULTY VALUES(&FID,'&FNAME','&DEPID');
SQL>SELECT * FROM FACULTY;

FID FNAME DEPID

501 HARSHITH 401
502 SATHYA 402
503 RAMYA 401
504 SRINATH 405
505 LAHARI 403
506 ASHA 404
507 USHA 402

7 rows selected.

SQL> CREATE TABLE CLASS

(
CNAME VARCHAR(20),
MEETSAT VARCHAR(10),
ROOM VARCHAR(5),
FID NUMBER(5),
PRIMARY KEY(CNAME),
FOREIGN KEY(FID)REFERENCES FACULTY(FID)
);
Table created.
 SQL>INSERT INTO CLASS VALUES('&CNAME','&MEETSAT','&ROOM','&FID');

SQL>SELECT * FROM CLASS;

CNAME MEETSAT ROOM FID

3A 10.00 R128 501
3B 10.00 R02 502
4A 11.00 R03 503
4B 11.00 R128 502
5A 12.00 R04 504
5B 11.00 R128 501
6A 10.00 R02 501
6B 12.00 R03 501
7A 10.00 R04 501
9 rows selected.

SQL>CREATE TABLE ENROLLED

(

SNUM INTEGER,
CNAME VARCHAR(20),
FOREIGN KEY(CNAME) REFERENCES CLASS(CNAME),
FOREIGN KEY(SNUM) REFERENCES STUDENT(SNUM)
);
Table created.

SQL>INSERT INTO ENROLLED VALUES(&SNUM,'&CNAME');

SQL> SELECT * FROM ENROLLED;
SNUM CNAME
101 3A
101 3B
101 4A
101 4B
101 5A
101 5B
101 6A
101 6B
102 3A
102 3B
103 3A
104 4A
105 5A
 101 5B
103 4B
105 3A
104 3A

17 rows selected.
i.
SQL>SELECT DISTINCT SNAME
FROM STUDENT S,ENROLLED E,CLASS C,FACULTY F
WHERE S.SNUM=E.SNUM AND E.CNAME=C.CNAME AND C.FID=F.FID AND
FNAME='HARSHITH' AND LEVELS='JR';
SNAME
CHANDU
LIKI

ii.

SQL>SELECT DISTINCT C.CNAME

FROM CLASS C,ENROLLED E
WHERE C.CNAME=E.CNAME AND ROOM='R128' OR C.CNAME IN
(SELECT CNAME FROM ENROLLED GROUP BY CNAME HAVING COUNT(SNUM)>=5);

CNAME
3A
4B
5B

iii.
SQL> SELECT DISTINCT S.SNAME
FROM STUDENT S WHERE S.SNUM IN
(SELECT E1.SNUM FROM ENROLLED E1,ENROLLED E2,CLASS C1,CLASS C2
WHERE E1.CNAME=C1.CNAME AND E2.CNAME=C2.CNAME AND
 E1.SNUM=E2.SNUM AND
E1.CNAME<>C2.CNAME AND C1.MEETSAT=C2.MEETSAT);

SNAME
LAVI
LIKI

iv.
SQL>SELECT F.FNAME
FROM FACULTY F
WHERE NOT EXISTS((SELECT C.ROOM FROM CLASS C)
MINUS (SELECT C1.ROOM FROM CLASS C1 WHERE C1.FID=F.FID));

FNAME
HARSHITH
V.
SQL> SELECT DISTINCT F.FNAME
FROM FACULTY F
WHERE 5>(SELECT COUNT(E.SNUM)
FROM CLASS C,ENROLLED E
WHERE C.CNAME=E.CNAME AND F.FID=C.FID);

FNAME
AHSA
LAHARI
RAMYA
SATHYA
SRINATH
USHA
2) The following relations keep track of AIRLINE FLIGHT INFORMATION :
FLIGHTS (no: integer, from: string, to: string, distance: integer, Departs: time, arrives: time, price: real)
AIRCRAFT (aid: integer, aname: string, cruisingrange: integer)
CERTIFIED (eid: integer, aid: integer)
EMPLOYEES (eid: integer, ename: string, salary: integer)

Note that the Employees relation describes pilots and other kinds of employees as well; every pilot is certified
for some aircraft, and only pilots are certified to fly.
Write each of the following queries in SQL.
i. Find the names of aircraft such that all pilots certified to operate them have salaries more than
Rs.80,000.
ii. For each pilot who is certified for more than three aircrafts, find the eidand the maximum
cruisingrange of the aircraft for which she or he is certified.
iii. Find the names of pilots whose salary is less than the price of the cheapest route from Bengaluru to
Frankfurt.
iv. For all aircraft with cruisingrange over 1000 Kms. Find the name of the aircraft and the average
salary of all pilots certified for this aircraft.
v. Find the names of pilots certified for some Boeing aircraft.
 vi. Find the aids of all aircraft that can be used on routes from Bengaluru to New Delhi.
SCHEMA DIAGRAM

Create the above tables by properly specifying the primary keys and foreign keys.Enter at least five
tuples for each relation.
SQL>CREATE TABLE FLIGHT
(
NO INTEGER,
FRM VARCHAR(20),
END VARCHAR(20),
DIST INTEGER,
DEPT DATE,
ARR DATE,
PRICE REAL,
PRIMARY KEY(NO)
);
TABLE CREATED.
SQL>INSERT INTO FLIGHTVALUES('&NO','&FRM','&END','&DIST',’&DEPT','&ARR','&PRICE');
SQL>SELECT * FROM FLIGHT;
NO FRM END DIST DEPT ARR PRIC
E
 255 BANGALORE FRANKFURT 200 01-AUG-11 01-AUG-11 5000

256 BANGALORE FRANKFURT 200 01-AUG-11 01-AUG-11 8000

257 BANGALORE DELHI 200 01-AUG-11 01-AUG-11 5000

258 BANGALORE DELHI 200 01-AUG-11 01-AUG-11 6000

259 BANGALORE MANGALORE 200 01-AUG-11 01-AUG-11 8000

SQL> CREATE TABLE AIRCRAFT

(AID INT,
ANAME VARCHAR(15),
CRANGE INTEGER,
PRIMARY KEY(AID));
Table created
SQL>INSERT INTO AIRCRAFT VALUES('&AID','&ANAME','&CRANGE');
SQL>SELECT * FROM AIRCRAFT;

AID ANAME CRANGE

685 BOEING15 1000
686 BOEING10 2000
687 SKYTRAIN 1000
688 AVENGER 100
4 rows selected.
SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEES
(EID INT,
ENAME VARCHAR(15),
SALARY REAL,
PRIMARY KEY(EID));
Table created.

SQL>INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES VALUES('&EID','&ENAME','&SALARY');

SQL>SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEES;
 EID ENAME SALARY
101 ASHA 90000
102 ARUN 85000
103 ANAND 3000
104 RAMYA 40000

4 rows selected.
SQL> CREATE TABLE CERTIFIED
(EID INT,
AID INT,
PRIMARY KEY(EID,AID));
Table created.
SQL>INSERT INTO CERTIFIED VALUES('&EID','&AID');
SQL>SELECT * FROM CERTIFIED;

EID AID
101 685
101 686
101 687
101 688
102 685
103 686
103 687
7 rows selected.
i. Find the names of aircraft such that all pilots certified to operate them have salaries more than
Rs.80, 000.

SQL> SELECT DISTINCT A.ANAME

FROM AIRCRAFT A,CERTIFIED C,EMPLOYEES E
WHERE C.EID=E.EID AND
A.AID=C.AID AND
 SALARY IN(SELECT
SALARY FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE SALARY>80000);

ANAME
AVENGER
BOEING10
BOEING15
SKYTRAIN

ii) For each pilot who is certified for more than three aircrafts, find the eid and the maximum
cruisingrange of the aircraft for which she or he is certified.

SQL> SELECT C.EID,MAX(A.CRANGE)

FROM CERTIFIED C,AIRCRAFT A

WHERE C.AID=A.AID GROUP BY C.EID HAVING COUNT(C.AID)>3;

EID MAX(A.CRANGE)
101 2000

iii) Find the names of pilots whose salary is less than the price of the cheapest route from
Bengaluru to Frankfurt.

SQL> SELECT E.ENAME

FROM EMPLOYEES E
WHERE E.SALARY<(SELECT MIN(PRICE)
FROM FLIGHT WHERE FRM='BANGALORE' AND END='FRANKFURT');

ENAME
ANAND
RAMYA
iv) For all aircraft with cruisingrange over 1000 Kms. Find the name of the aircraft and the
average salary of all pilots certified for this aircraft.

SQL> SELECT NAME,AVGSAL

FROM(SELECT A.AID,A.ANAME AS NAME,AVG(E.SALARY) AS AVGSAL
FROM AIRCRAFT A,CERTIFIED C,EMPLOYEES E
WHERE A.AID=C.AID AND C.EID=E.EID AND CRANGE>1000
GROUP BY A.AID,A.ANAME);

NAME AVGSAL
BOEING10 46500

v) Find the names of pilots certified for some Boeing aircraft.

SQL> SELECT DISTINCT E.ENAME

FROM EMPLOYEES E,CERTIFIED C,AIRCRAFT A

WHERE A.AID=C.AID AND C.EID=E.EID AND A.ANAME LIKE 'BOEING%';

ENAME
ANAND
ARUN
ASHA

vi) Find the aids of all aircraft that can be used on routes from Bengaluru to New Delhi.
SQL> SELECT A.AID
FROM AIRCRAFT A
WHERE A.CRANGE>(SELECT MIN(DIST)
FROM FLIGHT
WHERE FRM='BANGALORE' AND END='DELHI');

AID
685
686
 687

Viva Questions

1. What is SQL?

Structured Query Language

2. What is database?

A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning, representing some aspect
of real world and which is designed, built and populated with data for a specific purpose.

3. What is DBMS?

It is a collection of programs that enables user to create and maintain a database. In other words it is
general-purpose software that provides the users with the processes of defining, constructing and manipulating
the database for various applications.

4. What is a Database system?

 The database and DBMS software together is called as Database system.

5. Advantages of DBMS?
 Redundancy is controlled.

 Unauthorized access is restricted.

 Providing multiple user interfaces.

 Enforcing integrity constraints.

 Providing backup and recovery.

6. Disadvantage in File Processing System?

 Data redundancy & inconsistency.

 Difficult in accessing data.

 Data isolation.

 Data integrity.

 Concurrent access is not possible.

 Security Problems.

7. Describe the three levels of data abstraction?

There are three levels of abstraction:

o Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are stored.

o Logical level: The next higher level of abstraction, describes what data are stored in database
and what relationship among those data.

o View level: The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire database.

8. Define the "integrity rules"

There are two Integrity rules.

 Entity Integrity: States that “Primary key cannot have NULL value”
  Referential Integrity: States that “Foreign Key can be either a NULL value or should be Primary Key
value of other relation.
9. What is extension and intension?

Extension - It is the number of tuples present in a table at any instance. This is time dependent.

Intension -It is a constant value that gives the name, structure of table and the constraints laid on it.

10. What is Data Independence?

Data independence means that “the application is independent of the storage structure and access
strategy of data”. In other words, The ability to modify the schema definition in one level should not affect the
schema definition in the next higher level.

Two types of Data Independence:

 Physical Data Independence: Modification in physical level should not affect the logical
level.

 Logical Data Independence: Modification in logical level should affect the view level.

NOTE: Logical Data Independence is more difficult to achieve

11. What is a view? How it is related to data independence?

A view may be thought of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in its own right
but is instead derived from one or more underlying base table. In other words, there is no stored file that
direct represents the view instead a definition of view is stored in data dictionary.

Growth and restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views. Thus the view can insulate users
from the effects of restructuring and growth in the database. Hence accounts for logical data independence.

12. What is Data Model?

A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships data semantics and constraints

13. What is E-R model?

This data model is based on real world that consists of basic objects called entities and of relationship
among these objects. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes.

14.What is Object Oriented model?

 This model is based on collection of objects. An object contains values stored in instance variables
within the object. An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the object. These bodies of code are
called methods. Objects that contain same types of values and the same methods are grouped together into
classes.
15.What is an Entity?

It is an 'object' in the real world with an independent existence.

16. What is an Entity type?

It is a collection (set) of entities that have same attributes.

17. What is an Entity set?

It is a collection of all entities of particular entity type in the database.

18. What is an Extension of entity type?

The collections of entities of a particular entity type are grouped together into an entityset.

19. What is an attribute?

It is a particular property, which describes the entity.

20. What is a Relation Schema and a Relation?

A relation Schema denoted by R(A1, A2, …, An) is made up of the relation name
R and the list of attributes Ai that it contains. A relation is defined as a set of tuples. Let r
be the relation which contains set tuples (t1, t2, t3, ...,tn). Each tuple is an ordered list of n-
values t=(v1,v2, ..., vn).
21. What is degree of a Relation?
It is the number of attribute of its relation schema.
22. What is Relationship?
It is an association among two or more entities.
23. What is Relationship set?

The collection (or set) of similar relationships.

24. What is Relationship type?

Relationship type defines a set of associations or a relationship set among a given set of entity types.
 25. What is degree of Relationship type?
It is the number of entity type participating.
26. What is DDL (Data Definition Language)?
A data base schema is specified by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called DDL.
27. What is VDL (View Definition Language)?
It specifies user views and their mappings to the conceptual schema.
28. What is SDL (Storage Definition Language)?
This language is to specify the internal schema. This language may specify the mapping between two
schemas.
29. What is Data Storage - Definition Language?
The storage structures and access methods used by database system are specified by a set of definition
in a special type of DDL called data storage- definition language.
30. What is DML (Data Manipulation Language)?
This language that enable user to access or manipulate data as organized by appropriate data model.

 Procedural DML or Low level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed and how
to get those data.

 Non-Procedural DML or High level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed
without specifying how to get those data.

31.What is Relational Calculus?

It is an applied predicate calculus specifically tailored for relational databases proposed by
E.F. Codd. E.g. of languages based on it are DSL, ALPHA, QUEL.

32. What is normalization?

It is a process of analyzing the given relation schemas based on their
Dependencies (FDs) and primary key to achieve the properties

 Minimizing redundancy
 Minimizing insertion, deletion and update anomalies.
33. What is 1 NF (Normal Form)?

The domain of attribute must include only atomic (simple, indivisible) values.

34. What is Fully Functional dependency?

It is based on concept of full functional dependency. A functional dependency X Y is fully

functional dependency if removal of any attribute A from X means that the dependency does not hold
any more.

35. What is 2NF?

A relation schema R is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and every non-prime attribute A in R is fully

functionally dependent on primary key.

36. What is 3NF?

A relation schema R is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for every FD X A either of the following
is true
 X is a Super-key of R.
 A is a prime attribute of R.

In other words, if every non prime attribute is non-transitively dependent on primary key.

37.What is BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)?

A relation schema R is in BCNF if it is in 3NF and satisfies additional constraints that for
every FD X A, X must be a candidate key.

38. What is 4NF?

A relation schema R is said to be in 4NF if for every Multivalued dependency X Y that

holds over R, one of following is true
 X is subset or equal to (or) XY = R.
 X is a super key.

39. What is 5NF?

A Relation schema R is said to be 5NF if for every join dependency {R1, R2, ...,Rn} that
holds R, one the following is true
 Ri = R for some i.
 The join dependency is implied by the set of FD, over R in which the left side is key of R.