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85 views25 pagesSolution Chapter
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/ 25
Solutions
Scan the OR Code
‘and get Video Lecture ofthis Chapter
a
( Fastrack« Revision )
» Solutions: Solutions are homogene
more than two components, The:
solid, liquid or in gaseous state,
10S mixtures of two or
'Se Components may be
na binary solution, there are two constituents:
» ‘Solute: Substance that is dissolved in another
substance in lesser amount. e.g, sugar, salt, etc,
Solvent: Substance in which another substance Is.
dissolved in larger amount Forming a solution, eg,
water, milk, ete,
Knowledge BOOSTER
f@) Solvent determines the physical state in which
SQ solution exists.
> Expressing Concentration of Solutions
Concentration is the amount of solute
present inthe given
quantity of solute or solvent.
Concentration of solution can be expressed in any of the
following ways:
a
ee
Mass % of a solute _ Massof solute inthe solution
Totalmass of solution
ledge BOOSTER
Concentration described by mass percentage is
‘sé commonly used in industrial chemical industry.
> Volume percentage (¢)
100
Volume % of a solute
___Volume of solute
~ Total volume of solution
ge BOOSTER
100
yi “
35% () solution of ethylene glycol is used as an
6 antifreeze in cars for cooling the engine.
w
> Mass by volume percentag ()
Mass of solute
Volume of solution
ige BOOSTER :
Volume percentage is commonly used in medicine and
“1 Pharmacy.
Mass by volume % of solute =
> Parts per miltion (ppm)
Number of parts of the component
Total number of parts of all
‘compon
ppm xe
of the solution
Knowledge BOOSTER
‘5 atmosphere is often expressed in ppm
> Mole Fraction (7)
Mole fraction of a component
Number of moles of the com,
“Total number of moles of alltthe components
inowledge BOOSTER
& Mole fraction is independent of temperature.
> Molarity
Number of moles of solute
Molarity (M) =" Volume of solution (int) *
Mass.
No. of moles =
Molar mass
wiedge BOOSTER
Molarity varies with temperature, because volume
‘SX depends on temperature.
> Molality
Molality (m) Number of moles of solute
Mass of the solvent (in kg)
ge BOOSTER
Molality is independent of temperature, because mass
‘52 does not depend on temperature.
> Solubility
> Maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved
in 100 g of solvent to form a saturated solution at
a given temperature is known as the solubility of a
substance.
> Asolute dissolves in a solvent if the intermolecular
interactions are similar in both of them,
> Asaturated solution is one in which no more solute
can be dissolved at the same temperature and
Pressure whereas an unsaturated solution is one
in which more solute can be dissolved at the same
temperature. 2 | MasTERMpno cHAPTERWISE QUESTION BANK
Liquids increases with
fise in temperature if the dissolution process
Is endothermic and solubility decreases if it is
‘exothermic. However, there is no effect of pressure
(on solubility of solids in liquids.
> Solubility of gases in liquids increases with increase
Of pressure and increases with decrease of
> Solubility of solids in
temperature.
> Law of Henry: At certain temperat
of solvent, amount of gas dissolved is directly proportional
of gas. It can be stated as the partial
ture for a given volume
to partial pressure
pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to
the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution.
p= Kyit, where Ky = Henry's law constant
ige BOOSTER
‘Aquatic species are more comfortable in cold woter
rather than jn warm water due to presence of more
O dissolved oxygen.
> Vapour Pressure: Pressure exerted by vapours over the
liquid phase at equilibrium state at constant temperature
is called vapour pressure
Vapour pressure depends on nature of the liquid and
temperature i.e. vapour pressure increases with increase
in temperature.
» Raoult’s Law: For a solution of volatile liquids, the partial
vapour pressure of each component in the solution is
directly proportional to its mole fraction.
> For component A, Pa= Pavia
For component 8, Pa =P8%=
The total pressure, Piotai= Pa Pa
Fora solution containing non-volatile solute present
in a volatile solvent, Raoult’s law states that the
relative lowering of vapour pressure For a solution
is equal to the mole fraction of solute.
Stee ae
po atN
where, p= vapour pressure of pure solvent,
= vapour pressure of solution,
‘n= moles of solute,
‘and N=moles of solvent.
> Colligative Properties: Certain properties of solutions
depend only on the number of particles of the solute and
do not depend on the nature of solute, such prope!
are called colligative properties.
Such properties include relative lowering of vapour
‘pressure, depression in freezing point, elevation of boiling
point and osmotic pressure of the solution.
» Calculation of Molality from Relative Lowering of
‘Vapour Pressure of Solution
%
“Molality of solution ae
1000
M
‘where, M= Molar mass of the solvent.
» Calculation of Molality from Elevation in Boiling
of Solution
Molality of solution
Elevation in boiling point
Molal elevation constant of solvent
K=10% Ky
and
K,=Molal elevation constant
where,
From eq, (1), we have
cpeeieey
Maw
AT» = Ky xMolality
where, wand Ware weights (masses) of solute and
respectively, M = Molar mass (or molecular weight)
solute,
Relation between Elevation in Boiling Point
Relative Lowering in Vapour Pressure
10005, AB
mM ro
> calculation of Molalty from Depression in
Poin of Solution
ATs
Molality of solution
Depression in freezing point
~ Molal depression constant of solution
10% ky
where, _K;=Molal depression constant
From eq, (2), we have
and
Ky Relation between Depression in Freezing Point and
Elevation in Boiling Point
ATy=
aT Ky
ATy. Xp
> Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
> In osmosis, there is net flow of solvent to the
solution in a semipermeable membrane.
‘Osmotic pressure is the extra pressure applied
stop the Flow of solvent to solution across a se
permeable membrane.
Osmotic pressure is a colligative property as
depends on the numberof solute molecules and
on their identity.
[when solution has same molality] ae.
p relation between Osmotic rressure an
Lowering in Vapour Pressure id Relative
‘osmotic pressure (n)= AP. 4ST
PM
ory
V
where, d=density of solution,
$= solution constant
p= lowering in vapour pressure,
T= absolute temperature,
‘M= molar mass of solvent,
p® = vapour pressure of pure solvent
f=number of moles,
V= volume of solution (int),
R= gas constant.
» Hypertonic Solution: Its concentration is higher than
that of the solution separating it by a semipermeable
membrane.
» Hypotonic Solution: Its concentrations lower than that of
the solution separating it by a semipermeable membrane.
Chemistry 213
> Inotonte Sotution: Two solutions having same osmot
prossure ata given temperature
Abnormal Molecular Mass: flor the substance
Molecular yrass determined from colligative properties
Ir different, elther lower or higher, from expected valve,
This is known as abnormal molecular mas
> van't Hoff Factor: it Is the ratio of the experimental
Hott ental
value of colligative prope
roperty, It Is used to find out the
colligati
dissociation of assoc
Normal molar
van't Holl Fach ee tar a
Ses after
ation
Total number of moles of parti
association/dl
Number of moles of particles before
assoclation/diasociation
Observed value of the colligative property
Calculated value of the colligative property
IF > 1, solute undergoes dissociation and if / < 1, solute
undergoes association.
Practice Exercise
Q Multiple choice Questions y
QL Which of the following is an example of a solid
solution? (CBSESQP 2021 Term-1)
a. Sea water . Sugar solution
< Smoke d. 22 carat gold
Q2. An unknown gas‘X"is dissolved in water at 2.5 bar
pressure and has mole fraction 0.04 in solution.
The mole fraction of ‘X’ gas when the pressure of
gas is doubled at the same temperature is:
(CBSE 2021 Term-1)
a 008 b. 0.04
c 002 d, 0.92
3. Mole fraction of glycerine CsHs(OH), in solution
containing 36 g of water and 46 g of glycerine is:
a 046 b, 0.40
0.20 d. 0.36
‘On dissolving sugar in water at room temperature,
solution feels cool to touch. Under which of the
following cases dissolution of sugar will be most
rapid? (NCERT EXEMPLAR)
a. Sugar crystals in cold water
, Sugar crystals in hot water
©. Powdered sugar in cold water
4d, Powdered sugar in hot water
95. Maximum amount of a solid solute that can be
4.
dissolved i ified amount of a given liquid
solvent does not depend upon: (NCRTEXEMPLAR)
@. temperature
b. nature of solute
© pressure
nature of solvent
Q6. The value of Ky, for Ar(g), CO,(g), HCHO(g) and
CH4(g) are 40.39, 1.67, 1.83 « 10> and 0.413
respectively. Arrange these gases in increasing
order of solubility. (NCERT EXEMPLAR)
a. HCHO < CH, < CO, < Ar
b. HCHO < CO, < HCHO
Q7. Solubility of gas in liquid decreases with increase
in: (€8SE 2023)
a. pressure
b. temperature
. volume
4d, number of solute molecules
Q8. Value of Henry's constant Kj: (€BSe 2023)
a. increases with decrease in temperature
b, decreases with increase in temperature
Increases with increase in temperature
d, remains constant
Q9. Identify the law which is stated as:
“For any solution, the partial vapour pressure of
‘each volatile component in the solution is directly
proportional to its mote fraction”
(CBSE SQP2021 Term-1)
a. Henrys law b, Raoult's law
«. Dalton’s taw i. Gay-Lussac’s law
Which of the following formula represents Raoult’s
taw for a solution containing non-volatile solute?
(€8SE 2021 Term-1)
solute * PRaiute * Xsolute
b. pe KyX
© Prorat = Psotvent
4. Proiute ~ PRowent’ Xsotvent 4 | MASTERMIND CHAPTERWISE ClussrIon Bann
QL If two liquids A and B form minimum boiling
azeotrope at some specific composition, then.
(CERT EXEMPLAR)
a ABinteractions are stronger than those between
Aor BB.
vapour pressure of solution increases because
more number of molecutes of quid A and 8 can
escape from the solution.
vapour pressure of solution decreases because
less number of molecules of only one of the
liquids escape from the solution
4. A interaction are weaker than those between
Aor 6B
12. Considering the formation, breaking and strength
of hydrogen bond, predict which of the following
mixtures will show a positive deviation from
(NceRr EXEMPLAR)
4. Phenol and anitine
1013. Which one ofthe following pairs will form an ideal
sobution? (€8SE2021 Term)
‘a. Chloroform and acetone
'. Ethanol and acetone
c mhexane and mheptane
Phenol and anitine
Q14. Which one of the following pairs will not form an
ideal solution? (CBSE 2023)
aa Benzene and toluene
bi. Nitric acid and water
Hexane and heptane
. Ethyl chloride and ethyl bromide
Q15. An azeotropic mixture of two liquids will have 2
boiling point lower than either of the two liquids
when it: (cASt2023; €8SE 2021 Term-1)
‘2 shows a negative deviation from Raoutts law
i. forms an ideal solution
shows a positive deviation from Raoult's law
dis saturated
Q16. On mixing 20 mL of acetone with 30 mL of
chloroform, the total volume of the solution is:
(CBSE 2021 Term-3)
a <50mL b =50mL
<> 50 mL. d =10 mt
17. Which of the following condition is not satisfied by
‘an ideal solution?
qs,
Q20.
ga.
923.
24.
926.
Qa.
Low concentration of oxygen in the blood ang
Rssues of people living at high altitude is due to
(c1st 2023)
a. high atmospheric pressure
b. low temperatur
(ow atmospheric pressure
S both low temperature and high atmospheric
pressure
‘Osmotic pressure of 2 solution is 0.0821 atm a
‘ot 300 K. The concentration in
a
motes/itre will be:
a 033 b 0666
¢ 03107 a3
How much ethyl alcohol must be added to 1L of
water so that the solution will freeze at ~ 14°C?
(for water = 1.86%C/mat) (CBSE S07 2023 Term)
a 75 mol b. B5 mol
© 95 mol 4. 105 mot
Elevation of boiling point is inversely proportionat
to: (CBSE SOP 2021 Term i)
a. molal elevation constant (Kp)
b. molality (m)
‘< molar mass of solute (M)
dd. weight of solute (WY)
Colligative properties depend on: (NCERT EXEMPLAS)
‘a the nature of the solute particles dissolved in
solution 5
bb. the number of solute particles in solution
c the physical properties of the solute particies
dissolved in solution
d. the nature of solvent particles
Which of the following aqueous solutions should
have the highest boiling point? (CERT EXEMPLAR)
a. 10 MNaOH b. LO MN2,S0,
LO MNH,NO3 10 MKNO
In comparison to a 0.01 solution of glucose, the
depression in freezing point of a 0.01 M MgCl,
solution (NCERT EXEMPLAR)
a the same
c about three times d. about six times
‘At a given temperature, osmotic pressure of 2
concentrated solution of a substance:
a. is higher than that ofa ditute solution
». is lower than that of a dilute solution
cis same as that of a dilute solution
cannot be compared with osmotic pressure of
ditute solution
When 1 mote of benzene is mixed with 1 mole of
toluene, the vapour will contain:
(€8SESQP 2021 Terwt)
(Given: Vapour pressure of benzene = 12.8 kPa and
‘Vapour pressure of toluene = 3.85 kPa).
‘a. equal amount of benzene and toluene as it forms
an ideal solution
‘unequal amount of benzene and toluene as i
forms a norvideal solution
higher percentage of benzene
4. higher percentage of toluene
a28
az.
a3
Th
ggrr
Aes 28. The number of ions formed on dissolving one
molecule of FeSO, (NH,),$0, .6H,0 in wator I
(cust sop 202229)
3 b4
q20. The bolting point of a 0.2 m x
non-electrolyte in water is: Sonn aay
Uk, for water 0.52 Kg mot
a 100°C
Wooo °c
4) (cose 2021 Te
b, 100552'c
4, 100.26 °C
In the following diagram, point'x' represents:
(8SE 2021 Term)
)
Q.30
t
Vapour
pressure] x
Tea
2. boling pln of sclution
b. freezing point of solvent
€ bong point of solvent
«freeing point of stan
compound CaCl
Gissocaton nwa Th vant He car ee
(case 2023)
Pee a4
A compound undergoes complete tetramerisatior
ina glen organi solvent The vant Hoft factor
(casez03)
4 20
qa.
932.
240 6025 ¢ 015
G Assertion & Reason Type Questions
Directions (Q. Nos. 33-42): Each of the following questions
‘consists of two statements, one is Assertion (A) and the other is
‘Reason (R). Give answer:
‘a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion
(A).
b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A)
. Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false
4. Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
999.
am,
938.
936,
Qa.
Q 38.
Q39.
40.
Qa
Qae.
Answers
v
1. (d) 22 carat gold contains 22 parts of gold mixed with
two parts of other metals such as copper, silver
nickel and zine. Thus, itis an example of a solid
solution.
2 (2)We know that partial pressure of the gas is
proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the
solution. ie, pa x
Chomistry | Class 12 | 5
‘Assertion (A): Molarity of a solution In tiquid state
changes with temperature,
Reason (R): The volume of
change In temperature
‘Assertion(A): Molarity of a solution changes with
temperature
Reason (R); Molarity Isa colligative property.
(€0st $0P 2021 Term)
Assertion (A): In an Ideal soLUtion, Ay, H 1s Zero.
Reason (R): In an ideal solution, A-B interactions
are lower than A-A and B-B interactions.
‘Assertion (A): A solution of phenol and aniline will
show negative deviations from Raoult’s law.
Reason (R): In case of negative deviations from
Raoult’ law, A-B forces are stronger than A-A and
B-B forces.
Assertion (A): The solutions which show large
positive deviations from Raoult’s law form
maximum boiling azeotropes
Reason (R): 95% aqueous solution of ethanol is
minimum boiling azeotrope.
‘Assertion (A): When methyl alcohol is added to water,
boiling point of water increases.
Reason (R): When a non-volatile solute is added
to a volatile solvent, elevation in boiling point is
observed. (NCERT EXEMPLAR)
Assertion (A):Elevation in boiling points a colligative
property.
Reason (R): The lowering of vapour pressure of
solution causes elevation in boiling point.
(case 2023)
Assertion (A): When NaCl is added to water, a
depression in freezing point is observed.
Reason (R): The lowering of vapour pressure of a
solution causes depression in the freezing point.
(CBSE 2023, NCERT EXEMPLAR)
‘Assertion (A): Osmotic pressure is a colligative
property.
Reason (R): Osmotic pressure is proportional to the
molality. (CBSE 2023)
‘Assertion (A): When a solution is separated from
the pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane,
the solvent molecules pass through it from pure
solvent side to the solution side.
Reason (R): Diffusion of solvent occurs from a
region of high concentration solution to a region
of low concentration solution. (NCERTEXEMPLAR)
lution changes with
(CERT EXEMPLAR) 6 | MASTERNIND CHAPTERWISE C)uesTion nanK
3. (c) Molar mass of glycerine
w12x3+1%54 (16 x3+1x3)=928mol!
Molar mass of water = 1x 2+ 16 = 18 gmol!
Moles of glycerine = “8 .0.5mol
92gmol
Moles of water = 288 = 2mol
18gmot
motes of glycerine
glycerine FRoles OF glycerine + moles of water
= 08. .95.929
054225.
4, (@) powdered sugar in hot water
5. (c) Pressure does not have any signific
solubility of solids in liquids becaus
liquids are highly incompressible
6. (c) Higher the value of Ky, tower will be th
of gas at given pressure.
7. (b) temperature:
{8 (6) According to Henry's law. the solubility of @ gas
ina liquid is directly proportional to the pressure
of gas. Hence, the value of Henrys constant
increases with the increase in temperature.
9. (b) Raoult's law:
10. (4) Prorste = PZoivent ’Xsotvent
11. (d) Minimum boiling azeotropes show large positive
deviation from Raoult’s law. In this type of
deviation, A-B interactions are weaker than the
interaction between A-A or 8-8.
12. (a) Methanol and acetone
1B. (0) mhexane and heptane
4, (b) The solution of nitric acid and water show
large negative deviation from Raoult’s law and
form maximum boiling azeotrope at a specific
composition, Hence, this solution will not form
an ideal solution.
15, (c) Azeotropic solution that has a boiling point lower
than its constituents is known as minimum boiling
azeotropes. They show a large positive deviation
from Raoult's law.
16. (@)A mixture of acetone and chloroform shows
negative deviation from Raoult’s law. Hence, 2
slight decrease in volume takes place.
17, (6) Formation of an azeotropic mixture
18. (2) Osmotic pressure
19. (c) At high altitudes, the partial pressure of oxygen
is less than that at the ground level. This leads
to low concentration of oxygen in the blood and
tissues of people living at high altitudes.
know that, = CRT
0.0821 = C x 0.0821 x 300
cant effect on
solids and
e solubility
20. (9)
ee 1
c= mol
apo
e. €=03%107 mol/L
Kexm
21. (@) Bvt on
At; = Kye
Giver aTyee= WC Ky= 186°C,
wet 1000 mL
putting value ee
44 = 1.8 aa a
: «000
ny «75mol
; 2 :
22. (c) We know tha’
etevaton of bling point (AT)
Also, :
ky *1000weight of solute
ATy= jpoarmiss ofsolute x weightofaaye, 3
Sh
Thus, 4Ty Golar mass of solute
3
23, (b) the number of solute particles in solution
2a. (6)For NaOH. [=2 For'Na,S0,1=3
ForNH,NOgi=2 For KNOs /=2
ig maximum for N2;S0, (= 3). ithas ty 3!
highest boilirg point.
25. (c) We know that, AT= iKem
For glucose. a7; (glucose) = 1 Ky 001
( 3
For MgCl ATs(MaCly) = 3% Kx 001 (
=3 x AT; (glucose) .
{from eq (ij
Hence, depression in freezing point of Metis
three times tat of glucose
26. (a) is higher than that of a dilute solution 4
27, (0) itis because benzene has higher vapour pressie
4
than toluene. s0 it produces more vapours
28, (0) Fe2*, 2502" and 2 NHj ions ie. a total of 5
ions are formed on dissolving one molecule
FeSO, (NH,),SO, . 6H,0 in water.
29, (¢) Change in boi.ing point (AT,) = Ky xm
=052x02-004 Ca
«Boiling point, T, = 0.104 + 100 = 100104"
30. (d) Freezing point of solution
231, (a) When CaCl, 5H,0 dissolvesin water.it complete
dissociates into one Ca?* ion and two Cl lens
per formula unit. Also, each formula unit
CaCl, 6H,0 is hydrated with six water molec
which remain as water molecules in the solution
Hence, the total number of particles into wht
each formula unit of CaCl, - 6H,0 dissociates
(Ca?) +2 (Cr+) +6 (H30) —> 9 particles
So, the van't 4off factor for CaCly-6H20 is 9
32. (b) Since, there is complete tetramerisation. nen
we have,
“so A
= «
ES 4 van't Hoff factor, j= ——4 1-34
7
For 100% dissociation, a =1 :
aie
fee
; 5747928
33. (2) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
34, (c) Reasonistalse Molarityis notacolligative property
It Is a method of expressing concentration of
solution.
(Qin an ideal solution, A-8 interactions are same as
AA and B-8 interactions
36. (2) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A),
37. (d)The solutions which show a large positive
deviation from Raoult’s law form. minimum
boiling azeotrope, and 95% ethanol solution is
‘minimum boiling azeotrope.
38. (4) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
Assertion is wrong because when methyl alcohol
1s added to water, boiling point of water decreases
to hydrogen bonding.
38, (c) The lowering of vapour pressure of solution
causes depression in freezing point.
40. (a) When NaCl is added to water, a depression in
freezing point is observed. This is due to lowering
‘of vapour pressure of a solution. Lowering of
vapour pressure is observed due to intermolecular
interaction of solvent-solute particles
‘A. (0) Osmotic pressure is proportional to the molarity,
Cof the solution at a given temperature T.
(&) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
@ Case Study Based Questions w
Case Study 1
Binary solutions can be of nine different types
depending upon the nature of the solute and
solvent whether solid, liquid or gas. They may
be further classified as solid, liquid and gaseous
solutions based on the component which acts as
the solvent. However, the liquid solutions are the
‘most important. Both solids and gases dissolve in
liquids resulting in homogeneous mixtures, i-¢.
solutions. The solubility is governed by number
of factors such as nature of solute and solvent,
temperature, pressure etc. The concentrations
of the solutions can be expressed in «
‘normality, molarity, molality, mole
molality and mole
fraction are better as they do not change with the
change in temperature.
3!
42,
Chemistry | Class 12 | 7
Read the given passage carefully and give the
answer of the following questions:
QL Solutitity curve of Na,SO,-10H,0 in water
with temperature is given as:
Solubility gl“?
lace
Temp. —
solubility process is exothermic
». solubility process is exothermic till 34°C and
tencothermic after 34°C }
solubility process is endothermic till 34°C
‘and exothermic after -34°C
d. solubility process is endothermic
CuSO, 5H,0 is a:
a. solution of solid in aliquid
b. solution of liquid in a solid
saltonly and cannot be called a solution
. co-rdination compound of copper with
water molecules as the ligands
The molality of a sulphuric acid solution in
«
Q2
a3.
which mole fraction of water is 0.85 is:
a. 9.80 b, 1050,
1058 41125
‘Maximum amount of a solid solute that can
be dissolved in a specified amount of a given
liquid solvent does not depend upon:
a. temperature b, nature of solute
pressure d, nature of solvent
- Answers
1. (@)solubilty process is endothermic
exothermic after 34°C
2. (b) Solution of liquid in a solid
3 (2) 980
4, (0 pressure
Case Study 2
The four colligative properties of the dilute
solutions help in calculating the molecular mass
of the solute which is often called observed
‘molecular mass. It may be same as the theoretical
molecular mass (calculated from the molecular
formula) ifthe solute behaves normally in solution
In case, it undergoes association or dissociation,
the observed molar mass gives different results.
‘The nature of the solute in solution is expressed
in terms of van't Hoff factor (i) which may be
1 (if the solute behaves normally), less than 1
(if the solute associates) and more than 1 (if the
solute dissociates). The extent of association or
dissociation is represented by & which is:
Q4.
34°C and 8 | MASTER CHAPTERWISE CJuEsTION BANK
(for association) (or dissociation)
Read the given passage carefully and give the
answer of the following question:
Q1 What is common in all the four colligative
properties?
Q.2. What is the expected value of van't Hoff factor
for K,[Fe(CN),] when it completely dissociates
in water?
3. Whats the value of van't Hoff factor for a dilute
solution of K,SO, in water?
oR
In the determination of molar mass of A°B-
using colligative property, what will be the van't
Hoff factor if the solute is 40% dissociated?
Answers
1. All of them depend upon the number of particles
‘of the solute in the solution as well as its molar
‘concentration.
2. K,{Fe(CN)g) dissociates as: 4K + (Fe(CN)g]>-
1
or 1=4+1=5
a1
“0
3. 60, dissociates completely in water as:
k,50, —22 2k* (ag) + S02" (aq)
Dissociation of A*B- may be expressed as:
(ca)
Aree At (on) £8: (a0) (n=2)
‘melting point of pure water
0°C, answer the following questions:
ymperature in the second set of
Oo nat a the pattern. Which
het? Justify your answer.
Q2. Why did Henna collect two sets of resul
G3, In place of NaCl, if Henna had used glug
Trot would have been the melting point of
solution with 0.6 g glucose init?
oR
What is the predicted melting point if
salt is added to 10 mL of water? ti
answer. (case sop
Assuming the
Answers
1. The melting point of ice is the freezing point of
We can use the depression in freezing point pro
in this case. 3rd reading for 0.5 g does not
pattern. There has to be an increase in depre
of freezing point and therefore decrease in
point so also will there be a decrease i :
when the amount of salt is increased but t
not followed in this case.
2. Henna collected two sets of res @ Very Short Answer tune Questions
1. Identify which liquid will have a higher vapour
pressure at 90°C if the boiling points of two liquids
Aand B are 140°C and 180°C respectively.
(cast 2020)
q
ui A will have a higher vapour pressure because
fn cma: anaes 2
Concentration terms such as mass percentage,
ppm, mole fraction and molality are independent
‘of temperature, however molarity is a function of
temperature. Exp (CERT EXEMPLAR)
The number of motes of solute present in a ttre
Solution is defined as molarity, Since, molarity
Gepends upon the volume of solution and volume
of solution changes with change in temperature, 50
molarity willalso change with change in temperature
‘On the other hand, mass does not depend upon
temperature. The other given concentration terms
are defined in terms of mass but not in terms of
volume 5a, these concentration terms do not change
with change in temperature. -
What role does the molecular interaction play ina
solution of alcohol and water? (NCERT EXERCISE)
Strong hydrogen bonds are present among alcohol
molecules just like water. So when these (alcohol and
rater) are mixed, the motecular interaction becomes
weaker. Thus, they show positive ‘deviation from ideal
behaviour As a consequence, the vapour pressure
Pr eolution fs higher and boiling pomnt i lower in
Comparison fo water and alcohol.
Why do gases always tend to be
liquids as the temperature is raised
ans.
a2.
Ans.
Qs.
aA: less soluble in
?
(NCERT EXEMPLAR)
Dissolution of gas in liquid is an exothermic process
Thus, according to Le-Chatelier’s principle, the
equilibrium shiftsin backward direction onincreasi"&
the temperature. Therefore, gases always tend to De
less soluble on raising the temperature.
‘At low pressure and high temperature,
‘evaporates rapidly, why?
i low pressure and high temperature, the Kinehic
energy of water molecules increases, Due this,
the water surface and gets
Ans.
Qs. water
Q7.
Ans.
. The depressi
1. What is semipermeable mem!
.. Semipermeabl
Class 12 | 9
Chemistry
by glucose mote
vont molecules teaving the surface redut
of solv
snd ence. vapour pressure of aqueaut
glucose decrease
How does sprinkling of sait help In clearing the
tnow covered roads in hilly areas? Explain the
phenomenon involved in the process.
(CERT EXEMPLA)
When salt Is sprinkled on the snow covered roads
snow from the melting because
sprinkling of @ non-vol
depresses the freezing pom
helps In clearing the snow from the roads.
Explain gram-molecular depression constant:
fon in freezing point. when 1 gam
fe and nonvelectrolyte
surface starts
latile substance like
tof water and hence.
a non-volati
molecule of
cubstancets dissolved in 100 gram of solvent. called
the gramrmolecular or molar depression in O52
Paco Riggs <> 28888
‘Now, consider the following equilibrium for the acid
2CgHgCOOH = (C
