Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
Types of Riveted joints
There are two types of riveted joints, depending upon the way in which the plates are
connected. They are, 1. Lap joints, and 2. Butt joints.
In the lap joints the plates to be jointed overlap each other to sufficient amount for
riveting. If there is a single row of rivets, the joint is called single riveted lap joint.
there are two rows of rivets, the joint is called double riveted lap joints and so on. The
rivets may be arranged in chain form or zig.zag form, in chain riveting the rivets Of
two rows are side by side. In zig.zag riveting, the rivets are staggered, When the two
plates arc placed end to end and are connected by cover plates (butt-straps), they form
a butt joint. Normally two cover plates are used and are of equal width, but sometimes
the outer strap may be narrow than the inner One. Butt joints are called single riveted,
double riveted. triple riveted, etc., depending upon the number of rows of rivets in
each main plate.
On account of bending stresses. lap joints and single strap butt joints should used for
high tensile loads. The single Strap butt joint is evidently no Stronger than a lap joint
and requires twice as many rivets. For higher efficiency. butt joints are designed with
cover plates of unequal width. Various types of riveted joints are illustrated in fig.
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 1
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
Terminology
Gage line is the line through the centers of a row of rivets, parallel to the edge Of the
plate. Unwin empirical formula; This formula helps to determine the diameter d of the
rivet for the given plate thickness h in mm.
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 2
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
i.e„ Diameter of rivet d = 6Ѵh.
Table gives standard diameter d of the rivet and the corresponding hole diameter dh.
Pitch p is the distance between the centres of the two adjacent rivets measured on the
outer gage line. The pitch can be calculated by equating the tearing strength of the
plate to the shearing resistance of the rivet.
Where i1 = Number of rivets in single shear per pitch length
i2 = Number of rivets in double shear per pitch length
For lapjoint and single strap buttjoint, i2 =0
σθ = Allowable tensile stress of the plate
τ = Allowable shear stress of the rivet
The shear area of rivet in double shear is not exactly double of that in single shear, but
little less. As per Indian Boiler Regulations. it is taken as 1.875 times the area in
single shear. Therefore the above equation becomes
The maximum pitch p various types of riveted joint by IBR are given in
table.
Transverse pitch or back pitch pt is the distance between the two adjacent gage
lines in the same plate. Empirical formulae for transverse pitch are given in table.
Diagonal pitch pd. in the zig-zag riveting is the distance between centres of adjacent
rivets on adjacent gage lines.
Margin m is the distance from the outer gage line to the edge of plate.
Margin m = 1.5d
Failure of Riveted joints
A riveted joint may fail in the following ways:
I. Tearing of plate at the edge.
2.Tearing of plate across a row of rivets.
3.Shearing of rivets.
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 3
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
4.Crushing of rivets or plates.
Tearing or plate at the edge: Tearing of plate at an edge occurs when the distance
from the edge of the plate to the side of nearest row of rivet hole is very small shown
in fig. This Can avoided by keeping the margin m i.e„ the distance from the hole
centre to the plate edge as 1.5 times the diameter of the rivet.
Tearing Of plate across row of rivets: The plate may tear longitudinally between
the rivets in the same row as shown in fig. This can be prevented by spacing the rivets
at a sufficient distance from each other.
Tearing of plate at the edges Tearing of plate across a row of rivets
Shearing of rivets: The rivets may fail in either single shear or double shear as shown
in fig. In case of lap joints and butt joints with single cover plate, the rivets will be in
single shear, while in case of butt joints with two cover plates of equal width, the
rivets will be in double shear. Shearing of rivets can be prevented by increasing the
diameter of the rivets.
Crushing of rivets or plates: The rivet or plate may fail by crushing as shown in fig.
The resistance to this kind of failure is proportional to the projected area of contact of
the rivet with the plate.
Crushing of the Rivet
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 4
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
Developments
It serves to open up an object that has been rolled, folded, or a combination of both,
and makes that object appear to be spread out on a plane or flat surface called lateral
surfaces.
Sheet metal layout drawing are based on 3 types of development
1. Parallel line development
2. Radial line development
3. Triangulation method
Parallel line development the component which belongs to the class of prisms and
hence a constant cross-section throughout their length may be developed by parallel
line development. In parallel line development the sides run parallel to one another.
Example: Duct, Cylinder, L-bow and T-joints
Radial line development may be applied to developing the pattern of any component
which tapers to an apex, This method is also adoptable to the development of
frustums which could normally taper to an apex if the sides are produced.
Example: Cone, Pyramid
Triangulation method In sheet metal work many irregularly formed shapes cannot
be developed by either of above 2 methods, such shapes are formed that, although
straight line can be drawn through then the lines would not run parallel to one another
or would they all slant at the same angle to meet at a common centre.
Example: Square to square or square to circular transition piece.
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 5
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
Parallel Line Development
Development of Square Tray 80*80*20 size
Procedure.
1. Draw the XY line, and mention VP and HP
2. Construct the Top view of the fig. in HP with given dimension and name the sides.
3. Construct the Front view of the fig. in VP by projection and name the sides.
4. Draw the lateral surfaces (opening of solid figure) of the given figure as per the
dimension.
5. Remove the hatched portions of lateral surfaces for tray construction.
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 6
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
Parallel Line Development
Development of Square Prism 30*30*50
Procedure.
1. Draw the XY line, and mention VP and HP
2. Construct the Top view of the fig. in HP with given dimension and name the sides.
3. Construct the Front view of the fig. in VP by projection and name the sides.
4. Draw the lateral surfaces (opening of solid figure) of the given figure as per the
dimension and name the sides.
5. The length of lateral surface is total length of 4 sides of square prism.
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 7
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
Parallel Line Development
Development of Pentagonal prism of 20mm side
Procedure.
1. Draw the XY line, and mention VP and HP
2. Construct the Top view of the fig. in HP with given dimension and name the sides.
3. Construct the Front view of the fig. in VP by projection and name the sides.
4. Draw the lateral surfaces (opening of solid figure) of the given figure as per the
dimension and name the sides.
5. The length of lateral surface is total length of 5 sides of Pentagonal prism.
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 8
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
Parallel Line Development
Development of Hexagonal prism of 25mm side
Procedure.
1. Draw the XY line, and mention VP and HP
2. Construct the Top view of the fig. in HP with given dimension and name the sides.
3. Construct the Front view of the fig. in VP by projection and name the sides.
4. Draw the lateral surface (opening of solid figure) of the given figure as per the
dimension and name the sides
5. The length of lateral surface is total length of 6 sides of Hexagonal prism.
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 9
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
Parallel Line Development
Development of Cylinder 40mm diameter and 60mm height.
Procedure.
1. Draw the XY line, and mention VP and HP
2. Construct the Top view of the fig. in HP with given dimension and name the sides.
3. Construct the Front view of the fig. in VP by projection and name the sides.
4. Draw the lateral surface (opening of solid figure) of the given figure as per the
dimension and name the sides
5. The length of lateral surface is circumference of the cylinder given and divides it by
four equal parts.
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 10
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
Parallel Line Development
Development of Cylinder, truncated at an angle of 30 degree.
Procedure.
1. Draw the XY line, and mention VP and HP
2. Construct the Top view of the fig. in HP with given dimension and name the sides.
3. Construct the Front view of the fig. in VP by projection and name the sides.
4. Cut the front view at an angle of 30 degree to HP and perpendicular to VP and
passing through the left corner of the bottom face of the cylinder.
5. Draw the lateral surface (opening of solid figure) of the given figure by projection
as per the dimension and name the sides
6. The length of lateral surface is circumference of the cylinder given and divides it by
four equal parts.
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 11
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
Parallel Line Development
Development of Hexagonal prism.
Procedure.
1. Draw the XY line, and mention VP and HP
2. Construct the Top view of the fig. in HP with given dimension and name the sides.
3. Construct the Front view of the fig. in VP by projection and name the sides.
4. Cut the front view at an angle of 45 degree to HP and perpendicular to VP and
passing through the right corner of the top face of the hexagonal prism.
5. Draw the lateral surface (opening of solid figure) of the given figure by projection
as per the dimension and name the sides
6. The length of lateral surface is total length of hexagonal prism and divides it by six
equal parts.
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 12
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
Radial Line Development
Development of Square pyramid.
Procedure.
1. Draw the XY line, and mention VP and HP
2. Construct the Top view of the fig. in HP with given dimension and name the sides.
3. Construct the Front view as per the fig. in VP by projection and name the sides.
4. Draw the lateral surface (opening of solid figure) of the given figure by using true
length and name the sides
5. Divides the lateral surface by four equal parts.
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 13
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
Radial Line Development
Development of Cone.
Procedure.
1. Draw the XY line, and mention VP and HP
2. Construct the Top view of the fig. in HP with given dimension and name the sides.
3. Construct the Front view as per the fig. in VP by projection and name the sides.
4. Draw the lateral surface (opening of solid figure) of the given figure by using true
length with θ angle and name the sides
5. Divides the lateral surface by four equal parts.
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 14
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
Radial Line Development
Development of Cone.
Procedure.
1. Draw the XY line, and mention VP and HP
2. Construct the Top view of the fig. in HP with given dimension and name the sides.
3. Construct the Front view as per the fig. in VP by projection and name the sides.
4. Cut the front view at an angle of 30 degree to HP bisecting the axis.
5. Draw the lateral surface (opening of solid figure) of the given figure by using true
length with θ angle and name the sides
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 15
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
6. Divides the lateral surface by eight equal parts.
Radial Line Development
Development of Pentagonal pyramid.
Procedure.
1. Draw the XY line, and mention VP and HP
2. Construct the Top view of the fig. in HP with given dimension and name the sides.
3. Construct the Front view as per the fig. in VP by projection and name the sides.
4. Cut the front view at an angle of 60 degree to HP and bisecting the axis.
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 16
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
5. Draw the lateral surface (opening of solid figure) of the given figure by using true
length and name the sides
6. Divides the lateral surface by five equal parts.
Radial Line Development
Development of Triangular pyramid.
Procedure.
1. Draw the XY line, and mention VP and HP
2. Construct the Top view of the fig. in HP with given dimension and name the sides.
3. Construct the Front view as per the fig. in VP by projection and name the sides.
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 17
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
4. Draw the lateral surface (opening of solid figure) of the given figure by using true
length and name the sides
5. Divides the lateral surface by three equal parts.
Triangulation method Development
Development of Square to square transition piece.
Procedure.
1. Draw the XY line, and mention VP and HP
2. Construct the Top view of the fig. in HP with given dimension and name the sides.
3. Construct the Front view as per the fig. in VP by projection and name the sides.
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 18
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
4. Draw the lateral surface (opening of solid figure) of the given figure by using true
length and name the sides
5. Divides the lateral surface by five equal parts.
Triangulation method Development
Development of Square to square transition piece.
Procedure.
1. Draw the XY line, and mention VP and HP
2. Construct the Top view of the fig. in HP with given dimension and name the sides.
3. Construct the Front view as per the fig. in VP by projection and name the sides.
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 19
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
4. Draw the lateral surface (opening of solid figure) of the given figure by using true
length and name the sides
5. Construct the triangles using true length in lateral surfaces.
Development of Funnel.
Procedure.
1. This fig. is having 3 sections. Develop the section 1 and 3 by parallel line method
and section 2 by radial line method.
2. Draw the XY line, and mention VP and HP
2. Construct the Top view of the fig. in HP with given dimension and name the sides.
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 20
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
3. Construct the Front view of the fig. in VP by projection and name the sides.
4. Draw the lateral surface (opening of solid figure) of the given figure as per the
dimension and name the sides
5. Combine all the 3 section to get funnel.
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 21
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 22
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
References:
Mechanical Engineering design 1: A S Ravindra and M S Annaiah
Design of Machine elements: R S Kurmi and J K Gupta
Design of machine Elements 1: TBK Das and P L Srinivas murthy
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 23
Joint design & drawing 15WS52D 2020/21
Mechanical Engineering (Welding and Sheet Metal) 24
