Engineering Physics (FIC 102)

UNIT-V
 UNIT I – CLASSICAL PHYSICS
CONTENT
UNIT II – OPTICS

UNIT III – MODERN PHYSICS

UNIT IV – ELECTROMAGNETISM I

UNIT V – ELECTROMAGNETISM II
 LECTURE-
01

Biot Savart Law

 CONCEPT QUESTION
C A proton moving horizontally enters a
uniform magnetic field perpendicular to
the proton’s velocity, as shown in Figure.
Describe the subsequent motion of the
+ A
proton.
A. Path A
B. Path B
B C. Path C
D
D. Path D
Magnet
Magnetic field
Magnetism
Force on Moving Charge
INTERACTIVE PRESENTATION
 Charge Particle in Magnetic Field

𝑣Ԧ 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝐵 𝑣Ԧ 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝. 𝑡𝑜 𝐵

𝑚𝑣
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ⇒ 𝑟 =
𝑞𝐵
𝑞𝐵
𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 ⇒ 𝜔 = 𝐻𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑚
Lorentz Force
 Biot-Savart’s law
✓ Biot-Savart Law describes the magnetic field created by a current-carrying wire.
✓ The magnetic field (𝑑𝐵) at a point P due to a current element (𝐼 𝑑𝑙) is directly
proportional to the
✓ length of the element dl, 𝑑𝐵 ∝ 𝑑𝑙
✓ current I, 𝑑𝐵 ∝ 𝐼
✓ sine of the angle (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃), 𝑑𝐵 ∝ sin(𝜃) and
✓ is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the given point from the
1
current element, i.e. r 𝑑𝐵 ∝
𝑟2

𝐼 𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝐵 ∝
𝑟2
 Biot-Savart’s law

𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 𝑟2

Here 𝜇0 is called the permeability of vacuum. It’s value is 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝑇 𝑚 𝐴−1

𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝑙×𝑟Ԧ 𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝑙×𝑟Ƹ
✓ In vector form, 𝑑𝐵 = =
4𝜋 𝑟 3 4𝜋 𝑟 2

✓ The direction of field is perpendicular to the plane containing the current element
and the point P
 The right hand rule
• The magnetic field created by a
current-carrying wire takes the form
of concentric circles. But we have to
be able to figure out if those circles
point clockwise or counter-clockwise.
To do that we use a right-hand rule.
• In general, the direction going into
the plane is denoted by an encircled
cross and the direction coming out of
the plane by an encircled dot.
 Biot-Savart’s law
✓ In the figure the magnetic field at the
point P goes into the plane of the
diagram and that at Q comes out of this
plane.
✓ We can use this law to find the total
magnetic field at any point in space due
to the current in a complete circuit

𝝁𝟎 𝑰 𝒅𝒍 × 𝒓 𝝁𝟎 𝑰 𝒅𝒍 × 𝒓ො
𝑩 = න 𝒅𝑩 = න 𝟑
= න 𝟐
𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒆 𝟒𝝅 𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒆 𝒓 𝟒𝝅 𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒆 𝒓
 POLL QUESTION
A wire placed along a north-south direction carries a current of 10A from south to north.
Find the magnetic field due to 1 cm piece of wire at a point 200 cm north east from the
piece.
A. 2.2 nT
B. 3.4 nT
C. 1.8 nT
D. 4.6 nT

𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 10 −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛45°
𝑑𝐵 = = 10 −7 × 10 = 1.8 × 10−9 𝑇
4𝜋 𝑟2 (2)2
 CONCEPT QUESTION
A wire carries current in the plane of this paper toward the top

of the page. The wire experiences a magnetic force toward the

right edge of the page. The direction of the magnetic field

Current Flow

Force causing this force is

(a) Upwards in the page,

(b) Downwards in the page,

(c) Into the page,

(d) Out of the page.

 Application of Biot Savart – Finite Wire
Find the magnetic field at a distance s from a long straight wire carrying current I.

𝝁𝟎 𝑰 𝒅𝒍′ × 𝒓ො
𝑩 == න
d 𝟒𝝅 𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝟐
d
O

Solution:
• Consider a straight wire carrying current I. Let P be a point at distance s from it. The point
O is the foot of the perpendicular from P to the wire.
• Let us consider an element dlʹ of the wire at a distance lʹ from O. The vector joining
element dlʹ with the point P is 𝒓.
• Let α be the angle between 𝒅𝒍ʹ and 𝒓. The magnetic field at P due to the element is
In the diagram 𝑑𝑙′ × 𝑟Ƹ has the magnitude of 𝑑𝑙′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑑𝑙′ sin 90 + 𝜃 = 𝑑𝑙′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑙ʹ
From the figure, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = or 𝑙′ = 𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑑
𝑑
𝑑𝑙′ = 𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
and d = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑠𝑜 = 2
𝑟2 𝑑
If θ1 and θ2 are the values of θ corresponding to the lower and upper end respectively.

𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 ′ ×𝑟Ƹ Field due to a long, straight wire

𝐵= ‫׬‬ =
4𝜋 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑟 2 (infinite wire)
𝜇0 𝐼 𝜃2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑 𝜇0 𝐼 𝜃2 𝜋 𝜋
‫׬‬ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 d𝜃= ‫𝜃𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬ d𝜃 In this case, 𝜃1 = − and 𝜃2 = 2
4𝜋 𝜃1 𝑑2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 4𝜋𝑑 𝜃1 2
𝜇0 𝐼 𝜃2 𝜇0 𝐼 𝜇0 𝐼 𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵= ‫𝜃𝑠𝑜𝑐 ׬‬ d𝜃 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 − sin 𝜃1 ) 𝐵= (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 ) =
4𝜋𝑑 𝜃1 4𝜋𝑧 4𝜋𝑑 2𝜋𝑑
𝝁𝟎 𝑰
𝑩= 𝜑ො
𝟐𝝅𝑑
𝝁𝟎 𝑰
𝑩= (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟐 − 𝒔𝒊 𝒏 𝜽𝟏 )
𝟒𝝅𝒅
 Magnetic
Force Current
Carrying
Wires
Magnetic Force on Current Carrying Wires
INTERACTIVE PRESENTATION
 Current Carrying Wires
Consider two long wires W1 and W2 kept parallel to each other
and carrying current I1 and I2 respectively in the same
direction.
The separation between the wires is d
Consider a small element dl of the wire W2. The magnetic field
𝝁𝟎 𝑰 𝟏
at dl due to the wire W1 is B =
𝟐𝝅𝒅
We know that the magnetic force due to current I is 𝒅𝑭𝒎𝒂𝒈 =
𝑰 ∙ (𝒅𝒍 × 𝑩)
𝜇0 𝐼1
Thus the magnetic force at the element I2 dl is d𝐹 = 𝐼2 𝑑𝑙 𝒅𝑭 𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
2𝜋𝑑 𝒇= =
Thus the force per unit length of the wire W2 due to the wire W1 𝒅𝒍 𝟐𝝅𝒅
 Definition of Ampere
𝜇0 𝐼1
If I1 = I2=1A, d = 1m, so 𝑓 = 𝐼2 = 2 × 10−7 𝑁/m
2𝜋𝑑
If two parallel, long wires kept 1m apart in vacuum, carry equal currents in the same
direction and there is a force of 2 × 10−7 𝑁/m, the current in each wire is said to be 1
ampere.
SOLVED EXAMPLE: Two long straight wires each carrying an electric current of 5.0A are
kept parallel to each other at a separation of 2.5cm. Find the magnitude of the magnetic force
experienced by 10 cm of a wire.
Solution: 𝑑𝐹 𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2 (2 × 10−7 )(5)(5) −5
𝐵𝑓 = = = −2
= 20 × 10 𝑇
𝑑𝑙 2𝜋𝑑 2.5 × 10

The force experienced by 10cm of this wire due to the other is

𝐹 = 𝑓𝑑𝑙 = 10 × 10−2 20 × 10−5 = 2 × 10−5 𝑁
 POLL QUESTION
A circular coil of radius 1.5cm carries a current of 1.5 A. if the coil has 25 turns, find the

magnetic field at the centre.

A. 5.89 mT

B. 3.45 mT

C. 2.69 mT

D. 1.57 mT

𝜇0 𝑁𝐼 (4𝜋 × 10−7 )(1.5) × 25 −3 𝑇

𝐵= = = 1.57 × 10
2𝑎 2 × 1.5 × 10−2
CONCEPT QUESTION
Rank the magnitudes of line integrals of

magnetic field (‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 ) for the closed

paths in adjacent Figure, from least to
greatest.

𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑎 ≡ 𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑐 ≡ 𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑑

> 𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑏 (𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜!)
Ampere’s Law : the idea
Ampere’s Law : the equation

Mathematically,
‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐
 Volume & Surface current
𝑑𝐼 𝑑𝐼
𝐽Ԧ = ⇒ 𝐽Ԧ = 𝐴ൗ 2 𝐾= ⇒ 𝐾 = 𝐴ൗ𝑚
𝑑𝑎𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝. 𝑚 𝑑𝑙𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝.

𝐽Ԧ = 𝜌𝑣Ԧ 𝐾 = 𝜎𝑣Ԧ
𝑑𝑞 = 𝜌𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜎𝑑𝑎
 Ampere’s Law : Application Protocol
A useful law that relates the net magnetic field along a closed loop to the electric current
passing through the loop.

Mathematically,
‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐

To apply Ampere’s law to calculate the magnetic field, we can use the
following procedure:
(1) Draw an Amperian loop using symmetry arguments.
(2) Find the current enclosed by the Amperian loop.
(3) Calculate the line integral ‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 around the closed loop.
(4) Equate ‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 with 𝜇0 I𝑒𝑛𝑐 and solve for B
INTERACTIVE PRESENTATION
 SOLVED EXAMPLE
Using Ampere’s law, find the magnetic field at a distance s from a long straight wire
carrying current I.

Solution:
The direction of B is circling around the wire as indicated
by the right-hand rule.
B is constant around the loop of radius s.
From Ampere’ s law

‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵 ‫ 𝐵 = 𝑙𝑑 ׯ‬2𝜋 𝑠 = 𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 = 𝜇0 𝐼

𝝁𝟎 𝑰
⇒𝑩=
𝟐𝝅𝒔
 SOLVED
EXAMPLE KS

A thin, infinitely large sheet

lying in the yz plane carries a
current of surface current
density KS. The current is in the
y direction, and KS represents
the surface current density
measured along the z axis. Find
the magnetic field near the
sheet.
 SOLVED
EXAMPLE KS

ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼

𝜇0 𝐾𝑆
2𝐵𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐾𝑆 𝑙 ⇒ 𝐵 =
2
𝜎
Remember ⇒ 𝐸 =
2𝜖0
POLL QUESTION
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑜𝑓

𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙

𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒:

𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑎 = +4𝜇0
𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑏 = −1𝜇0
𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑐 = +6𝜇0
𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑑 = +3𝜇0
 CONCEPT QUESTION
The adjacent figure shows two long, straight W1 10cm W2
wires carrying electric currents in the same
directions, each carrying 5A current. The
5A 5A
separation between the wires is 10.0 cm. Find
5cm
the magnetic field at a point P midway between P
the wires.
A. 80𝜇𝑇
B. 120𝜇𝑇
C. 160𝜇𝑇
I II III
D. 0
Magnetic Field due to Infinite Wire
Magnetic Field due to Infinite Wire
Magnetic Field due to Infinite Wire
Magnetic Field due to Infinite Wire
✓ Tightly wound
✓ Infinite length Loosely wound Tightly wound

Magnetic Field due to Solenoid

A solenoid is a long coil of wire tightly/loosely wound in the helical form.
INTERACTIVE PRESENTATION
 Magnetic Field due to Infinite Solenoid
Find the magnetic field of a very long solenoid consisting of n closely wound turns per unit
length on a cylinder of radius R, each carrying a steady current I.

✓ If the turns are closely spaced, the resulting magnetic field inside the solenoid becomes fairly
uniform, provided that the length of the solenoid is much greater than its diameter.
✓ For an “ideal” solenoid, which is infinitely long with turns tightly packed, the magnetic field
inside the solenoid is uniform and parallel to the axis, and vanishes outside the solenoid.
✓ We can use Ampere’s law to calculate the magnetic field strength inside an ideal solenoid.
Magnetic Field due to Infinite Solenoid
𝑑𝑙

ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = න 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 + න 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 + න 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 + න 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 𝐵 ⊥ 𝑑𝑙
1 2 3 4

𝐵=0
 Magnetic Field due to Infinite Solenoid

ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = න 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 + න 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 + න 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 + න 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙
1 2 3 4

= 0 + 0 + 𝐵𝑙 + 0 = 𝐵𝑙
On the other hand, the total current enclosed by the
Amperian loop is 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 = 𝑁𝐼, where N is the total number
of turns. Applying Ampere’s law yields ‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵𝑙 =
𝜇0 NI
𝑁
Or 𝐵 = 𝜇0 I =𝜇0 nI or 𝑩 = 𝝁𝟎 nI , where n represents
𝑙
the number of turns per unit length
 POLL QUESTION
A long solenoid is formed by winding 20 turns per cm. What current is necessary to produce a

magnetic field of 20 mT inside the solenoid?

A. 2A

B. 4A
Solution:
C. 8A The magnetic field inside the solenoid is 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼
Or 20 × 10−3 𝑇 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝑇 𝑚 𝐴−1 20 × 102 𝑚−1 I
D. 16A
Or 𝐼 = 8 𝐴
 POLL QUESTION
The following figure shows two long, straight wires carrying electric currents in opposite
directions. The separation between the wires is 5.0 cm. Find the magnetic field at a point P
midway between the wires.
W1 W2
A. 80𝜇𝑇
B. 120𝜇𝑇 5.0 cm

C. 160𝜇𝑇

10A

10A
2.5cm P
D. 0
Solution:
𝜇0 𝐼 (2×10−7 )(10)
𝐵= = = 80 × 10−6 𝑇
2𝜋𝑑 (2.5×10−2 )
The net field 2 × 80 × 10−6 𝑇 = 160 × 10−6 𝑇
LECTURE
- 05

Faraday’s & Lenz’s Law

𝜺 = න 𝑬 ∙ 𝒅𝒍
ES force at the source (fs)
Chemical force in the battery

Mechanical pressure converting

into electrical impulse in
piezoelectric crystal

in a thermocouple it’s a
temperature gradient

Light in a Photo-electric Cell

in a Van de Graaff generator, the

electrons are literally loaded onto
a conveyer belt and swept along
Lenz’s The induced current in a loop is in the direction that
creates a magnetic field that opposes the change in
Law magnetic flux through the area enclosed by the loop.
 Magnetic
Flux
• Φ𝐵 = ‫𝑠𝑑 ∙ 𝐵 ׬‬

• 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 ⇒ Φ𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃

• 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 ⇒ 𝑇. 𝑚2 ≡ 𝑊𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝑊𝑏)

Find the total magnetic flux through the
loop due to the current in the wire.
ANS:
𝝁𝟎 𝑰
𝑩= ; 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒃. 𝒅𝒓
𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝒃 𝑐+𝑎 𝑑𝑟
Φ𝐵 = න 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = න
𝟐𝝅 𝑐 𝑟

𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝒃 𝑐 + 𝑎
Φ𝐵 = න 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = ln
𝟐𝝅 𝑎

SOLVED EXAMPLE
 • Gauss Theorem
Gauss Law of Magnetism
No Magnetic Monopole Ԧ 𝑑𝑣 = ‫𝐹 ׯ‬.
• ‫𝛻( 𝑣׬‬. 𝐹) Ԧ 𝑑𝑠
𝑠

• ‫ = 𝑠𝑑 ∙ 𝐵 ׯ‬0

• ⇒ ‫𝛻 ׬‬. 𝐵 𝑑𝑣 = 0

• ⇒ 𝛻. 𝐵 = 0

• Notice the difference

with ES field
Displacement
current and
Maxwell-
Ampere’s Law
Displacement current and Maxwell-Ampere’s Law
 CONCEPT
QUESTION
A metal ring is placed near a solenoid, as
shown in Figure. Find the direction of the
induced current in the ring
(A) at the instant, the switch in the circuit
containing the solenoid is thrown closed,
(B) after the switch has been closed for
several seconds, and
(C) at the instant, the switch is thrown
open.
(D) After the switch is thrown open for
several seconds
 CONCEPT A
QUESTION
A metal ring is placed near a solenoid, as
shown in Figure. Find the direction of the
B
induced current in the ring
(A) at the instant, the switch in the circuit
containing the solenoid is thrown closed, C
(B) after the switch has been closed for
several seconds, and
(C) at the instant, the switch is thrown
open. D
(D) After the switch is thrown open for
several seconds
 Electromagnetism before Maxwell
❖Maxwell in 1862 formulated the basic laws of electricity and magnetism in the form of four fundamental
equations. These equations explain the experimental observations of Gauss law, Faraday’s law and
Ampere’s law.
❖The integral form of Maxwell’s relations are
1
1. ‫𝐸 𝑠ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑠 = 𝜖 ‫𝑣𝑑 𝜌 𝑣׬‬ (Gauss law of Electrostatic)
0

2. ‫𝐵 𝑠ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑠 = 0 (Gauss law of Magnetostatics)

𝜕𝐵
3. ‫𝐸 𝑙ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = − ‫𝑠׬‬ . 𝑑𝑠 (Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction)
𝜕𝑡

4. ‫𝐵 𝑙ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 ‫𝐽 𝑠׬‬.Ԧ 𝑑𝑠 (Ampere’s law)

 DIFFERENTIAL
(Gauss Law of FORMS
Magnetostatics)
USING
VECTOR
CALCULUS
 INTERACTIVE
PRESENTATION

Displacement
current :
Maxwell’s
Contribution
 Maxwell’s relations
❖Maxwell in 1862 formulated the basic laws of electricity and magnetism in the form of four fundamental
equations. These equations explain the experimental observations of Gauss law, Faraday’s law and
Ampere’s law.
❖The integral form of Maxwell’s relations are
1
1. ‫𝐸 𝑠ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑠 = 𝜖 ‫𝑣𝑑 𝜌 𝑣׬‬ (Gauss law of Electrostatic)
0

2. ‫𝐵 𝑠ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑠 = 0 (Gauss law of Magnetostatics)

𝜕𝐵
3. ‫𝐸 𝑙ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = − ‫𝑠׬‬ . 𝑑𝑠 (Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction)
𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝐸
4. ‫𝐵 𝑙ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 ‫𝐽 𝑠׬‬.Ԧ 𝑑𝑠 + 𝜇0 𝜖0 ‫𝑠׬‬ 𝜕𝑡
. 𝑑𝑠 (Ampere’s law modified by Maxwell)
(Gauss Law of
Magnetostatics)
 Maxwell’s Equations in free space

❖ In 1862 Maxwell formulated the basic laws of electricity and magnetism in the form of four fundamental
equations. These equations explain the experimental observations of Gauss law, Faraday’s law and Ampere’s law.

In free space: ρ = 0 and J = 0

𝜌
Gauss’ law for 𝐸 𝛻∙𝐸 =
𝜖0
𝛻∙𝐸 =0
Gauss’ law for 𝐵 𝛻∙𝐵 =0
𝛻∙𝐵 =0
𝜕𝐵 𝜕𝐵
Faraday’s law of induction 𝛻×𝐸 =− 𝛻×𝐸 =−
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐸
Ampere’s law with Maxwell’s 𝜕𝐸 𝛻 × 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝜖0
𝛻 × 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐽Ԧ + 𝜇0 𝜖0 𝜕𝑡
correction 𝜕𝑡

Additional information: Changing electric flux produces magnetic field

Differential Form With Proper Representation

all electromagnetic fields are ultimately

attributable to charges and currents
Maxwell’s equations tell you how charges produce fields
 MAXWELL’S EQUATION IN FREE SPACE

In free space: ρ = 0 and J = 0 Feel the

beautiful
symmetry
𝛻∙𝐸 =0 𝛻∙𝐵 =0

𝜕𝐵 𝜕𝐸
𝛻×𝐸+ =0 𝛻 × 𝐵 − 𝜇0 𝜖0 =0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
 PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MW EQUATION

Maxwell’s equation combined with Lorentz’s force law constitutes the

entire Classical Electrodynamics.

Magnetic monopoles DO NOT exist in this universe.

ONLY moving charge particle create magnetic field.

Electric monopoles DO exist and that can create electro-static fields.

The left-hand side of all the four relations are identical but the right-
hand side are not identical. This indicates that electrical and
magnetic properties are not symmetric
 PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MW EQUATION

The left-hand side of all the four relations are identical but the right-hand
side are not identical.

This indicates that electrical and magnetic properties are not

symmetric

The time variation of electric field produces magnetic field.

Similarly, time variation of magnetic field produces electric field.

 POLL QUESTION
Which is the only correct mathematical relation
according to Maxwell′ s Equation:
𝜕E
A)∇ ∙ E = − ,
𝜕t
𝜕E
B)∇ ∙ B = − ,
𝜕t
C)∇ ∙ B = 0,
D)∇ × B = 0
OPTIONAL
 ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐

Differential form of Ampere’s Law

If J is the current density in the medium, 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 = ‫𝐽 ׬‬.Ԧ 𝑑𝑠

Thus ‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 ‫𝐽 𝑠׬‬.Ԧ 𝑑𝑠

Applying Stoke’s theorem on LHS ‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 ⇒ ‫ 𝐵 × 𝛻 𝑠׬‬. 𝑑𝑠

Ԧ 𝑑𝑠
So ‫ 𝐵 × 𝛻 𝑠׬‬. 𝑑𝑠 = 𝜇0 ‫𝐽 𝑠׬‬.

𝛻 × 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐽Ԧ ⇒ differential form of Ampere’s law

 𝑑Φ𝐵
𝜀=−
𝑑𝑡

Differential form of Faraday’s Law

𝜕𝐵
𝜱𝑩 = ‫𝐸 𝑙ׯ ⇒ 𝒍𝒅 ∙ 𝑬 ׬ = 𝜺 & 𝒔𝒅 ∙ 𝑩 ׬‬. 𝑑𝑙 = − ‫𝑠׬‬ . 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑡

Applying Stoke’s theorem on LHS ‫𝐸 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 ⇒ ‫ 𝐸 × 𝛻 𝑠׬‬. 𝑑𝑠

𝜕𝐵
So ‫ 𝐸 × 𝛻 𝑠׬‬. 𝑑𝑠 = − ‫𝑠׬‬ . 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝐵
𝛻×𝐸 = − ⇒ differential form of Ampere’s law
𝜕𝑡
 Maxwell’s 1st relation
❖ It is based on the Gauss’s law of electrostatics.
❖ The total electric flux passing through any closed surface is equal to the 1/ε0 times the total charge enclosed by
that surface.
𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐
ර 𝐸. 𝑑𝑆 =
𝑠 𝜖0

Rewriting Q in terms of the charge density, ρ 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐 = ‫𝑣𝑑 𝜌 𝑣׬‬

1
Thus ර 𝐸. 𝑑𝑠 = න 𝜌 𝑑𝑣 Maxwell’s 1st relation in integral form
𝑠 𝜖0 𝑣
By applying Gauss divergence theorem ර 𝐸. 𝑑𝑆 = න 𝛻. 𝐸 𝑑𝑣
𝑠 𝑣

So Gauss law becomes ‫𝛻 ׬‬. 𝐸 𝑑𝑣 = ‫׬‬ 𝜌

𝑣 𝑣
𝑑𝑣
𝜖0

Since this holds for any volume, the integrands must be equal,
𝜌
𝛻. 𝐸 = Maxwell’s 1st relation in differential form
𝜖0
 Maxwell’s 2nd relation:
❖ It is based on the Gauss’s law of magnetostatics
❖ The total magnetic flux emerging through any closed surface is zero

✓There are no magnetic monopoles.

✓The number of magnetic field lines emerging from any volume bounded a closed surface is
equal to the number of lines entering the volume.

𝜑𝑚 = ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑠 = 0 Maxwell’s 2nd relation in integral form

𝑠
By applying Gauss divergence theorem
ර 𝐵. 𝑑𝑆 = න 𝛻. 𝐵 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑠 𝑣
Hence 𝛻. 𝐵 = 0 Maxwell’s 2nd relation in differential form
 Maxwell’s 3rd relation
❖ It is based on the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
❖ Whenever there is a change in the magnetic flux linked with a circuit, an emf is induced. The magnitude of the
induced emf is directly proportional to the negative rate of variation of the magnetic flux linked with the circuit

𝜕𝜑𝑚
𝑒=−
𝜕𝑡

We know the magnetic flux through the entire circuit is 𝜑𝑚 = ‫𝐵 𝑠׬‬. 𝑑𝑠

The emf in a circuit can be represented as the line integral of the electric field around the closed path 𝑒 = ‫𝐸 𝑙ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙

𝜕𝐵 Maxwell’s 3rd relation in integral form

Hence ‫𝐸 𝑙ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = − ‫𝑠׬‬ . 𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑡
By using Stoke’s theorem
ර 𝐸. 𝑑𝑙 = − න (𝛻 × 𝐸) . 𝑑𝑠
𝑙 𝑠 𝜕𝐵
Since this holds for any surface, the integrands must be equal, 𝛻×𝐸 = −
𝜕𝑡

Maxwell’s 3rd relation in differential form

 Maxwell’s 4th relation:
1. It is based on the Ampere’s law modified by Maxwell.
2. The line integral of the magnetic field B about any closed path is equal to the μ0 times of the net current 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐
flowing through the area bounded by the curve

Mathematically, ‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐

If J is the current density in the medium, 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 = ‫𝐽 ׬‬.Ԧ 𝑑𝑠

Thus ‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 ‫𝐽 𝑠׬‬.Ԧ 𝑑𝑠 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (1)

Applying Stoke’s theorem ‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = ‫ 𝐵 × 𝛻 𝑠׬‬. 𝑑𝑠

So ‫ 𝐵 × 𝛻 𝑠׬‬. 𝑑𝑠 = 𝜇0 ‫𝐽 𝑠׬‬.Ԧ 𝑑𝑠

𝛻 × 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐽Ԧ ……………..(2)

Taking the divergence on both sides, 𝛻. 𝐽Ԧ = 0, Since the divergence of curl of a vector is zero
 However, the equation of continuity for time varying fields is given by
𝜕𝜌
Ԧ
𝛻. 𝐽 + = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜌 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝜕𝑡
This shows that Ampere’s law is valid only for static fields and not for time varying fields

• Maxwell postulated that like changing magnetic field induces an electric field, a changing electric field also
𝜕𝐸
induces a magnetic field. Ԧ𝐽𝑑 = 𝜖0
𝜕𝑡

• The magnetomotive force around a closed path is equal to the sum of the conduction current and the
displacement current (rate of change of electric field).

𝜕𝐸
• ‫𝐵 ׯ‬. 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 ‫ 𝐽( 𝑠׬‬+ 𝐽Ԧ𝑑 ). 𝑑𝑠 = 𝜇0 ‫𝐽 𝑠׬‬.Ԧ 𝑑𝑠 + 𝜇0 𝜖0 ‫𝑠׬‬ . 𝑑𝑠 Maxwell’s 4th relation in differential form
𝜕𝑡

• From equation 2, we can write

𝜕𝐸 Maxwell’s 4th relation in differential form

𝛻 × 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐽Ԧ + 𝐽Ԧ𝑑 = 𝜇0 𝐽Ԧ + 𝜖0
𝜕𝑡