𝒙𝒙

Important Formulas Fluid Dynamics Common Physical Properties / Units

Hydrostatic force on Velocity Field �⃑ = 𝑢𝑢𝚤𝚤̂ + 𝑣𝑣𝚥𝚥̂ + 𝑤𝑤𝑘𝑘�
𝑉𝑉 SI Imperial

𝑥𝑥/𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅 = 𝛾𝛾ℎ𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴
inclined plane surface �⃑ 𝜕𝜕𝑉𝑉�⃑ �⃑ �⃑ �⃑
𝐷𝐷𝑉𝑉 𝜕𝜕𝑉𝑉 𝜕𝜕𝑉𝑉 𝜕𝜕𝑉𝑉 Atmospheric
Acceleration Field 𝑎𝑎⃑(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧, 𝑡𝑡) = = + 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑤𝑤 101 ∗ 103 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 14.7 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 2116.8 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙/𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 2
Position of hydrostatic 𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 Pressure, 𝑷𝑷𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
𝑦𝑦𝑅𝑅 − 𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐 =
force on plane: 𝑦𝑦𝑅𝑅 − 𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐

𝜃𝜃
𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴
Accel. of Steady 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑉𝑉 2 Density H2O,
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎⃑ = 𝑉𝑉 𝑠𝑠̂ + 𝑛𝑛� 1000 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3 1.940 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠/𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3
Position of hydrostatic Flow in Streamline 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑅𝑅 𝝆𝝆𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
𝑥𝑥𝑅𝑅 − 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 =
force on plane: 𝑥𝑥𝑅𝑅 − 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴

𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
Change in Equal to Specific Wt. H2O,
Pressure variation in V due to zero when 9810 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚3 62.4 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙/𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3
𝜸𝜸𝑯𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝑶
stationary 𝑃𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑃1 = 𝛾𝛾Δℎ change in flow is
(incompressible) fluid Accel. Gravity, 𝒈𝒈 9.81 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 2 32.0 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓/𝑠𝑠 2
�⃑
𝜕𝜕𝑉𝑉
Capillary rise in a tube 2𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎 Local Acceleration Time Steady 1 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
ℎ= 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 Length, L 1 𝑚𝑚 = 1 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 0.3048 𝑚𝑚
(𝜃𝜃𝐻𝐻2𝑂𝑂 = 𝟎𝟎°, 𝜃𝜃𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏°) 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾 0.3048

𝒙𝒙
Convective �⃑
𝜕𝜕𝑉𝑉 �⃑
𝜕𝜕𝑉𝑉 �⃑
𝜕𝜕𝑉𝑉
Buoyant Force (∀ is 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑤𝑤 Position Uniform
Acceleration 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝜃𝜃
submerged or displaced 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 = 𝛾𝛾∀ 1 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 =
1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 2.205 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 2.205
volume) Reynolds Transport 𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜕𝜕 Mass, M
�⃑ ⋅ 𝑛𝑛�⃑ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= � 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑑𝑑∀ + � 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 0.0685 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Ideal Gas Law 𝑃𝑃 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 Theorem 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉 1 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 =

𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 32.17
Absolute to atmospheric 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 Bernoulli Equation Force, F 1 𝑁𝑁 =
1 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
1 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 4.45 𝑁𝑁
pressure 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 4.45
Valid for steady, incompressible, and inviscid flow.
Continuity of Flow 𝑄𝑄 = 𝐴𝐴1𝑉𝑉1 = 𝐴𝐴2 𝑉𝑉2 Only valid along a streamline. 1°𝐾𝐾
Temperature, 𝚯𝚯

𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Only valid within a single continuous fluid. 1°𝐾𝐾 = 1.8°𝑅𝑅 1°𝑅𝑅 =
𝐴𝐴2 𝐷𝐷22 1.8
𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑉 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉12 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉22
Velocity relationship in 𝐴𝐴1 2 𝐷𝐷12 2 Pressure form 𝑃𝑃1 + 𝛾𝛾𝑧𝑧1 + = 𝑃𝑃2 + 𝛾𝛾𝑧𝑧2 + Volume, ∀ 1 𝑚𝑚3 = 106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3 = 1728 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛3
2 2

𝜃𝜃
confined pipe 𝐷𝐷24
𝑉𝑉12 = 4 𝑉𝑉22
𝐷𝐷1 𝑃𝑃1 𝑉𝑉12 𝑃𝑃2 𝑉𝑉22
Energy (head) form + 𝑧𝑧1 + = + 𝑧𝑧2 +
Velocity of flow through 𝛾𝛾 2ℊ 𝛾𝛾 2ℊ
𝑉𝑉 = �2ℊℎ
opening in large tank
2(𝑃𝑃1 − 𝑃𝑃2 )
𝑷𝑷 = 𝟎𝟎 𝑽𝑽 = 𝟎𝟎 𝒁𝒁 = 𝟎𝟎 Properties of 2-D Shapes
𝑉𝑉2 = At atmospheric surface ✔
Venturi meter velocity � 𝐴𝐴2 2 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝜌𝜌 �1 − � � � 1
𝐴𝐴1 𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎3
In free jet ✔ 𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 =
12
Flow through a sluice gate 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑐𝑐𝑧𝑧2𝑏𝑏 �2ℊ𝑧𝑧1 At datum elevation ✔
Pitot Tube 1
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑏 3
12
Flow Through Broad Crest 𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃 𝑉𝑉 2
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐�2ℊ𝐻𝐻 3/2 At stagnation point ✔ Left head (height) is and right head is + 𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0
Weir 𝛾𝛾 𝛾𝛾 2ℊ

Flow through triangular 5/2 In large tank ✔ 𝐴𝐴 = 𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅 2

𝑄𝑄 = 𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏�2ℊ𝐻𝐻
Weir 𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅 4
𝑃𝑃 𝑉𝑉 2 At top of free jet ✔ ✔ 𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 =
4
Energy Line 𝐸𝐸 = + 𝑧𝑧 +
𝛾𝛾 2ℊ 𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0
Impending cavitation 𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
𝑉𝑉 2 𝑃𝑃
Hydraulic Grade Line 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 𝐸𝐸 − = + 𝑧𝑧 𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅 2
2ℊ 𝛾𝛾 𝐴𝐴 =
Streamline Function 2
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0.1098𝑅𝑅 4
For points above the hydraulic grade line, 𝑃𝑃 < 0.
For points below the hydraulic grade line, 𝑃𝑃 > 0. 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0.3927𝑅𝑅 4
dy v
= ⇒ udy − vdx =0=dϕ 𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0
dx u
Fluid Properties Relationship Tree 1
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
2
1
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎3
36
1
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎2 (𝑏𝑏 − 2𝑑𝑑)
72

𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅 2
𝐴𝐴 =
4
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0.05488𝑅𝑅 4
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = −0.01647𝑅𝑅 4