The document summarizes the key details of the Indus Water Treaty between India and Pakistan. It discusses the origins and flow of the Indus River, the major issues that arose after independence over the use of the river's waters, and the role of the World Bank in brokering the 1960 treaty. The treaty divided control of the eastern and western tributaries between the two countries. However, three major disputes have since emerged over specific hydroelectric projects on rivers covered by the agreement.
The document summarizes the key details of the Indus Water Treaty between India and Pakistan. It discusses the origins and flow of the Indus River, the major issues that arose after independence over the use of the river's waters, and the role of the World Bank in brokering the 1960 treaty. The treaty divided control of the eastern and western tributaries between the two countries. However, three major disputes have since emerged over specific hydroelectric projects on rivers covered by the agreement.
The document summarizes the key details of the Indus Water Treaty between India and Pakistan. It discusses the origins and flow of the Indus River, the major issues that arose after independence over the use of the river's waters, and the role of the World Bank in brokering the 1960 treaty. The treaty divided control of the eastern and western tributaries between the two countries. However, three major disputes have since emerged over specific hydroelectric projects on rivers covered by the agreement.
The document summarizes the key details of the Indus Water Treaty between India and Pakistan. It discusses the origins and flow of the Indus River, the major issues that arose after independence over the use of the river's waters, and the role of the World Bank in brokering the 1960 treaty. The treaty divided control of the eastern and western tributaries between the two countries. However, three major disputes have since emerged over specific hydroelectric projects on rivers covered by the agreement.
21st largest river of world in terms of annual flow. River Length: 3,180 Km
Catchment Area: 1,1650000 Km2
Avg. Discharge into Arabian Sea: 6,600 m3/s
Countries: China, India & Pakistan Indus River, Ladakh
Kashmir Hills Location: Tibetian Plateau, Gar River, Source: Senge Zangbo, Gar Tsangpo Introduction Indus river originates in the Tibetian plateau in the vicinity of lake Mansarovar, runs across through the Ladakh region of J&K towards Gilgit-Baltistan & then its flows southerly direction along the entire length of Punjab, Pakistan to merge with Arabian sea near the port city of Karachi. Its left bank tributary is Chenab & has its own 4 tributaries namely the Jhelum, the Ravi, the Beas, the Sutlej. Its right bank tributaries are the Shyok, the Gilgit, the Kabul, the Gomal & the Kurram. The flow of rivers is determined by seasons, it diminishes in winter while flooding in monsoon months from July to September. Around two-third of water supplied for irrigation comes from the Indus and its associated rivers. Major issues After independence, the issue of use of the waters and 5 tributaries of Sub-continent become a major dispute. 1st April 1948, the Punjab (Pakistan) partition Madhopur & Ferozpur head works are given to India Rivers flow into Pakistan territory from across the India. India stopped the flow of Ravi & Sutlej. This led to the signing of Indus Water Treaty in 1960. Effects on Pakistan
Badly effect Pakistan’s economy
Effect the power generation Pakistan purchased water from India ROLE OF WORLD BANK Initially the bank was reluctant to get involved. Pakistan & India applied for loan. World bank refuses loans to both countries even though they were economically viable. WB would give loan if 3 conditions met; 1. Indus basin had enough water for both countries 2. All the rivers would be discussed 3. Past grievances put aside. ROLE OF WORLD BANK In 1951, David E. Lilienthal, former chairman of Tennessee valley authority, visited India and Pakistan. Indus waters treaty (IWT) was signed in September 1960 although Pakistan was not fully convinced and refused to sign until 1958. Pakistan signed on treaty because of the fear that source of the Indus basin were in India, droughts & famine during war. World Bank divide Indus Basin into two parts. 1. 3 western rivers of Indus river system (Jhelum, Chenab and Indus) to Pakistan. 1. 3 eastern rivers (Sutlej, Ravi and Beas) to India. Indus Water Treaty It is the eastern distribution treaty between India and Pakistan brokered by the World Bank. (then the International Bank for reconstruction and development). Treaty signed on 19 September, 1960 by Indian Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru and president of Pakistan Ayub Khan. Treaty signed in Karachi, Pakistan. Features of the IWT
The three major eastern rivers Beas, Ravi & Sutlej were given to India. The three western rivers Indus, Chenab & Jhelum were given to Pakistan. Canal and reservoir construction financed through World Bank. A transition period of 10 years was permitted in which India was bound to supply water to Pakistan from Eastern rivers until Pakistan was able to build the canal system for utilization of water. Commission to resolve the future disputes. Features of the IWT
Pakistan also received one time financial compensation for the loss of waters from Eastern rivers. Treaty allowed India to use Western rivers for power generation. The treaty resulted in the partitioning of the rivers rather than sharing of the waters. It was successful in settling the disagreement over Baglihar dam (Jammu & Kashmir). Incase of new project, either party must notify the other. Incase of disagreement, a neutral expert is called for mediation. Articles & Appendices of IWT Article 1- definitions Annexure A- exchange of notes between Article 2- provisions regarding eastern rivers government of India and Pakistan.
Article 3- provisions regarding western rivers Annexure b – agricultural use by Pakistan from certain tributaries of the Ravi. Article 4- provisions regarding eastern & western rivers. Annexure c – agricultural use by India from the Article 5- financial provisions western rivers.
Article 6 - exchange of data Annexure d – generation of hydroelectric power by
India on western rivers. Article 7 - future cooperation Annexure e – storage of waters by India on western Article 8 – permanent Indus commission rivers Article 9– settlement of differences and disputes Annexure F – neutral expert
Article 10 – emergency powers Annexure G – court of arbitration
Article 11 – general provisions Annexure H – transitional arrangements. Article 12 – final provisions Critical Analysis
• No restrictions on construction of dams by India.
• Three rivers, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej dried. • Flood comes, due to IWT. • No address to the effects of climate change on water availability & sedimentation. • It does not provide for watershed management in respect of rivers whose catchment areas are located across borders. The 3 Main Disputes
1. The Tulbul Navigation Project (Wullar Barrage)
2. The Baglihar Project Dispute
3. The Kishanganga Project Dispute
1- The Tulbul Navigation Project (Wullar Barrage) It was proposed to be built at the mouth of Wullar lake in district Baramulla, Kashmir valley. The plan was to construct a barrage to increase the flow of water in Jhelum to make it navigable during the lean season. Pakistan objected that it violets the provisions of the treaty.
Pakistani experts believed that;
The project would adversely effect Triple Canal Project.(upper Chenab canal, upper Jhelum canal and Lower Bari Doab canal).
Project seemed to be a security threat to Pakistan sovereignty.
India would control the Jhelum river during winters. Mangla dam would be adversely effected. 1- The Tulbul Navigation Project (Wullar Barrage) In 1986 Pakistan refer the project dispute to Indus water commission ,but after 1 year the commission recorded failure to resolve it subsequently India stops the construction. From 1986-1991, 13 rounds of talks held but dispute remained unresolved. However India agreed to some of Pakistan's condition but after Pakistan added the condition that of not constructing kishanganga project. India refused to accept the condition. Dispute dominated indo-pak talks, the Agra summit of 2001, secretary level talks of 2011, but not much development have been achieved yet. 2- The Baglihar Project Dispute Baglihar dam, also known as Baglihar Hydroelectric Power Project, is a run-of-the-river power project on the Chenab river in the southern Doda district of Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistan take it as the violation of the treaty. The dispute emerged in 1999, when Pakistan challenged the design of the project. The flow of river during any critic situation (wars etc.). 2- The Baglihar Project Dispute A neutral expert prof. Raymond Lafitte of Switzerland instructed India to make some changes in the structure of project but Pakistan was not satisfied with the verdict as he did not consider much of Pakistan's objection. The Baglihar party settled by third party but relation between two Countries became hostile when water was to be filled in the Baglihar dam. Pakistan demanded compensation for its loss. Finally differences over filling of dam was resolved in 2010. 3- The Kishanganga Project Dispute It is a project by India over Kishanganga river at Gurez. It is designed to divert water from the Kishanganga river (Neelum river) to a power plant in the Jhelum river basin. Project’s power generation capacity is 330 MW. Diversion will reduce the flow of water to the Neelum Valley. A series of talks were held to resolve the differences and dispute but talks remain unresolved and problematic.
