You must have seen graphs, diagrams and maps showing different types of data. For example, the thematic maps shown in Chapter 1 of book for Class XI entitled Practical Workin Geography. Part-I (NCERT, 2006) depict retief and slope, climatic cont rocks and minerals, soils, population, industries, general land use and eropping pattern in the Nagpur district, Maharashtra. These maps have been drawn using larg volume of related data collected, compiled and processed. Have you ever thought what would have happened if the same information would have been eitherin tabular form or in a descriptive transcript? Perhaps. it would not have been possible from such amedium of communication todraw visual i ons, distributio ns which we get through these maps, Besides, it would press also have been a time consuming task to draw inferences about whatever 4s being presented in non-graphical form. Hence, the graphs, diagrams and maps enhance our capabilities o make meaningful comparisons between. the phenomena represented, save our time and present a simplified view of the characteristics represented. In the present chapter, we will discuss methods of constructing different types of graphs, diagrams and maps. Representation ofData The data describe the properties of the phenomena they represent. They a1 collected from a variety of sources (Chapter 1). The geographers, economists, resource sclentists and the dec of data these days. Besides the tabular form, the cata may also be presented in some graphic or diagrammatic form. The transformation of data through visual methods like graphs, diagrams, maps and charis is called representation of data, Such a form of the presentation of data makes it easy to understand the patterns of population growth distribution and the density, sex ratio, age-sex cc structure, etc. within a geographical territory. There is a Chinese proverb that ‘a n makers use ail position, occupational picture is equivalent to thousandls of words’. Hence, the graphic method of the Tepresentation of¢dala enhances our understanding. and makes the comparisons easy. Besides, such methods create an imprint on mind for a longer time,6 General Rules for Drawing Graphs, Diagrams and Maps 1. Selection of a Suitable Method Data represent various themes such as temperature, rainfall, growth and distribution of the population, production, distribution and trade of different commodities, etc. These characteris es of the data need to be suitably represented by an appropriate graphical method. For example, cla related to the temperature or growth of population between different periods in. time and for different countries/states may best be represented using line graphs. Similarly, bar diagrams are sulted best for showing rainfall or the production of commodities, ‘The population distribution, both human and livestock, or the distribution of the crop producing areas may suitably be represented on dot maps and the population density using choropleth maps. 2. Selection of Suitable Scale ‘The scale is used as measure of the data for representation aver diagrams and maps. Hence, the selection of suitable scale for the given data sets should be carefully made and must take into consideration entire data that is to be represented. The scale should neither be too large nor too small. 3. Design ‘We Know that the design fs an important cartographic task (Refer ‘Essentials of Map Making’ as discussed in Chapter 1 of the Practical Work in Geography, Part-I (NCERT, 2006), a textbook of Class X1). The following components of the cartographic designs are important. Hence, these should be carefully shown on the final diagram /map. Title ‘The litle of the diagram /map indicates the name of the area, reference year of the data used and the caption of the diagram. These components are represented using letters and numbers of different font sizes and thickness. Besicles, their placing also matters, Normally, tile, subtitle and the corresponding year are shown in the centre at the top of the map/diagram. Legend A legend or index is an important component of any diagram/map. It explains the colours, shacles, symbols and signs used in the map and diagram. It should also be carefully cirawn and must correspond to the contents of the map/ diagram. Besides, it also needs to be properly positioned. Normally, a legend is shown cither at the lower left or lower right side of the map sheet. Direetion ‘The maps, being a representation of the part of the earth's surface, need be oriented. to the directions. Hence, the direction symbol, i. e. North, should also be drawn and properly placed on the final map. Construction of Diagrams The data possess measurable characteristics such as length, width and volume, ‘The diagrams and the maps that are drawn to represent these data related characteristics may be grouped into the following types:g wig fo wurmuanedne p2yeD i) One-dimensional diagrams, suchas line graph. poly graph, bar diagram, histogram, age, sex, pyramid, etc.; (i) Two-dimensfonal diagram, such as pie diagram and rectangular diagram; (ti) Three-dimenstonal diagrams, such as cube and spherical diagrams. It would not be possible to discuss the methods of construction of these many types of diagrams and maps primarily due to the time constraint. We will, therefore, describe the most commonly drawn diagrams and maps and the way they are constructed. These are: * Line graphs + Bardiagrams * Pie diagram, + Wind rose and star diagram + Flow Charts Line Graph ‘Theline graphsare usually drawn to represent the time series data related to the temperature, rainfall, population growth, birth rates and the death rates. Table 3.1 provides the data used for the construction of Fig 3.2, Construction of a Line Graph. (@) Simplify the data by converting it into round numbers, such as the growth rate of population as shown in Table 3.1 for the years 1961 and 1981 may be rounded (o 2.0 and 2.2, respectively. (b) Draw Xand Y-axis. Mark the time series variables (years /months) on the X axis and the data quantity /value to be plotted (growth of population in per cent or the temperature in °C) on Y axis. (Choose an appropriate scale and label it on Y-axis, Ifthe data involve a negative figure, then the selected scale should also showit as shown in Fig. 3.1. ij" os Ls rr er ee ~v or Twat Wash HOT 1951 Tom 1877 FOE Tew BNO aOTA y os Lt eer Be Pig. 3.1 : Construction of a Line Graph Vay (d) Plot thedata to depict year/month-wise values according to the selected scale on Y-axis, mark the location of the plotted values by a dot and join these dots by a free hand drawn line.26 Construct a line graph to represent the data as given in Table 3.1: Example 3.1: ‘Table 3.1: Growth rate of Population in India ~ 1901 to 2011 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981" 1991" 2001 2011 Year [= Population Growth = Fig. 3.2 : Annual Growth of Population tn India 1901-2011 Acinity Find out the reasons for sudden change in population between 1911 and 1921as shown in Fig. 3.2. Polygraph Polygraph isa line graph in which two or more than two variables are shown by an equal number of lines for an immediate comparison, such as the growth rate of different crops like rice, wheat, pulses or the birth rates, death rates and life expectancy or sex ratio in different states or countries. A different line pattern such as straight ine (___), brokenline (- - - ), dotted line (......) ora combination, of dotted and broken line (-.-.-) ot line of different colours may be used to indicate the value of different variables (Fig 3.3)Example 3.2 : Construct a polygraph to compare the growth of sex-ratio in different states as given in the Table 3.2: ‘Table 3.2 : Sex-Ratio (Female per 1000 male) of Selected Sates - 1961-2011 Delhi 821 Haryana 807 870 Uttar Pradesh |s07 [ero 882 on6 ‘Source? Census, 2011 920) 900) ‘860 cr 1 u 7x T96r 197 Tos Toor Boor B01T = Dein Fig. 3.3 : Sex-Ratio of Selected States 1961-2011 ‘Bar Diagram ici gee Aes Re ON cro canal, columnar diagram, Following rules should be observed while constructing a bar ‘ diagram: bY (a) The width of all the bars or columns should be similar. (b) All the bars should be placed on equal intervals /distance. {¢ Bars may be shaded with colours or patterns to make them distinct and attractive. The simple, compound or polybar diagram may be constructed to suit the data characteristics, £ we Simple Bar Diagram yy Asimple bar diagram is constructed for an immediate comparison. Itis. to arrange the given data set in an ascending or descending order and a pie snl DS w b a eset eee / \ data variables accordingly. However, time series data are represented tothe sequencing of the time period. Example 3.3 : Construct a simple bar diagram to represent the rainfall data ‘Thiruvananthapuram as given in Table 3.Months a|[r[ula|[m[ulo Rainfall in em| 2.3/2.1 | 3.7 |10.6|20.8) 35.6 22.3 Construction Draw X and Y-axes on a graph paper, Take an interval of 5 cm and markit on Y- axis to plot rainfall data in cm. Divide X-axis into 12 equal parts torepresent 12 months. The actual rainfall values for each month will be plotted according to the selected scale as shown in Fig. 3.4. 40 38 Rainfall in ema. a 8 J” FM AM J” J” ASO UN_D a Pig. 3.4 : Average Monthly Rainfall of Thinwananthapuram Line and Bar Graph ‘The line and bar graphs as drawn separately may also be combined to depict the data related to some of the closely associated characteristics such as the climatic data of mean monthly temperatures and rainfall.In Table 9 doing so, a single diagram ts drawn in which months are represented on X-axis while temperature and rainfall data are shawn on Y-axis at both sides of the diagram. Example 3.4 : Construct a line graph and bar diagram to represent the average monthly rainfall and temperature data of Delhi as given in Table 3.4: : Average monthly Temperature ‘and Rainfall in DethiConstruction (@) Draw X and Y-axes ofa suitable length and divide X-axis into 12 parts to show months in a year. {b) Select a suitable scale with equal intervals of 5° C or 10°C for temperature data on the Y-axis and label ILat its right side, (6 Similarly, select a suitable seale with equal intervals of 5 em or 10. am {or rainfall data on the Y-axis and label al its left side, (d) Plot temperature data using line graph and the rainfall by bar diagram as shown in Fig. 3.5, 25; 35 20 20 e i = 4s gas] 2 ‘Fig. 3.5 : Temperature and Rainfall in Delhi ‘Multiple Bar Diagram Multiple bar diagrams are constructed to represent two or more than two ‘variables for the purpose of comparison, For example, a multiple bar diagram ‘may be constructed to show proportion of males and females in the total, rural cand urban population or the share of canal, tube well and well irrigation in the total irrigated area in different states. Example 3.5 : Construct a suitable bar diagram to show decadal literacy rate in India during 1951-2011 as given in Table 3,5 ‘Table 3.5 : Literacy Rate tn India, 1951-2011 (in %) Construction (@) Multiple bar diagram may be chosen to represent the above data, (b) Mark time seriesdata on X-axis and literacy rates on Y-axis as per the selected scale.(©) Plot the per cent of total population, male and female in closed columns (Fig 3.6). Fig. 9.6 : Uteracy Rate tn Inelia, 1951-2011 Compound Bar Diagram ‘When different components are grouped in one set of variable or different variables of one component are put together, their representation is made by a compound bar diagram. In this method, different variables are shown im a single bar with different rectangles. Example 3.6 : Construct a compound bar diagram to depict the dala as shown in Table 3.6: ‘Table 9.6 : Gross Generation of Electricity in India (in Billion KWh) ‘Source: Economie Survey. 2011-12 Construction (@) Arrange the data in ascending or descending order. (b) A single bar will depict the gross electricity genera tion in the given year and the generation of thermal, hydro and nuclear electricity be shown by dividing the total length of the bar as shown in Fig 3.7.Pie Diagram Pie diagram is another 5 graphical method of the ‘e00) representation of data. It is i 700 ‘drawn to depict the total value of the given attribute using a | 2 509 |_| circle. Dividing the direle into | 4 corresponding degrees of | 2 angle then represent the a0) sub-sets of the data, Hence, it | % 200) is also called Divided Circle | ® 109 Diagram. ° The angle of each variable 200800 2000-10 2010-11 is calculated using the = following formulae. [Thermal DHydro BiNuclear Pig. 3.7 : Gross Blectriety Generation tn India Value of given State/Region X 360 Total Value of All States/Regions Ifdata are given in percentage form, the angles are calculated using the given formulae. Percentage of xX 360 100 For example, a pie diagram may be drawn to shaw the total population of India along with the proportion of the rural and urban population. In this case, the circle of an appropriate radius is drawn to represent the total populationand its sub-divisions into rural and urban population are shown by corresponding degrees of angle, Example 3.7:Represent thedata _Tabile 9.7 (a) : India's Export to Major as given in Table 3.7 fa) with a Regions of the World in 2010-11 suitable diagram. Calculation of Angles (@) Arrange the data on percentages of Indian exports in an ascending order. (b) Calculate the degrees of angles for showing the given values of India’s export to major regions/ countries of the world, Table 3.7 (b). It could be done by multiplying percentage with a constant of 3.6 as derived by dividing the total number of degrees in a circle by 100, i. €. 360/100.(c) Plot the data by dividing the circle into the required number of divisions to show the share of India’s export to different regions/countries (Fig. 3.8) ‘Table 8.7 (b) : India's Export to Major Regions of the World in 2010-11 Europe 202 | 20.2% 3.6=72.72 73° Africa 65 | 65x36=23.4 23° America 148 | 14.8%3.6=5328 s3° Asia and ASEAN | 562 | 562 *3.6=202.32 | 203° Others 23 | 23x36=828 e Total 100 ‘360° Construction {@) Selecta sullable radius for the circle to be drawn. A radius of 3, 40r 5 ‘em may be chosen for the given data set. (b) Draw line from the centre of the circle to the are as a radius. (¢) Measure the angles from the are of the circle for each category of vehicles in an ascending order elock-wise, starting with smaller angle. (@) Complete the diagram by adding the title, sub-title, and the legend. The legend mark be chosen for each variable /category and highlighted by distinct shades/cotours. Precautions ) Thecircle should neither betoo big to fitin the space nor too small tobe illegible, (b) Starting with bigger angle will lead to accurnulation of error leading to the plot of the smatlerangle dificult. Pig. 3.8 : Direetion of Indian Exports 2010-11Flow Maps/Chart Flow chart és a combination of graph and map. It is drawn to show the flow of ‘commodities or people between the places of origin and destination, Tis also -called Dynamic Map. Transport map, which shows the number of passengers, ‘vehicles, etc., is the best example of a flow chart. These charts are drawn using lines of proportional width. Many government agencies prepare flow maps to show density of the means of transportation on different routes. The flowmaps/ charts are generally drawn to represent two the types of data as given below: 1. The number and frequency of the vehicles as per the direction of their movernent 2. Thenumber of the passengers and /or the quantity of goods transported. Requirements for the Preparation of a Flow Map (a) A route map depicting the desired transport routes along with the connecting stations, ‘The data pertaining to the flow of goods, services, number of vehicles, etc., along with the point of origin » Table 3.8 : No. of trains of selected routes of Delhi and adjoining areas ae andi destination of the mavernents. ‘Old Delhi - New Delhi (9 The selection of a New Delhi-Nvamuddin seale through which Nizamuddin-Badarpur the data related to Nizamuddin-Sarojini Nagar’ the quantity of ‘Sarojint Nagar ~ Pusa Road passengers and ‘Old Delhi - Sadar Bazar sods or the number Udyog Nagar-Tikri Kalan of vehicles is to be Pusa Road ~ Pehladpur represented. ‘Sahibabad-Mohan Nagar (Old Delhi ~ Silampur Example 3.10 : Construct .a flow map to represent the number of rains running in Delhi.and the adjoining areas Silampur ~ Nand Nagart Silampur-Mohan Nagar (Old Delhi-Shalimar Bagh ‘Sadar Bazar-Udyog Nagar (Old Delhi ~ Pusa Road as given in the Table 3.8. Pehladpur ~ Palam Vihar Construction (@) Take an outline map of Delhi and adjoining areas, in which railway | and the nodal stations are depicted (Fig.3.9). {b) Select a scale Lo represent the number of trains. Here, the maxi number is 50 and the minimum is 6. Ifwe select a seale of lem See ee een cee ey siripof 10mm and 1.2mm thick lines, respectively, on the map. (6) Plat the thickness of each strip of route between the given rail route (Fig. 3.10). »% @a (@) Drawa terraced scale as legend and choose distinct sign or symbol to show the nodal points (stations) within the strip. Fig. 3.10 : Traffic Ratkway) Flow Map of DethtExample 3,10 :Construct a water flow map of Ganga Basin as shown in Fig. 3.11. Pe show 000 amen wae lo = Fig, 3.11 ; Ganga Basin Construction (a) Take a scale asa strip of Lem width = 50,000 cusecs of water. (b) Make the diagram as shown in Fig. 3.12. Pig. 3.12 : Construction of a Flow Map ‘Thematic Maps tea Le J Graphs and diagrams serve a useful purpose in providing a comparison betweett! the internal variations within the data of different characteristics represented. However, the use of graphs and diagrams, at limes, fails to produce a regional { perspective, Hence, variety of maps may also be drawn to understand the patter6 of the regional distributions or the characteristics of variations over space. These maps are also known as the distribution maps. Requirements for Making a Thematic Map G@) State /District level data about the selected theme. (b) Outline map of the study area alongwith administrative boundaries. (c) Physical map of the region. For example, physiographic map for population distribution and relief and drainage map for constructing transportation map. Rules for Making Thernatic Maps (9 The drawing of the thematic maps must be carefully planned, The final map should properly reflect the following components: a, Nameofthearea b, Title of the subject-matter & Source of the data and year d. Indication of symbols, signs, colours, shades, etc, © Scale (i) The selection of a suitable method to be used for thematic mapping. Classification of Thematic Maps based on Method of Construction ‘The thematic maps are, generally , classified into quantitative andnon-quantilative maps. The quantitative maps are drawn to show the variations within the data, For example, maps depicting areas receiving more than 200 cm, 100 0200 em, 50 to 100 em and less than 50cm of rainfall are referred as quantitative maps. ‘These maps are also called statistical maps. The non-quantitative maps, on the other hand, depict the non-measurable characteristics in the distribution ofgiven information, suchasa map showing high and low rainfall-receiving areas. These maps are also called qualitative maps. IL would not be possible to discuss drawing these different types of thematic maps under the constraint of time. We will, therefore, confine to discuss the methods of the construction of the following types of quantitative maps : (a) Dot maps (b) Choropleth maps (c) Isopleth maps Dot Maps ‘The dot maps are drawn to show the distribution of phenomena such as population, cattle, types of crops, ete. The dots of same size as per the chosen scale are marked over the given administrative units to highlight the pattems of distributions. Requirement (a) An administrative map of the given area showing state /district /block boundaries.{b) Statistical data on selected theme for the chosen administrative units, ice. total population, cattle, etc. (6) Selection of a scale to determine the value of a dot. (d) Physiographic map of the region, especially relief and drainage maps. Precaution (a) The lines, demarcating the boundaries of various administrative units, should! not be very thick and bold, {b) All dots should be of same size. Gg Example 3.12 :Conslruct a dot map to represent population data of 2001 as FA given in Table 3.9. (eer ‘Table 3.9 : Population of India, 2001 Jammu & Kashmir! — 10,069,917 Himachal Pradesh 6.077.248 Punjab 24,289,296 Uttarakhand 8.479.562 Haryana 21,082,989 Delhi 13,782,976 Rajasthan 56,473,122 Uttar Pradesh 166,052,859 82,878,796 540,493 1,091,117 1,988,636 2,988,604 891,058 3,191,168 2.306.069 26,638,407 80,221,171 26,909,428 36,706,920 Chhattisgarh 20,795,956 Madhya Pradesh 60,985,118 Gujarat 50,596,992 Maharashtra 96,752,247 Andhra Pradesh 75,727,541 Karnataka 52,733,958 Goa 1,943,998 Kerala 31,838,619 Tamil Nadu 62,110,839ag PN ae Gd ca wet Fig, 3.13 + Peputaton of tte. 2001Construction (a) Select the size and value of a dot. {b) Determine the number of dots in each state using the given scale. For example, number of dols in Maharashtra will be 9.67,52.247/ 100.000 = 967.52. I may be rounded to 968, as the fraction is more than 0.5. (©) Place thedots in each state as per the determined number in all states, (d) Consult the physiographic /relief map of India to identify mountainous, desert, and/or snow covered areas and mark lesser number of dots in such areas. Choropleth Map ‘The choropleth maps are also drawn to depict the data characteristics as they are related to the administrative units. These maps are used to represent the ‘density of population, literacy /growth rates, sex ratio, etc. Requirement for drawing Choropleth Map (a) Amap of the area depicting different administrative units. {b) Appropriate statistical data according to administrative units. Steps to be followed (a) Arrange the data in ascending or descending order. {b) Group the data into 5 categories to represent very high, high, medium, low and very low concentrations, (©) The interval. between the categories may be identified on the following formulaeii.e., Range/5 and Range= maximum value- minimum value. {d) Patterns, shades or colour to be used to depict the chosen categories should be marked in an increasing or decreasing order. Example 3.13: Construct a Choropleth map to represent the literacy rates in India in 2001 as given in Table 3.10. Construction (a) Arrange the data in ascending order as shown above. {b) Identify the range within the data. In the present case, the states recording the lowest and highest literacy rates are Bihar (47%) and Kerala (90.9%), respectively. Hence, the range would be 91.0— 47.0 = = : ne ~ ae (d) Determine the number of the categories alongwith the range of. category. Add 9.0 to the lowest value of 47.0.as soon, We will finally get following categories : 47-56 Very low (Bihar, Jharkhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir) 56-65 Low(Ultar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya, Odisha, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh) == =~ >. oe. x Ss phn i, LF ft. on CAPS by let ia a J rads yretyded~ Nispon. NON i a, INDIA LUTPRACY RATE 2001 4 wer.Table 9.10 é Literacy Rate in India, 2001 Original Data on Literacy in India Data on Literacy in India as arranged in Ascending order ara 1. | Jammu & Kashmir | 555 10. | Bihar 47.0 2. | Himachal Pradesh | 765 b 20. | Jharkhand 53.6 | neameacn B73 | (12. [Arunachal Pradesh | 54.3 : i i 01. |Jammu & Kashmir | 55.5 5, | Uttarakhand 716 9. | Uttar Pr is 563. ee O79 | |. | Dadra & Nagar Havel | 57.6 8 Rajasthan 604 Jos | Rajan one 9. | Uttar Pradesh ses) | ff |ftqass a a6, | esher 470 | Joi. | odisha 63.1 a. | stktam sas | PL oo 12, | Arunachat Pradesh | 543 | (25 |Seutiva pradesh | Oo? a pn i 7a 22. | Chhattisgarh 617 . if Y 15. | Mizoram 858 | oo. | Kamataka 888 16. | THpura 732 | |os | Haryana. 679 17, | Meghataya 626 | 19. | West Bengal 686 18 | Assam 633 11, | Sikkim 68.8 19, | West Bengal 686 | jaa | Gujarat 69.1 20, | Jharkhand 536 | (03. | Punjab 697 21, | Odisha 63.1 14, | Manipur 70.5 22. | Chhattisgarh 64.7 (05. | Uttarakhand 71.6 23, | Madhya Pradesh 63.7 16. | Tripura 73.2 24, | Gujarat 69.1 | (33, | Tamil Nadu 73.5 25, | Daman & Diu 78.2 (02. | Himachal Pradesh 76.5 26. | Dadra & Nagar Havel! 57.6 | |27, | Maharashtra 769 27, | Maharashtra 769 | fas. | Daman & Diu 78.2 28. | Andhra Pradesh 60.5 (34. | Puducherry B12 29, | Karnataka 666 | [95 | Andaman & Nicobar | 81.3 30, | Goa 82.0 Islands 31, | Lakshadweep 267 | |o7. | detti a7 82, | Kerala 909 | (04 | Chandigarh B19 33. | Tamil Nadu zas | |s0. | Goa 820 ‘34, | Puducherry 812 31. | Lakshadweep 86.7 35. | Andaman & Nicobar! 81.3 15, | Mizoram: 88.8 Islands ‘32, | Kerala 90.9 65-74 Medium (Nagaland, Kamataka, Haryana, West Sikkim, Gujarat, Punjab, Manipur, Uttarakhand, Tamil Nadu) = 74-83 High (Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Delhi, Goa) we 83-92 Very high (Mizoram, Kerala) Ri (6) Assign shades/patiem tocach category ranging from lower Lohigher hues. (0) Prepare the map as shown in Mig. 3.14,a2 Isopleth Map We have seen that the data related to the administrative units are represented using choropleth maps, However, the variations within the data, in many cases, may also be observed on the basis of natural boundaries. For example, variations in the degrees of slope, temperature, occurrence of rainfall, etc. possess characteristics of the continuity in the data. These geographical facts may be represented by drawing the lines of equal values on a map. All such maps are termed as Isopleth Map. The word Isopleth is derived from Iso meaning equal and pleth means lines, Thus, an imaginary line, which joins the places of equal values, is referred as Isopleth, The more frequently drawn isopleths include Isotherm (equal temperature), Isobar (equal pressure), Isohyets (equal rainfall), Isonephs (equal cloudiness), Isohels (equal sunshine), contours (equal heights), Isobaths (equal depths), Isohaline (equal salinity). etc. Requirement {a} Base line map depicting point location of different places. (b) Appropriate data of temperature, pressure, rainfall, etc. overa definite period of time. (c) Drawing instrument specially French Curve, etc. Rules to be observed fa} An equal interval of values be selected, (b) Interval of 5, 10, or 20 is supposed to be ideal. (c) The value of Isopleth should be written along the line on either side or in the middle by breaking the line, Interpolation Interpolation s used to insert the intermediate values between the observed values of at two stations/locations, such as temperature recorded at Chennai and Hyderabad or the spot heights of two points. Generally, drawing of isopleths Joining the places of same value is also termed as interpolation. ‘Method of Interpolation For interpolation, follow the following steps: (@) Firstly, determine the minimum and maximum values given on the map. (b) Calculate the range of value i.e. Range = maximum value - minimum value. (c) Based on range, determine the interval ina whole number like 5, 10, 15, etc. ‘The exact point of crawing an Isopleth ts determined by using the following formulae, Distance between two points in em Paint of eopleth = 1yigérence between the two values of corresponding points x Interval‘The interval is the difference between the actual value on the map and interpolated value. For example, in an Isotherm map of two places show 28 °C cand 33°C and you want to draw 30 °C isotherm, measure the distance between the two points. Suppose, the distance is lem or 10mm and the difference between, 98 and 33 is 5, whereas, 30 is 2 points away from 28 and 3 points behind 33, thus, exact point of 30 will be ‘Thus, isotherm of 30 °C will be plotted 4mm away from 28 °C or 6mm ahead 0f 33°C. (a) Draw the isopleths of minimum value first: other isopleths may be drawn accordingly. Fig. 3.15 : Drawing of Isopleths ‘Excercise ¢ 1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below: J t (8) Which one of the following map shows the population distribution: fF — (a) Choropleth maps (b) Isopleth maps (c) Dot maps (d) Square root maps word (W) Which one of the following is best sulted to represent the decadal growth of population? (a) Line graph (b) Bar diagram (c} Circle diagram (4) Flow diagram(ii) Polygraph 1s constructed to represent: (a) Only one variable (b) Two variables only (¢) More than two variables [d) None of the above (Wv) Which one of the following maps is known as “Dynamic Map"? (a) Dot map ()) Choropleth (c} Isopleth [@) Flaw map 2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words: () What is a thematic map? i) Differentiate between multiple bar diagram and compound bar diagram, (ai) What are the requirements to construct a dot map? liv) Describe the method of constructing a traffic flow map, (e} What is an [sopleth map ? How an interpolation is carried out? (i) Desestbe and ilustrate important steps to be followed in preparing a choropleth map. (ri) Discuss important steps (o represent data with help of a ple-diagram, Activity 1. Represent the following data with the help of suitable diagram. India : Trends of Urbanisation 1901-2001 48 2. Represent the following data with the help of suitable diagram. India : Literacy and Enrolment Ratio in Primary and Upper Primary Schools Person| Male | Female| Boys | Girls | Total | Boys} Girls | Total 1950-51 183 | 272/886 | 606) 25 | 426 | 206/46 | 12.7 1999-2000 | 654 | 758/542 | 104 | 85 | 049 | 672/50 | 58.8 3, Represent the following data with help of pie-diagram.India ; Land use 1951-2001 1950-51 | 1998-2001 Net Sown Area 42 46 Forest 14 22 Not available for cultivation 17 4 Fallow Land 10 8 Pasture and Tree 9 5 Cultruable Waste Land 8 5 4. Study the table given below and draw the given dlagrams/maps. Area and Production of Rice in major States Tee to el Ce Cr ee te Te {a} Construct a multiple bar diagram to show area under rice in each State. {b) Construct a pie-diagram to show the percentage of area under rice in each State. {) Construct a dot map to show the production of rice in each State. (d) Construct a Chompleth map to show the percentage of production of rice in States. 5. Show the following data of temperature and rainfall of Kolkata with a suitable diagram. eee pee