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Pipe System

This document discusses pipe systems and summarizes: 1) Key factors in sizing pipe systems including head loss from friction, fittings, elevation changes, and velocity limits. 2) The process for sizing a pipe system which involves laying out the system, sizing each pipe section, determining head losses, and adjusting branch sizes. 3) The purpose of expansion tanks in closed pipe systems to accommodate pressure changes from thermal expansion and contraction of water without damage.

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mohamed.ahmed017
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34 views14 pages

Pipe System

This document discusses pipe systems and summarizes: 1) Key factors in sizing pipe systems including head loss from friction, fittings, elevation changes, and velocity limits. 2) The process for sizing a pipe system which involves laying out the system, sizing each pipe section, determining head losses, and adjusting branch sizes. 3) The purpose of expansion tanks in closed pipe systems to accommodate pressure changes from thermal expansion and contraction of water without damage.

Uploaded by

mohamed.ahmed017
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pipe Systems

p V2
Head h= + +z
g 2g

L V2
Frictional head loss hL = f
DH 2g
V2
Fitting head loss hL = KL
2g

Representative loss coefficients for piping systems


KL KL
Fitting Type
Threaded Flanged

Standard Elbow 0.7 – 2.5 0.24 – 0.4

Tee – straight line 0.9 0.08 – 0.26

Tee – Branch line 1.1 – 2.7 0.5 – 1.0

Gate valve 0.12 – 0.4 0.05 – 0.34


A variety of upper limits of water velocity and/or pressure drop in piping and piping systems is
used. One recommendation places a velocity limit of 1.2 m/s for 50 mm pipe and smaller, and
a pressure drop limit of 400 Pa/m for piping over 50 mm. Other guidelines are based on the
type of service (Table 6) or the annual operating hours (Table 7). These limitations are
imposed either to control the levels of pipe and valve noise, erosion, and water hammer
pressure or for economic reasons. Carrier (1960) recommends that the velocity not exceed 4.6
m/s in any case.
Sizing The system

1. Lay out the system with all necessary fittings and valves.
2. Size the pipe for all portions of the system based on the design or
maximum flow rate anticipated through each section
3. Determine the head loss through the fittings.
4. Sum the head requirement for each pump using the longest loop or the
one with the largest head loss.
5. Adjust the pipe size of branches in parallel so the head loss through
each branch equals the head loss in the section used to size the pump.
Water Hammer and Expansion Tanks
As a hydraulic device, the expansion tank serves as the
When any moving fluid (not just water) is abruptly reference pressure point in the system, analogous to a
stopped, as when a valve closes suddenly, large ground in an electrical system (Lockhart and Carlson 1953).
pressures can develop. While detailed analysis requires Where the tank connects to the piping, the pressure equals
knowledge of the elastic properties of the pipe and the the pressure of the air in the tank plus or minus any fluid
flow-time history, the limiting case of rigid pipe and pressure caused by the elevation difference between the tank
instantaneous closure is simple to calculate liquid surface and the pipe.
A closed system should have only one expansion chamber.
Having more than one chamber or excessive amounts of
undissolved air in a piping system can cause the closed system
to behave in unintended (but understandable) ways, causing
extensive damage from shock waves or water hammer.
With a single chamber on a system, assuming isothermal
conditions for the air, the air pressure can change only as a
result of displacement by the water. The only thing that can
cause the water to move into or out of the tank (assuming no
water is being added to or removed from the system) is
expansion or shrinkage of the water in the system. Thus, in
sizing the tank, thermal expansion is related to the pressure
extremes of the air in the tank [Equations (13), (14), and (15)].
Heat Loss and Gain for Pipes

Chilled water

Ti To

Surroundings, Ta Q

  −1  
Outlet temperature To = Ti + ( Ta − Ti ) 1− exp   
 
 R mc p  

Heat transfer Q = mc p ( Ti − To )
Thank You

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