Lifting Accessories Diploma (LAC) Global

LEEA – Lifting Accessories Diploma (LAC) Global - Workbook
Lifting Accessories Diploma (LAC) Global

Workbook
Lifting Equipment Engineers Association

Lifting Standards Worldwide
© LEEA Academy – LAC (Global) – Workbook 2022

Welcome to the Lifting Accessories Diploma
The Diploma is LEEA's globally recognised, industry-standard qualification for lifting equipment
testers, inspectors, examiners, repairers and maintainers. The Diploma qualification is essential for
anyone engaged in the testing, inspection, examination and repair/maintenance of lifting
equipment and responsible for assessing equipment’s suitability to return to service following
statutory examination.
The core areas covered in Unit 1 are:

§ Working on-site
§ Examiners' tools and equipment
§ Types of examinations
§ Slinging Accessories
§
LAC Diploma Unit 2 topics are:
§ Non-fixed load attachments
§ Recommended further reading and other resources
Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this Diploma course, students will acquire the knowledge that
will assist them to perform the 'thorough examination' of specific lifting accessories in service
and validate or otherwise their fitness for a further period of service, applying conditions as
may be necessary.
Students will be able to refer to and extrapolate information from sources to support their
analysis of lifting equipment suitability for continued service.

Working on-site
As a professional in the lifting equipment industry, there are high expectations of you to
perform your role to mitigate risk and keep people safe. This is of paramount importance and
should always be the priority focus of your work.
Secondly, our stakeholders, customers and employers rightly expect the highest professional
standards from all those working in such a high-risk industry. So you are expected to be
competent in your technical abilities, but moreover, as a professional, you must also manage your
standards of service, both internally to your employer, and externally to your customers and other
stakeholders.
Lifting and height safety industries which has eliminated accidents,

injuries and fatalities.
LEEA’s Vision Statement
TEAM Card
On successful completion of this training course and the associated end-point assessment, you
will be awarded the LEEA Diploma in Lifting Accessories (Global), and where applicable, the LEEA
TEAM Card.
As a TEAM Card holder, there is an expectation that you will perform your role to the very best of
your ability, meeting the requirements of a ‘competent person’ as defined by LEEA in its
COPSULE.
Our industry ‘end-users’ are actively encouraged to use LEEA member companies that employ
qualified and competent individuals. They are assured that by using LEEA TEAM Card holders,
they are putting their lifting equipment into safe hands and minimising their risks as duty holders
and owners of such equipment.

In order that we continue ‘raising standards in the lifting equipment

industry’, each of us has our own part to play. As lifting equipment
examiner/inspector/tester, employed by a LEEA member company, you
share this responsibility and have a very important role!
NOTES:

Pre-Job Information
Before we consider travelling to the customer’s site, we should pause to think about the following:
Representing Your Employer
To ensure you provide a professional representation of your employer, answer the following
questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Reporting and Signing In
§ Signing In –
§ Meet –
§ Exchange of Information -
§ Agree -
§ Communication -
IMPORTANT
LEEA Members LEEA Members represent the highest standards within our industry. You are an
Ambassador for your company and your profession; it is essential that your personal behaviours
are exemplary, and your competencies are consistently maintained through your active
participation in continuous professional development (CPD).
During the Job
Firstly, you must consider the basic requirements for the examination to be effective:
• The area should be clean and clear of contaminants which may harm the examiner or the
equipment
• Adequate access to the equipment shall be provided
• The equipment should be reasonably clean, and the examiner should have the means to
clean local areas
• The examiner should have visual aids and tools required for the examination, including
adequate natural or artificial lighting
During the Job
• Conduct your job safety analysis/risk assessment review before starting work – make sure
any changes are recorded as they arise
• Is a permit to work required?

• Confirm the identity of the equipment against the worksheet instruction or users record of
the lifting equipment
• Isolation (lock-out/tag-out) and cordoning off the work area as necessary
• Tool-box talk with colleagues if applicable before starting the job

• Talk to equipment operators/user. Are there any issues they may have noticed with the
equipment?
o This is particularly important for lifting machines as the operator is usually the first
to recognise intermittent faults or other issues arising)
• Make sure all information is recorded regarding the equipment (e.g. location, serial numbers,
ID numbers and safety marking)
• Detail your findings for the report together with any defects found
• Maintain the safety of the area you are working in through awareness of your surroundings
and what is happening. You may need to change the JSA/risk assessment if new control
measures are needed due to changing hazards
Question: Why is it important to pre-arrange a sign off meeting with your customer prior to
starting work on site?
£ To ensure that checks can be made of the work area and customer is happy
£ To ensure customer is available for you to present your report summary
£ To ensure that work permits and control measures are removed
£ To ensure that the customer can carry out operational checks of the equipment
NOTES:

Completing the Job
Returning 1. Have you ensured any isolated equipment has been put back into
equipment service?
back to service 2. Have all machinery guards been replaced?
3. Did you carry out post-examination running checks on equipment,
where necessary? Operational checks?
4. Do you need to colour-code equipment? What colour is needed?
5. Has equipment been stowed in designated storage areas or parked in
a safe area?
6. Have all barriers and signs been removed from cordoned areas?
Communication 1. Let equipment users know that you have finished your work and that
the equipment has been returned to service
2. Complete your reports, identifying any issues and your
recommendations; safety-critical issues are your priority, and the
owner of the equipment must be notified of these immediately. If the
equipment is to be removed from service, ensure it is suitably
quarantined and marked, “DO NOT USE”.
3. Identify and detail any repairs that may need carrying out and a
timescale in which this should be completed
Leaving the 1. Have your debrief meeting with the site contact to present your report
site summary
2. Ensure your customer is completely satisfied before you leave the site

NOTES:

Tools
For the lifting equipment examiner/inspector/tester, a selection of hand tools will be required at
work, which may be for a thorough visual examination of lifting accessories such as shackles and
chain slings, or perhaps lifting appliances such as gantry cranes or electrically operated chain
hoists fitted to slewing jib cranes. The selection of tools will therefore depend on the nature of the
job.
A broader perspective on tools required may include access equipment (MEWP, scaffolding etc.)
You may also need to consider the types of lifting equipment you need to hoist/lower spares,
lubricants, and cleaning or test equipment.
You should be appropriately trained to use all equipment you are supplied with and have the
appropriate PPE. Both hand and power tools should be maintained in a safe and operable
condition.
Measuring Equipment: Calibration of measuring equipment should be carried out in accordance

with relevant standards, and this is verified by LEEA during compliance audits.

Lighting
It is very important that the area of inspection is well lit with natural or artificial light so that
defects can be identified. Torches or portable lighting stations may be required to help you.
Cleaning
The area where you are carrying out the inspection should be reasonably clean and free of
contaminants that may affect the equipment you are inspecting.
It is recommended that you carry basic cleaning materials such as rags, dustpan and brush, a wire
brush and PH neutral cleaning fluids in the event that you have to clean the item(s) being
inspected.
Ensure any data sheets and chemical warnings are adhered to for the use of such products and
your JSA/risk assessment reflects this.
NOTES:

Types of Examination
There are 3 levels of inspection:

1.
2.
3.
Pre-Use The pre-use inspection is normally carried out by the operator before
Inspection operating the equipment. The operator will visually check for any signs of
obvious defect or damage that give cause for concern. If such an issue is
found, the operator must report their findings to the appropriate
maintenance/inspection personnel for further investigation before operating
the equipment.
Interim The interim inspection (sometimes referred to as the ‘frequent inspection’) is
Inspection determined by risk assessment as to how often, and to what extent the
inspection is performed. This level of inspection normally focuses on critical
components that may become problematic prior to the next
periodic thorough examination. The number and frequency of these
inspections are also determined by the risk assessment and the
manufacturers' literature.
Interim Inspections are often done at the same time as planned maintenance
or following a repair.
Thorough A thorough examination (sometimes referred to as the periodic, or thorough
Examination inspection) is a visual examination of lifting equipment that is carried out by
a competent person. The examination should be performed carefully and
critically, supplemented by testing and measurements required by the
competent person to ascertain the equipment’s fitness for a further period of
service.
It is also used as a check of the suitability of the equipment and the
inspection/maintenance regime. This means that the thorough examination
should not find any defect affecting the safety of the equipment, if it does,
this may suggest that there is an issue with the inspection/maintenance
regime, the competency of the inspectors or maintainers or the product’s
fitness for purpose, etc. In essence, it is a safety net, used to identify
inadequacies in the inspection/maintenance regime and thereby provide a
means of improvement and prevent a recurrence.
This means that the root cause of any defect found following a thorough
examination should be investigated and rectified with appropriate measures
to prevent reoccurrence.

• Note 1: the term ‘testing’ includes, for example, proof load testing, operational testing at
lower loads and non-destructive testing.
• Note 2: the period between thorough examinations must be established by the competent
person on the basis of statutory requirements for the equipment.
LEEA recommends that the following maximum intervals between thorough examinations are used
as best practice:
12 Months:
6 Months:
• Note 3: thorough examination shall be carried out following installation and after
exceptional circumstances, i.e. substantial repair or modification, following a collision, etc.
• Note 4: the examination should identify issues that could become a danger in the period
before the next thorough examination and the subsequent report should advise the
appropriate action to be taken.
Defined Scope of Examination
Irrespective of the type of examination the competent person should always be working to a
predefined scope of examination or inspection.
A predefined scope of the examination should be established with a clear documented list, of
everything that needs to be checked, complete with acceptance/rejection criteria, which should
be considered as the maximum permitted and used as a means of reaching a conclusion as to the
fitness for service of the equipment.
The examiner should take into account:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

It should also specify the intervals at which the equipment, or its individual parts, should be
thoroughly examined in accordance with the legislative requirements and, where appropriate,
intervals for specific supporting reports and tests. These intervals should reflect the anticipated
rate of deterioration and the likelihood and potential consequences of failure.
In all cases it is recommended that the scope of examination is drawn up specifically for the
particular item of lifting equipment, however, generic scopes of a thorough examination can be
written for specific models and make of lifting equipment. Either way, the scope should also
include any dedicated ancillary equipment, such as wire ropes.
Further reading: LEEA Lifting Equipment Examiners Handbook
NOTES:

Supplementary Testing and Documentation
Supplementary testing
Supplementary testing is carried out in support of a thorough examination and the extent and
nature of any testing are specified by the competent person carrying out the thorough
examination. These tests should be carried out in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions,
the relevant standards and statutory requirements.
Test areas should be carefully selected and steps are taken to protect personnel and property. In
particular when load testing; ensure a clear area to facilitate the lifting and movement of test
weights with a minimum of ground clearance.
Common tests used to supplement a § Operation testing

thorough examination include: § SWL & deflection tests
§ Proof load testing
§ Light load testing
§ Calibration checks
§ Insulation and continuity testing
§ Pressure tests
§ Non destructive testing
Documentation and records

Following every examination, a formal report is drawn up. However, the examiner should always
make a record at the time of the examination on the job paperwork or in a notebook etc.
This contemporary record should always be authenticated and dated by the examiner and
retained for reference purposes. If the formal report is authenticated by someone on the
examiner's behalf, the contemporary record should be available to the authenticator so that the
accuracy of the formal report can be checked.
When an examination reveals a defect, the user should be notified promptly so that appropriate
action can be taken and, if the defect is of immediate or imminent danger, further use is
prevented. In some countries, it is also necessary to inform the enforcing authorities of certain
defects.

Textile Slings
Fibre slings (including additional information for HMPE slings)
The popularity of fibre rope slings has declined greatly in modern times, in favour of more
convenient forms of sling such as webbing and roundslings. However, a few remain in general
service but in the maritime industry they are still widely used.
The slings are produced from cut lengths of 3, 4 or 8 strand rope which is then hand spliced. They
are bulky to handle and natural fibres, in particular, are rough to the touch. Rope slings are less
pliable than other types of textile slings and, unlike other textile slings, they present a hard point
contact with the load. However, this is still less severe than with chain or wire rope.
Identification
Visually, the various fibres appear much the same. This makes identification extremely difficult. An
international system of colour-coded labels, which carry the information necessary to be marked
on a sling (see marking), has therefore been adopted in standards as follows:
NOTES:

3 strand ‘hawser’ laid rope: constructed from three strands of yarns spun from fibres. The
strands are twisted together (laid) in right hand lay; this is known as a ‘Z’ direction of lay.
8 strand ‘plaited’ rope: constructed from eight strands of yarns spun from fibres. The strands are
laid together in pairs, each alternative pair consisting of two left hand (‘S’ twist) strands and two
right hand (‘Z’ twist) strands respectively. The eight strands contain the same number of yarns as
the three strand rope of equivalent size. So, the weights and breaking strengths of both
constructions are the same size for size.
Fibre rope sling: a flexible sling, comprising one or more parts of identical fibre rope, terminating
in spliced eyes with or without thimbles and fittings, or in the case of an endless sling, joined to
itself with a splice.

Multi-leg sling: Fibre rope sling assembly, consisting of two, three or four identical legs attached
to a master link.
Dd
NOTES:
Splicing
What is Splicing?
All splicing shall be carried out by a trained and competent splicer. Where 3 and 4 strands laid
ropes are spliced by short splices, the splice shall comply with the following requirements:
§ All the tucks of the splice shall be against the lay of the rope
§ For polyamide, polyester multifilament ropes and polypropylene monofilament ropes, either
five full tucks shall be made; alternatively, four full tucks with all of the yarns in the strands
shall be made, followed by a further tuck with not more than half of the material cut out of
each strand and a final tuck with not less than a quarter of the original strand material
§ For polypropylene fibrillated film and staple ropes and for natural fibre ropes, not less than
four full tucks shall be made, each with all of the yarns in the strands

The Liverpool Splice A method of splicing known as the 'Liverpool splice' where the tucks
are made in the same direction of the lay of the rope should not be
used as this is unsafe and can easily come apart under load, with
possible severe consequences.
Length between splices A method of splicing known as the 'Liverpool splice' where the tucks
are made in the same direction of the lay of the rope should not be
used as this is unsafe and can easily come apart under load, with
possible severe consequences.

Thimbles and Fittings
What are Thimbles?
The thimbles used to form thimble, or hard, eyes shall comply with the relevant national standard
and have a corrosion-resistant finish.
Steel thimbles should not be a black finish but should be suitably plated or galvanised to resist
corrosion. The use of thimble (hard) eyes is recommended when fittings form part of the fibre rope
sling.
The fitting of heart-shaped thimbles will prevent the sling from being used in the choke hitch. In
such cases, either a soft eye or thimbles of a shape and size suitable for reeving may be used.
NOTES:

Fittings Loadbearing metal components are designed to be fitted and

supplied as part of a sling, so as to permit the sling to be attached
to other lifting accessories or connected to the load.
Master link A link, or link assembly, forms the upper terminal fitting of a multi-
leg sling assembly by means of which the sling assembly is
attached to the hook of a crane, other lifting machine or accessory.
Nominal diameter The specified diameter of the rope, which is usually used as the
reference value for a given product.
Nominal length The specified length of the sling, inclusive of fittings, from bearing
point to bearing point.
Thimbles are not included within the term ‘fitting’
Effective Working Length (EWL): the actual finished length of the fibre rope sling, inclusive of
fittings, from bearing point to bearing point. The effective working length of a fibre rope sling shall
not differ from the nominal length by more than 3% when laid flat underhand tension and
measured with a steel tape or rule graduated in increments of 1 mm. 3% of nominal length
The length of each leg of a multi-leg sling shall not differ from the lengths of the other legs by
more than 2.5%. 2.5% difference between legs
Fibres Natural fibres - Manila (Ma), Hemp (Ha), Sisal (Si) and man-made fibres
Polyamide (PA), Polyester (PES) and Polypropylene (PP) fibres are used
to manufacture fibre rope slings, including High Modulus Polyethylene
for which ISO2076 is the standard for HMPE fibres)
Sling construction Splicing is the only method to be used for joining or producing
eyes. Endless slings shall have only a single splice. Other sling legs shall
be spliced at each end to produce an eye and no other splices shall be
permitted. Multi-leg slings shall be constructed so that all corresponding
items are identical in respect of rope construction, size, material and
fittings.

NOTES:
Safety Requirements
Manufacturer’s certification, statement of conformity / test certificate

Fibre rope slings are not subject to proof load testing, as this could be detrimental to the sling and
will not reveal any additional information.
The standard requires the sling manufacturer to perform type tests and manufacturing tests at
certain intervals to ensure that the performance requirements are met and maintained. It also
requires the manufacturer to issue a manufacturer’s certificate with each batch of slings which
states the WLL and, in the case of slings with integral fittings, this will also contain details of the
fittings.
Natural fibre rope slings offer little or no resistance to chemicals, their

fumes or to certain gases.
Chemical resistance:
Natural fibre rope slings offer little or no resistance to chemicals, their fumes or to certain gases.
Man-made fibre rope slings however offer selective resistance to chemicals as follows:
§ Polyamide [nylon] is virtually immune to the effects of alkalis. It is attacked by moderate
strength acids. It also suffers the loss of strength on wetting which can be as much as 15%
§ Polyester is resistant to moderate strength acids but is damaged by alkalis
§ Polypropylene is little affected by acids and alkalis but is damaged by solvents, tars and
paints

§ HMPE fibres have good resistance to contact with chemicals, however, the sling
manufacturer should be consulted if exposure has taken place and care should be taken to
assess any contaminated sling for continuing service
§ Aramid Polyamide is resistant to most chemicals
Natural fibre ropes deteriorate with age and as natural lubricants dry out; the fibres become
brittle. Mould and fungi, e.g. mildew, will readily grow on damp natural fibre ropes living on the
cellulose and greatly weakening the rope. Man-made fibre ropes do not suffer in the same way,
mould only being able to live on surface contamination, but they can be affected by ultra-violet
light and therefore may suffer solar degradation if exposed to strong sunlight or other sources of
ultra-violet radiation. Mildew does not attach HMPE ropes, but surface contaminants may provide
a nutrient for its growth.
Temperature
Fibre rope slings are suitable for use within the following temperature ranges:
Manila, Sisal, Hemp and Polypropylene -40°C to 80°C

Polyester and Polyamide [nylon] -40°C to 100°C
HMPE -40°C to 70°C
Aramid Polyamide -50°C to 130°
Critical components
The critical components of textile slings are:
§ The rope
§ Terminal fittings such as master links, intermediate links and hook terminations
§ Thimble eye protection
§ The splicing of the rope terminations
§ Identification labels/tags
NOTE: Unless a mandatory requirement of the applicable national legislation or

manufacturer dictates, LEEA does not recommend the routine overload testing of
slings.

Marking requirements
The necessary marking should be made in such a way that it is not harmful to the sling. One
suitable method is to apply the marking to a plastic sleeve which may be fitted over the rope
during the sling manufacture and then shrunk to it. A further, clear plastic, a sleeve may also be
fitted over the marked sleeve protecting it from soiling.
Slings which incorporate links should be marked on a suitable tag permanently attached to the
master link or one leg of the sling. If the latter option is adopted, care must be taken to ensure the
tag is such that it cannot become trapped by the sling thereby damaging the sling.
In addition to the information required by the national legislation and the standard being worked
to, the marking should indicate the following minimum information:
§
§
§
§
§
NOTES:

Defined scope of Examination
The following is a list of defects that should be assessed with respect to the continued safety of
the equipment:
• Thimbles should not be collapsed, cracked deformed or twisted

• There should be no damage to areas of the fibre ropes in contact with fittings
• It is necessary to evaluate the extent of soiling to a fibre sling as this can conceal damage
which is very difficult for the examiner to see. Where necessary they should be washed in
clean water or in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
• Grit and dirt will pick up on the rope fibres and can cause rapid wear and abrasion
• Terminal fittings should be examined carefully. Particular attention should be paid to any
twisting, permanent deformation and signs of overloading
• The maximum wear for metal terminal components is stated by LEEA as 8%
• Cuts, nicks and cracks to any materials should be assessed for their likely impact as a
stress raiser and whether they will affect the slings continued service
• Wear and chafing: this indicates that the filaments and fibres are breaking down. In
ordinary use, some disarrangement or breaking of the fibres is to be expected. This is
harmless if not excessive. It is natural for man-made fibre ropes, especially those of
multifilament construction, to raise a pile or fur on their surface as the result of use. This is
not cause for concern unless it becomes excessive
• Localised areas of abrasion, as distinct from general wear, are caused by mishandling such
as the passage of the sling over a sharp edge whilst under tension
• Fraying of the yarns or strands is often an indication of cutting
• In the case of natural fibre rope slings, the growth of mildew will cause a serious loss of
strength as the mould will live on the cellulose of the rope. It is caused by dampness,
storage of wet slings or storage in stagnant air. In the case of man-made fibre rope slings,
mildew will only grow on surface contamination, it does not affect the rope and may be
removed by washing in clean water only. Detergents or other cleaning agents must not be
used
• In the case of natural fibre rope slings, any known contact with chemicals or their fumes. In
the case of man-made fibre rope slings, selective resistance permits some contact with
chemicals however attack by strong solutions or by other chemical contaminants will result
in loss of strength. Chemical attack may be recognised by embrittlement and flaking of the
fibres or by a softening of the fibres, which may be rubbed or plucked from the rope
• Charring of natural fibres, fusing of fibres and glazed appearance of man-made fibres
indicate the sling has been subjected to excessive heat, often as the result of friction. This
can occur in use, e.g. by careless handling when the sling is used in choke hitch. It is
difficult to observe unless severe. Other forms of heat damage, such as burning caused by
weld splatter, are more easily identified
• Solar degradation. The outer fibres become brittle as the result of exposure to sunlight or
other sources of ultra-violet radiation

• Localised flat areas of the rope where it has been suspended and loaded in one point (e.g.
over a shackle)
Key Note: Great care must be taken when inspecting slings as the vulnerability of fibre rope slings
to the effects of wear, abrasion and mechanical damage increases inversely with the size of the
rope. The smaller the rope diameter, the more of the yarns are exposed on the surface, hence the
effects of wear and damage are more severe.
Unless a mandatory requirement of the applicable national legislation or

manufacturer, LEEA does not recommend the routine overload testing of
fibre rope slings.
- LEEA
LEEA’s Vision Statement

NOTES:

Webbing Slings
These may be endless or in the form of single or multi-leg slings which can terminate with soft
eyes or metal terminal fittings.
This section covers flat woven webbing slings for multi-purposes, made of Polyamide (Nylon),
Polyester, Polypropylene or Aramid Polyamide, but excludes special slings or slings used for
certain applications as follows:
Excluded • Bag slings or the lifting straps which form part of flexible intermediate
bulk containers
• Nets, i.e. consisting of several crossed webbings stitched together, or
fibre rope cargo nets
• Webbings used for the securing or lashing of cargoes to each other on
pallets and platforms or in vehicles
• Adjustable slings, e.g. with intermediate buckles stitched along the
webbing
• Slings consisting of webbing with a nominal width of less than 25mm or
more than 450mm, or with a nominal thickness of less than 1.2mm
• Slings made from webbing woven from mono-filament yarns
• Slings of tubular webbing
• Slings formed from strips of cut fabric
• Disposable or ‘one trip’ slings used for pre-slung cargo and not reused
o This is an example of a one-trip sling made to German DIN
standards. These slings shall only be used in accordance with the
specified limitations of use supplied by the manufacturer.

Flat-woven webbing slings, also commonly known as belt slings, are used for a variety of lifting
purposes. They are a form of textile sling which is soft and easy to handle whilst offering rigidity
across their width. They are available as single-leg, endless or multiple leg slings with a choice of
terminations.
These qualities make them ideal for handling loads which require some support when being lifted
as the load is spread across the full width of the webbing, thus avoiding point contact as is the
case with chains or ropes. They are therefore less liable to damage finished surfaces than rope,
wire rope or chain slings. However, they are less robust and more easily damaged than equivalent
capacity wire rope and chain slings.
Sewn Webbing Component

The sewn webbing component is that part of the sling comprising woven webbing only including
the stitching, i.e. an endless sling, a single sling with soft eyes or a single sling excluding its
terminal fittings if any.
All stitching used to make the sling is made from the same thread material as the webbing itself
(so all properties are the same) and a locking stitch machine is used for the process. The
lockstitch uses two threads: ‘upper’ and a ‘lower’. The two threads lock together in the fabric
which they pass through, hence the name ‘lockstitch’.

The stitches of the seam run across the sections of the webbing to be sewn together; the stitching
must lay flat and not have loops above the surface of the webbing which could be caught and
damaged whilst in use.
The ends of cut webbing are treated to prevent them from fraying and coming apart. Treatment of
cut ends by heating is normally used which melts the material and seals the fibres. As this process
can produce a sharp edge, the stitching of the sling avoids running across it.
Did you know?

Some webbing material is pre-treated which avoids the need to heat seal the edge of the
webbing. In this case, the stitching can run over the cut edge.
Working load limit
Marked on the sewn webbing component and indicated by any colour codes or stripe markings. It
is the maximum load that the sewn webbing component may sustain when it is in straight pull.
Note: For use in normal conditions, the SWL of a single leg sling in a straight pull, or an endless
sling in a straight pull, will be equal to the WLL.

Capacity The capacity of the sling is related to the width and thickness of the
webbing. Slings are available as ‘Simplex’ (a single length of webbing), or, in
order to provide a fuller range of capacities or allow a narrower sling,
‘Duplex’ or multi-layer slings are available, although it must be realised that
this results in some loss of flexibility.
Sling width There is a wide range of flat woven webbing slings in a range of widths from
25mm to 450mm.
Mode factor This is a numerical value which is applied to the marked working load limit of
a sewn webbing component to determine the maximum load which the sling
may lift according to the mode of use and assembly, e.g. choke hitch, basket
hitch, single or multiple slinging.
Protective sleeve: a tubular sleeve, either fixed or movable, which may be of leather, woven fabric
or other material placed over the webbing to provide extra protection to the webbing. It has no
effect on the strength of the sling. Similar protection may also be given to soft eyes.
Soft eye: this may be used to terminate a sling leg. It is formed by folding the webbing back on
itself in the form of a loop, the free end of which is then sewn back to the body of the webbing so
forming an eye. There are many variations of the soft eye which are available to suit the mode and
method of use. The three main variations are the flat eye, reversed eye and folded eye.
Metal fittings: Terminal fittings must be compatible with the other items to which they may be
attached. The use of metal terminal fittings allows for more arduous conditions of wear on the

sling eye and permits wide webbings to be readily attached directly onto the hooks of lifting
appliances without the need for other fittings, e.g. shackles. They help to ensure that the load is
taken evenly across the width of the webbing. If the sling is always to be used in straight pull or in
basket hitch, metal ‘D’ links or eye plates may be used. If the sling is to be reeved into choke hitch,
choker ‘D’ links or eye-plates may be used. These allow one plate to pass through the other and
also enable the sling to be used in straight pull or in basket hitch.
Did you know?

Some webbing material is pre-treated which avoids the need to heat seal the edge of the
webbing. In this case, the stitching can run over the cut edge.
Selvedge: the natural woven edge of the material produced by the weaving process and which
therefore is free of cutting, folding and stitching.
Effective Working Length (EWL): the actual finished length of the flat woven webbing sling,
inclusive of fittings, from bearing point to bearing point.

Identification: an international system of colour-coded labels, which carry the information

necessary to be marked on a sling (see marking), has therefore been adopted in standards as
follows:
§ Polyester- blue
§ Polyamide - green
§ Polypropylene - brown
§ Aramid Polyamide - yellow (where used regionally)
§
Flat-woven webbing slings and roundslings are colour coded to signify the WLL of the sewn
webbing component in straight pull. This must not be confused with the WLL of the completed
sling assembly, which may be different. The marking information must always be read to
establish the WLL of the sling assembly.
It is however usual to find black coloured slings in the entertainment and events industry. This
is so that their visual impact in stage and theatre rigging is minimised. Therefore the colour
alone should never be assumed as the WLL and reference should always be made to the label.
This is an equally true statement for roundslings which will be covered in our next section.

Traceability code: the traceability code, which is to be included in the marking, should provide the
following basic elements of the manufacturing record for traceability purposes:
§ Identification of webbing
§ Identification of manufacturer's control
§ Identification and grade of fittings
§ This information is marked in the sling identification label and is sewn into the eye or the
joining stitches of the sling.
NOTES:
Manufacturer’s Certification, Statement of Conformity / Test Record
Flat woven webbing slings are not subject to proof load testing, as this could be detrimental to the
sling and will not reveal any additional information. They are however subject to strength tests made
on a number of representative slings during manufacture. Depending on the standard being worked
to, a manufacturer’s certificate or statement of conformity is supplied with each sling.
Note: A statement of conformity is not the same as a Declaration of Conformity which is a document
required by some national legislation.

This confirms compliance with the manufacturing standard and certifies that such manufacturing
and sampling tests as required have been completed. In the case of slings with integral fittings, this
will also contain details of the verification of the fittings.
Chemical resistance If the webbing sling is to be used in a chemical environment, the

supplier/manufacturer should always be consulted for advice. Man-made
fibres offer high resistance to chemicals and can, subject to correct
material selection, be used in certain chemical environments without
detriment.
• Polyamide [nylon] is virtually immune to the effects of alkalis. It is

attacked by moderate strength acids, but it is attacked by
moderate strength acids
• Polyester is resistant to moderate strength acids but is damaged
by alkalis
• Polypropylene is little affected by acids and alkalis but is
damaged by solvents, tars and paints
• Aramid Polyamide is resistant to weak acids and alkalis
• Terminal fittings: Certain grades of steel are susceptible to
hydrogen embrittlement as the result of contact with acids. This
can seriously reduce the ductility and load-bearing capacity, and
cause cracking and catastrophic brittle failures at stresses below
the yield stress of the material. Other metals may be subject to
corrosion. The advice of the supplier should always be sought
when selecting flat woven webbing slings and/or fittings for use
in chemical environments
Temperature Webbing slings are suitable for use within the following temperature
ranges:
• Polypropylene - 40°C to 80°C

• Polyester and polyamide [nylon] - 40°C to 100°C
• Aramid Polyamide -50°C to 130°C
Care must be taken when selecting slings for use at low temperatures.
Although the qualities of the materials used for flat woven webbing slings
makes them suitable for use at temperatures as low as -40°C, if moisture
is present, ice will be formed. Ice will both act as an abrasive and cutting
agent and will damage the sling. Slings selected for use at low
temperatures should be dry and steps must be taken to prevent ice
forming on or, more importantly, between the woven strands of the
webbing.
Ultraviolet radiation All textile fibres become brittle as the result of exposure to sunlight or
other sources of ultra-violet radiation. This is known as solar degradation.
Its effect is more pronounced in man-made fibres, but it is hard to detect
until at an advanced stage. Then, very quickly, they will become brittle,
turn to powder and crumble away.
During the manufacturing stage man-made fibres, intended for use in

sling manufacture, are subject to a process known as stabilising. Whilst
this does not prevent solar degradation it does slow down the rate of this
effect.

Effects of water (wetting)
• Polyamide loses up to 10% of its strength when wet

• Polyester and Polypropylene are unaffected by water and therefore the strength remains
unchanged when wet
Critical Components:
• Webbing material
• Stitching
• Soft eye protection
• Metal fittings
• Identification labels/tags
Marking Requirements
The marking may be directed onto the sling or on a sewn-on label. This marking must be such that
it will not affect the safety of the sling when in use. Depending on the standard being worked to, for
some slings the material of the webbing will be identified by the colour of the label: for polyamide
(nylon) this will be green, polyester blue, polypropylene brown and Aramid Polyamide yellow.
Terminal fittings should be individually marked to identify them with the appropriate record. In
addition to the marking required by the applicable standard and legislation the marking on the label
should indicate the following minimum information:
SWL:
Marks:
Length:
Material:
Manufacturer:
Year:
Mode Factor:

Some slings are dyed with a colour code to indicate the working load limit of the sewn webbing
component. The WLL may also be indicated by stripes or lines running along the length of the sling,
i.e. 1 stripe = 1 tonne, 2 stripes = 2 tonnes and so on. These colours and markings relate to the WLL
of the sewn webbing component only and older slings may be marked with alternative colours or no
specific colouring. For these reasons and due to the fact that a large proportion of the working
population are colour blind to some degree, the user should always check the label to confirm the
WLL of the sling.
Did you know?

The webbing sling must regularly be thoroughly examined by a competent person to check
whether it is safe to use. LEEA recommends that this is to be done within a maximum period of
6 months unless a written scheme of examination (for guidance refer to LEEA 032 Guidance to
Written Schemes of Examination), drawn up by a competent person is in place and operating.
Reports of thorough examination should be compliant with the legal requirements or the LEEA
template report documents, retained and cross-referenced to the sling’s historical records for
inspection by the Competent Person or the enforcement authority.
Any defects found by the examination should be reported to the owner of the equipment, who must
assess the root cause of the defect and implement procedures to prevent reoccurrence, e.g. training
of operators, increased inspections, etc., before remedying the equipment and returning it to
service.
Overload testing is not recommended!

Question: “…unless a mandatory requirement of the applicable national legislation or

manufacturer, LEEA does not recommend the routine overload testing of slings”.
£ True
£ False
NOTES:
Surface chafing: some chafing will occur and is unavoidable. If this is confined to the surface fibres
as opposed to the yarns, it has no effect on the safe use. However, in extreme cases, the faces of
the webbing become so worn that the outer yarns are severed
• Localised abrasion: if the webbing shows signs of local abrasion, as opposed to general
wear, serious loss of strength may occur
• Sling eyes and the eye protection: paying particular attention to the point where the eye
passes around other lifting accessories or fittings as this is likely to be the point of the
highest wear
• Cuts: longitudinal and across the webbing, paying particular attention to the selvedges
(edges) of the sling as even a small nick in the selvedge of the webbing can seriously
weaken the strength of the sling
• Soiling: this can conceal damage which is very difficult for the examiner to see. Where
necessary they should be washed in clean water or in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions. Grit and dirt will pick up on the rope fibres and can cause rapid wear and
abrasion
• Chemical attack: which may be indicated by the flaking of the surface fibres which will
then be able to be picked or rubbed off
• Heat and friction damage: this can be seen by the surface taking on a glazed appearance
and signs of the fibres fusing together

Weld splatter: textile slings are often used in welding processes as they insulate the workpiece
from the lifting appliance. Weld splatter will cause localised burning and will be embedded in the
webbing, causing internal abrasion.
• Damaged stitching or loosening of the threads

• If the textile webbing sling has terminal fittings like master links and hooks fitted, then
these should always be examined paying particular attention to permanent deformation,
cracks or cuts, wear (maximum 8%), corrosion, stretched or twisted hooks, inoperative or
missing safety catches
• Check tolerances of manufacturing length are correct, especially where slings are used in
pairs which could be dangerous
This section covers man-made fibre roundslings for multi-purpose use made of Polyamide (Nylon),
Polyester, Polypropylene and Aramid Polyamide. It should be noted that anything other than a
roundsling as defined in this section is excluded (e.g. an endless rope sling).
The most popular roundslings are usually supplied as single endless slings, manufactured in
polyester in a range of working load limits up to 12 tonnes, although there is no restriction and
higher capacities are becoming more commonly available. Roundslings of 1 metre to 6-metre

effective working length are readily available but other lengths can be readily manufactured to
order and again there is no restriction other than that imposed by the capacity of the
manufacturing equipment. Similarly, slings in polyamide and polypropylene can be supplied to
order.
A man-made roundsling is soft and pliable to use. It is easy and light to handle and is particularly
useful when lifting loads with delicate surfaces. They are however less robust that chain and wire
rope slings and can be easily damaged if used, transported or stored incorrectly.
A roundsling is a sling comprising a core enclosed in a protective cover.
NOTES:
Core
This is a hank of yarn, made up of one or more strands of the parent material which are wound
together in a continuous loop and joined to make an endless sling. This core is the load-bearing part
of the sling. An outer sleeve made of the same material as the core yarns, contains the inner core
and protects it from wear, damage and contamination.

Cover: the cover is made from webbing which is woven from identical parent material to the core,
and it is made with the ends overlapped and sewn. The edges of the woven cover material are
finished in such a way that they cannot unravel. If the cover is hot-welded, care must be taken to
ensure that the welding does not affect the core.
Note: the cover is designed to be non-load bearing; its sole purpose is to contain the core and
protect it from contamination.
§ Protective sleeve: not to be confused with the roundsling cover. This is a sleeve which is
fitted to the roundsling on top of the cover, protecting part of the overall sling length. It is a
loose sleeve that slides around the sling circumference. The protective sleeve does not
affect the strength of the sling in any way
§ Effective Working Length (EWL): the effective working length of a roundsling is equal to
half its circumference
§ Terminal and connection fittings: these are loadbearing metal components, supplied as
part of a roundsling which allows it to be attached to other lifting accessories, connected to
other roundslings to form a multi-leg sling assembly or connected to the hook of a crane or
other lifting machine. They may be permanely attached to the roundsling in the course of
manufacture or, more commonly, fitted by the means of metal connecting fitting, otherwise
known as a coupling component

Working Load Limit: the working load limit marked on the roundsling label and indicated by any
colour codes or stripe markings is the maximum load that the sling may sustain when it is in a straight
pull condition of loading
NOTE:
The covers of slings to BS EN 1492-2 and the latest version of BS 6668: Part 2 are dyed with a
colour code to indicate the working load limit of the roundsling in straight pull.
The WLL may also be indicated by stripes or lines running along the length of the sling:
i.e. 1 stripe = 1 tonne, 2 stripes = 2 tonnes, etc.
Older slings may be marked with alternative colours or no specific colouring. For these reasons and
due to the fact that a proportion of the working population are colour blind to some degree, the user
should always check the label to confirm the WLL of the sling.
Mode Factor This is a numerical value which is applied to the marked working load limit
of a sewn webbing component to determine the maximum load which the
sling may lift according to the mode of use and assembly, e.g. choke
hitch, basket hitch, single or multiple slinging.
Identification An international system of colour-coded labels, which carry the

information necessary to be marked on a sling (see marking), has
therefore been adopted in standards as follows:
• Polyester- blue
• Polyamide - green
• Polypropylene - brown
• Aramid Polyamide - yellow (where used regionally)

NOTES:

Safety Requirements
Manufacturer’s Certification, Statement of Conformity / Test Certificate
Roundslings are not subject to proof load testing, as this could be detrimental to the sling and will
not reveal any additional information. They are however subject to strength tests made on
representative slings during manufacture. Depending on the standard being worked to, a
manufacturer’s certificate or statement of conformity is supplied with each roundsling. This
confirms compliance with the manufacturing standard and certifies that such manufacturing and
sampling tests as required have been completed. In the case of slings with integral fittings, this will
also contain details of the verification of the fittings.
Note: A statement of conformity is not the same as a Declaration of Conformity which is a

document required by some national legislation.
Chemical Resistance
If the roundsling is to be used in a chemical environment, consult the supplier for advice. Man-
made fibres offer high resistance to chemicals and can, subject to correct material selection, be
used in certain chemical environments without detriment.
• Polyester is resistant to moderate strength acids but is damaged by alkalis

• Polyamide (nylon) is virtually immune to the effect of alkalis but is attacked by moderate
strength acids
• Polypropylene is little affected by either acids or alkalis but is damaged by some solvents,
tars, paints etc. It is suitable for applications where the highest resistance to chemicals,
other than solvents, is required
• Aramid Polyamide is resistant to weak acids and alkalis
• Terminal fittings: Certain grades of steel are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement as the
result of contact with acids. This can seriously reduce the ductility and load-bearing
capacity, and cause cracking and catastrophic brittle failures at stresses below the yield
stress of the material. Other metals may be subject to corrosion. The advice of the supplier
should always be sought when selecting flat woven webbing slings and/or fittings for use
in chemical environments
Temperature
Roundslings are suitable for use within the following temperature ranges:
• Polypropylene - 40°C to 80°C

• Polyester and polyamide [nylon] - 40°C to 100°C
• Aramid Polyamide -50°C to 130°C

Care must be taken when selecting slings for use at low temperatures. Although the qualities of
the materials used for roundslings makes them suitable for use at temperatures as low as -40°C, if
moisture is present, ice will be formed. Ice will both act as an abrasive and cutting agent and will
damage the sling. Slings selected for use at low temperatures should be dry and steps must be
taken to prevent ice forming on or, more importantly, between the strands of the sling core or the
cover.
Ultraviolent radiation
All textile fibres become brittle as the result of exposure to sunlight or other sources of ultra-
violet radiation. This is known as solar degradation. Its effect is more pronounced in man-made
fibres, but it is hard to detect until at an advanced stage. Then, very quickly, they will become
brittle, turn to powder and crumble away. During the manufacturing stage man-made fibres,
intended for use in sling manufacture, are subject to a process known as stabilising. Whilst this
does not prevent solar degradation it does slow down the rate of this effect.
Effects of water (wetting)
• Polyamide loses up to 10% of its strength when wet

• Polyester and Polypropylene are unaffected by water and therefore strength remains
unchanged when wet
Summary:
Critical Components: Cover, Stitching, Metal fittings (coupling components), Identification

labels/tags
Marking Requirements
Marking should be directed onto the outer cover or on a label attached to the outer cover of the
roundsling.
This marking must be such that it will not affect the safety of the sling when in use. Depending on
the standard being worked to for some slings the material from which the sling is constructed will
be identified by the colour of the label:
• Polyester slings will be blue

• Polyamide (nylon) green
• Polypropylene brown
• Aramid Polyamide yellow

Question: The information required by the applicable legislation and standard the markings
on the label should indicate the following minimum information: (Select ALL that apply)
£ Self weight of the sling

£ SWL in straight pull for single or endless slings, or for the appropriate range of angles in the
case of multileg slings
£ Distinguishing mark(s)
£ Date of last thorough examination
£ Nominal length
£ The material the roundsling is made from
£ Manufacturer’s name or identification
£ Name of last examiner
£ Year of manufacture
£ Mode factors or SWLs for various modes of use and the grade of fitting (if applicable)
NOTES:

Did you know?

Some slings are dyed with a colour code to indicate the working load limit of the roundsling in
straight pull. The WLL may also be indicated by stripes or lines running along the length of the
sling, i.e. 1 stripe = 1 tonne, 2 stripes = 2 tonnes and so on. Older slings may be marked with
alternative colours or no specific colouring. For these reasons and due to the fact that a large
proportion of the working population are colour blind to some degree, the user should always
check the label to confirm the WLL of the sling.
The roundsling must regularly be thoroughly examined by a Competent Person to check whether
it remains safe to use.
This is to be done within a maximum period of 6 months unless a written scheme of examination (for
guidance refer to LEEA 032 Guidance to Written Schemes of Examination), drawn up by a competent
person is in place and operating.
inspection by the Competent Person or the enforcement authority. Any defects found by the
examination should be reported to the owner of the equipment who must assess the root cause of
the defect and implement procedures to prevent reoccurrence, e.g. training of operators, increased
inspections, etc., before remedying the equipment and returning it to service. The competent person
may deem it necessary to supplement their examination with testing. Such testing could be NDT,
overload testing, etc. The nature and extent of testing is always at the discretion of the competent
person in support of their thorough examination.
Note: unless a mandatory requirement of the applicable national legislation or manufacturer,

LEEA does not recommend the routine overload testing of slings.
• Chemical attack. Normally difficult to detect until advanced deterioration has occurred. In
an advanced state, surface powdering occurs. Possible loss of colouring of the sleeve.
Unless the manufacturer has agreed to such usage and a safe system of work has been
agreed, slings exposed to chemicals (e.g. acids, alkalis, solvents) should be washed and
cleaned in water and withdrawn from service for examination by a Competent Person
• Illegible marking or missing label, i.e. the sling identification mark and safe working loads
• Soiling. Heavy soiling can obscure damage, making detection during inspection difficult. It
can also make identification difficult by obscuring any marking or colour coding. Grit and
dirt will pick up on the face of the cover and can cause rapid wear and abrasion. Clean the
sling in an approved manner but if the soiling is such that cleaning has little or no effect,
withdraw from service and refer to a Competent Person
• Check tolerances of manufacturing length are correct, especially where slings are used in
pairs which could be dangerous
• Knotted slings or those that have been tied together for shortening purposes should be
removed from service

Only use cleaning agents approved by the manufacturer, whose instructions on its use must be
sought and followed. Clean water may however be freely used.

Question: Recap question: Recap Question: An international system of colour-coded labels,

which carry the information necessary to be marked on a sling - from the options below - select
the CORRECT label and colour. (Select one answer)
£ Polyamide - Brown
£ Polyamide - Yellow
£ Polyamide - Green
£ Polyamide - Blue
NOTES:

Chain Slings
Types of load chain
Chain is the most basic of lifting media, and although it is far heavier than rope it has a far longer
life and is far more robust. It can better withstand rough usage, is less likely to damage, is almost
perfectly flexible and can be stored for long periods without serious deterioration.
In use it tends to show evidence of damage better than wire rope or textiles, consequently
examination is more reliable. Therefore, it remains the principal component of much lifting
equipment. In this unit we will consider the various grades of chain in use in our industry today.
Chain slings manufactured from wrought iron are obsolete and no longer available. Similarly, mild
steel chain slings were rendered obsolete in the early 1980’s following the publication of newer
standards which specifically exclude the use of this grade of chain for lifting applications.
However, it is possible that examples of wrought iron and mild steel chain slings may occasionally
be found in service, but their continued use is not recommended by LEEA and they are therefore
outside the scope of this course.
At the present time, the majority of chain slings in service are grade 8 or grade 80 (or T – See note
below about the use of letter grades in older standards). Other grades, notably 40, M, 4 and, to a
lesser degree, 60, S, 6, of welded construction may also be found in service and are therefore
covered by this code of practice. Grades 8, 80 and T have a breaking load twice that of grades 40,
M, 4 and are therefore lighter for the same strength.
Key note
Older national and international standards permitted the use of either letters or numbers to
indicate the grade of the chain irrespective of its intended use. However, most modern standards
now reserve the use of numbers to indicate the grade of medium tolerance chain for chain slings
and the use of letters to indicate the grade of fine tolerance chain for lifting appliances.
Although not yet standardised in many parts of the world, grade 10, or higher, chain slings are
available and gaining in popularity
Short link chain
A short link chain is the only chain allowed for lifting purposes.
• ‘Fine tolerance’ chain is used in lifting machines

o Usually grade T, DT or DAT
§ Each link must fit precisely into the load pocket wheel of the hoist!
• ‘Medium tolerance’ chain is used generally in the manufacture of lifting slings
o Usually, grade 8

o Can be found marked T(8)
Grade T chain slings
Chain slings made in the UK between 1981 and 1997 may show the letter ‘T’ or as a grade mark.
Students should therefore make themselves familiar in the recognition of fine tolerance and
medium tolerance chains by looking at as many examples as possible and referring to the chain
manufacturer if in doubt.
Long Link Chain
In the past, certain types of chain sling were made from or included, ‘long link’ chain. It should be
noted that the European Machinery Directive only permits the use of a short link chain for lifting
purposes and therefore the use of a long link chain is prohibited. This is generally the case for all
known standards.
Grading of Chain Slings
Recognising Different Chain Grades
A fine tolerance chain may be recognised in two ways.
The calibrating process has the effect of removing all of the residual scales from the heat
treatment process and many of the finish treatments include corrosion-resistant finishes. As a
result, it has a bright finish and of course, there is also the grade mark. Fine tolerance chains to BS
EN 818 use the letters ‘T’, ‘DAT’ and ‘DT’ to indicate the type of treatment given to the chain and its
intended application.
Chains in all of these grades may not be covered by European Standards. Grade T (Fine
Tolerance) and 8 (Medium Tolerance) is currently the highest standardised grade of chain.

This grading system has also been applied to hooks, links, shackles and other accessories,
indicating their strength compatibility with the appropriate grade of chain.
Should a sling be found in use manufactured from fine tolerance chain grades, it should be
removed from service immediately. However, there is a slight problem here, which may apply to
some older chain slings that can still be found in use.
A fine tolerance chain is a chain which has been manufactured to precise dimensions for use as a
load chain in lifting appliances - it is outside of the scope of this course, however it is important
that we know a little about it.
Medium tolerance chain is used to manufacture chain slings. It has to be more ductile in order to
withstand shock loading in use, however, in use it is not subject to wear and can therefore have a
softer outer surface. As it does not mate with other moving parts it does not need to have such a
precise pitch.
Note- This grading system has also been applied to chain sling components to indicate their
strength compatibility with the appropriate grade of a chain.
Nominal size: the nominated size of the round section of steel wire or bar from which the chain is
made. That is, for example, a nominal 7mm chain has a link diameter of 7mm.
Material diameter: this is the measured diameter of the chain link or its actual diameter.
Pitch: this is the internal length of a chain link as measured.
Heat treatment: all load chain is subjected to the appropriate heat treatment specified in the
standard to which it is manufactured, for the particular type and grade of a chain. This is carried
out before the application of the manufacturing proof force.

Surface finish: the `finished' condition for load chain can be of different types depending on the
standard to which it is manufactured. For example, chains are supplied with various surface
finishes including natural black (i.e. furnace scaled), de-scaled, electroplated or painted.
Grade marks: the chain grade mark should appear at regular intervals throughout the entire length
of the load chain. By way of example, British standards call for the grade mark of the chain to
appear at every 20th link or, at intervals of 1 metre, whichever is the least distance. The links must
be stamped or embossed on the least stressed part of the chain, i.e. on the side of the link
opposite the weld.

Question: Recap question: Short link chain used in lifting machines is:
£ Fine tolerance
£ Medium tolerance
NOTES:
Manufacturer’s Certificate
A certificate of test and examination stating the load chain conformance to the relevant standard
supplied to the purchaser. Typically, the information on the certificate will include:
§ The name and address of the manufacturer or his authorized representative, including the
date of issue of the certificate and authentication
§ Number and Part(s) of the relevant standard
§ Quantity and description of the chain of which the test sample is representative
§ Identification of the chain of which the test sample is representative
§ Nominal size of chain
§ Manufacturing proof force
§ Breaking force, in kilonewtons (i.e. confirmation that the specified minimum breaking force
was met or exceeded)
§ Total ultimate elongation at fracture, as a percentage (i.e. confirmation that the specified
Minimum total ultimate elongation has been met or exceeded)
Components and Assembly Methods

Chain sling assemblies are manufactured in various material and heat-treatment combinations to
produce the different grades and to suit differing service conditions. The end fittings are attached
to the chain by means of one or more welded links, or by mechanical joining devices.
All grades are available in welded construction but only grades 8 (or 80), 10 (or 100) and 12 (or
120) are available constructed with mechanical joining devices.

Chain connector pins: these pins are common for connecting components to the load chain.
Manufacturers use their own patented pins of different shapes and sizes, usually oval or
round in shape. They are held securely in place using roll pins. Some connectors use 1, others
have two roll pins.
Chain coupling component: some systems employ fittings with large eyes through which half
a coupler is passed; the other half of the coupler is passed through the end link of the chain.
Couplers are available for a chain to chain, chain to eye type fitting and chain to master link
attachment. The two halves of the coupler fit together and a locking/load pin passes through
the centre to hold them together. The locking pin is kept in position by a central retaining
collar, spring clips or circlip type fixings.
Adjustable slings: Most manufacturers can incorporate shortening devices into all sling
assemblies rendering them adjustable. Shortening clutches are the preferred devices for
adjusting leg length as they maintain the correct ‘in line loading’ of the chain so that the rating
is not affected. The use of hooks that lock onto a link of the chain, commonly known as grab
hooks, is not recommended for this purpose as they involve a transverse or oblique loading
on the chain. If a manufacturer provides grab hooks for shortening purposes, their
recommendations on de-rating must be sought and followed. Another, more appropriate, type
of grab hook that is sometimes used is the cradle type and again if using these the
shortening clutch : preferred
grab hook : not recommended (refer to manufacturer instruction, derating is
required)
© LEEA Academy – LAC (Global) – Workbook 2022 cradle hook: not recommended (refer to manufacturer instruction, derating is
required)
manufacturer’s instructions must be strictly adhered to. Shortening devices in multi-leg slings
will adjust the leg length, but care must be taken to ensure that no one leg is overloaded as a
result. Bear in mind that if the legs are not equally disposed about the vertical, the leg making
the smaller angle to the vertical will carry a larger share of the load. Such shortening devices
MUST be used correctly with the load-bearing chain always leading out from the bottom of
the device.
General precautions
Mechanically assembled chain system components are supplied by the system manufacturer in
hardened and tempered conditions. As the assembly of the sling does not affect the material
condition no further heat treatment is necessary, indeed it would be positively dangerous.
This is particularly important when chain slings are used around heat, such as welding, or in a
galvanising plant process area.
Common chain sling assemblies

The most commonly used chain sling assemblies are referred to in this course. Other special
assemblies may be devised for lifting specific unusually shaped loads. Although the upper terminal
fittings are usually links, rings were also permitted in some standards, but LEEA does not
recommend their use.

Rating chain slings

When a multi-leg sling is used with the sling legs at an angle, the load in the individual sling legs
will increase as the angle to the vertical (included angle between the legs) becomes greater.
Traditionally, the angle has been measured as the included angle α (alpha) between the legs of a
two-leg sling and between the diagonally opposite legs of a four-leg sling. As three-leg slings do
not have an ‘opposite’ leg it was taken for these as twice the angle to the vertical. This assumed
that the legs would be symmetrically disposed of in the plan.
In order to emphasise that the angle of each leg to the vertical affects the share of the load, it will
carry and to remove the anomaly with three leg slings. It should therefore be noted that the
traditional method of measuring the included angle α (alpha) between the legs of a two-leg sling
and between the diagonally opposite legs of a four-leg sling is no longer recommended by LEEA,
and the angle between the leg and the vertical β (beta) should be used instead.

It is possible that some multi-leg slings in service will be marked with the rating expressed at the
included angle or range of angles, e.g. 0-90°. However, based on the above for this course, the
rating is expressed at the range of angles of a leg to the vertical, e.g. 0-45°. This is based on new
methods that have been used in previous LEEA training courses, however, as the courses have
now been written to reflect equipment that will be found in service and the acceptance that some
geographical regions have not yet adopted the new approach, reference is also made to the
included angle.
Method of Rating
If a sling is to be used safely, allowance must be made for this angle and this is achieved by rating
the sling in one of two ways. The two methods of rating are often known as the ‘uniform load
method’ and the ‘trigonometric method’
It should be noted that the uniform load method is the only method of rating multipurpose slings
used in harmonised European standards.
The uniform load method must be used for general purpose lifting. The trigonometric rating is
more suited to engineered lifts or where fitted to a fixed lifting frame or beam.
Uniform Load Permits only one working load limit up to an angle of 45° to the vertical (90°
Method included angle) and a reduced working load limit at angles between 45° and
60° to the vertical (90° and 120° included angle). This is the recommended
method which should be used for all multipurpose slings Working load limits are
derived from the following:
• Single leg sling = 1.0 x WLL

of a single leg
• Two leg sling 0-45° (included angle 0-90°) = 1.4 x WLL
of a single leg
• Two leg sling 45°-60° (included angle 90° -120°) = 1.0 x WLL
of a single leg
• Three and four leg sling 0-45° (included angle 0-90°) = 2.1 x
WLL of a single leg
• Three and four leg sling 45°-60° (included angle 90° -120°) = 1.5 x
WLL of a single leg
The uniform load method simplifies matters by removing the need for
calculations and reducing the need for the operative to determine angles.
Whilst the uniform load method of rating is most easily applied to equipment
such as multi-leg slings, it may, with advantage, also be applied to such items
as, for example, eyebolts when used in pairs.
Standards where the uniform load method has been used, rate a multipurpose
four-leg sling at the same working load limit as a three-leg sling of the same
size and grade. This assumes that the load may only be taken by only three of
the four legs. However, some national standards have now been amended such
that they work on the assumption that the load may be carried by two of the
legs.
Trigonometric This method provides for a variation in the working load limit as the angle to the
Method vertical (or the angle between the sling legs) varies. It was traditionally used in
the UK, but in order to use it for multipurpose applications, the operative must
be provided with tables showing the safe working loads at various angles for
each size of chain, rope, etc. It also requires the operative to be trained in
judging a range of angles and has the inherent danger that if he should
misjudge these, the sling may well be overloaded.

Although the uniform load method was introduced several years ago, some
manufacturers continued to rate and mark multipurpose slings by the
trigonometric method. Slings intended for multipurpose use marked this way
will not comply with the requirements of harmonised standards and it is
strongly recommended that this method should be used only for slings
designed for a single purpose, as specified in the withdrawn standard, BS 6166
Part 1. Working load limits are derived from the following:
• Single leg sling = 1 x WLL of a single leg

• Two leg sling = 2 x WLL of a single leg x cos β
• Three leg sling = 3 x WLL of a single leg x cos β
• Four leg sling = 4 x WLL of a single leg x cos β
Where β is equal to the angle between the sling leg and the vertical (i.e. half the
included angle α).
In the case of a single purpose four-leg sling designed for exclusive use in an
application where the load will clearly be shared by the four legs, it is
permissible to calculate the working load limit on that basis.
NOTE
Some standards do not recommend the rating of three leg slings at included angles greater
than 90°. This is due to the possible hazard of a user assuming that the ‘included angle’
referred to the angle between the legs of the sling instead of twice the angle of a leg to the
vertical. Where slings are rated and marked on the basis of the angle to the vertical, this
hazard does not exist.
Many national and international standards are now in favour of the uniform load method, largely
on the grounds of safety and simplicity. However, this does not exclude the trigonometric
method when working to national standards that allow it within their scope or with justified
reason to deviate from the uniform load method. This code recommends that the uniform load
method is used for all multipurpose applications and that the trigonometric method should be
restricted to slings designed and used for a single purpose.
Uniform v. Trigonometric Rating example:
Uniform load method sling:
• 7mm (1.5t) 2-legged chain sling 0-45°

• 2 x Cos β x WLL of single leg
• 2 x 0.7 x 1.5t = WLL 2.1t

Trigonometric load method sling:
• 7mm (1.5t) 2-legged chain sling @ 40°

• 2 x Cos β x WLL of single leg
• 2 x 0.766 x 1.5t = WLL 2.3t (2.298t)
Re-marking of chain sling rating method:

It should be clearly understood by the lifting equipment examiner that whilst equipment designed
to be used under the trigonometric method may be re-rated and marked according to the uniform
load method, the reverse is NOT always possible and may be dangerous. It is therefore
recommended that to avoid confusion, all items of a given type (e.g. all chain slings) at the location
should be rated and marked by the same method.
The method of expressing and marking the rating at the angle to the vertical also raises the
question of how a user, with existing slings rated by the uniform load method but marked with the
‘included angle’, will avoid confusion when introducing new slings marked with the ‘angle of
inclination’. It is LEEA’s recommendation that the user should consider whether a programme of re-
marking is worthwhile, bearing in mind the expected life of the slings. Irrespective of whether
existing slings are re-marked, there will inevitably be a period when both systems are in use. We
therefore further recommend that all operatives are made aware and trained to recognise the
differences.
NOTES:
Rating assumptions
We have looked at both the uniform load and trigonometric methods of rating chain slings, we
need to be mindful that both methods assume certain conditions of use which are imposed to
ensure that no part of the sling can become overloaded.
It is important to understand that although the weight to be lifted may be within the maximum
lifting capacity of the sling, lifting it in the wrong way can place an excess of the load onto one part
of the sling.

Although deviations from the assumed conditions have the same effect whichever method of
rating is used, it varies in degree and it is with the multipurpose slings where the designer has the
least information about possible applications and where the responsibility to make allowance for
the actual method of slinging employed therefore lies with the user.
The first of the assumptions is that the sling legs are symmetrically disposed of in a plan, i.e. for
three leg slings, all included angles between the legs in the plan are equal; for four leg slings,
opposite included angles between adjacent legs, in a plan, are equal.
The effect of tilt of the load during the lifting operation is also significant and becomes
increasingly more so as the included angle between the legs decreases. As tilt increases, the
loading in the leg on the ‘downhill’ side (i.e. the leg with the smaller angle to the vertical) increases.
The second assumption, particularly applicable to multi-leg slings but also applicable to single leg
and endless slings where more than one is used, is that all legs are of identical materials and load-
bearing capacity. Assumptions are also made with regard to the method of attachment. Single leg
and multi-leg slings are rated for use with the leg or legs in a ‘straight pull’, i.e. the legs are not
bent around the load, choked, back hooked or otherwise prevented from taking up a straight line
under load. There may be some variation from these assumptions, and this may in fact be
desirable offering a more secure way of attaching to certain loads.
Endless slings have fewer variations of use, but it should be remembered that the slinging factor
for endless chain and wire rope slings assumes choke hitch, whereas the standard rating for
textile slings assumes a straight pull.
In all cases, it is also assumed that, at the points of attachment to both the lifting appliance and
the load, the radii around which the sling passes are large enough to avoid damage to the sling. In
the case of chain and wire rope endless slings, the rating takes account of the chain and wire rope
being bent around itself on the bight.

Adverse Conditions
In adverse environments, the SWL must be reduced from a value equal to the working load limit, in
accordance with the following recommendations.
High-temperature conditions: As the temperature which a sling attains in service increases, its
strength decreases. Care must be taken to account for the maximum temperature which can be
reached by the sling in service. This may be difficult to determine in practice, but under-estimation
of the temperature involved must be avoided.
Low temperature conditions: Chain slings covered by most standards will not be adversely
affected by temperatures down to minus 40°C (see note below) and no reduction from the
working load limit is, therefore, necessary on this account. Where slings are to be used at
temperatures below minus 40°C, the manufacturer should be consulted.
Depending on the manufacturing processes some grades of chain can only

be used as low as minus 20°C.
Care must therefore be taken to ensure the correct chain is selected and
advice sought from a Competent Person and manufacturers literature.
Acidic and Alkaline conditions
Chain slings manufactured to Grades S, T, 8 (or 80), 10 (or 100) and 12 (or 120) should not be used
either immersed in acid solutions or exposed to acid fumes, as this can cause and phenomena
known as hydrogen embrittlement or hydrogen cracking, that can seriously reduce the ductility

and loadbearing capacity, cause cracking and catastrophic brittle failures at stresses below the
yield stress of sling material.
Certain coating processes, i.e. galvanizing, give rise to these conditions. Slings of Grade S, T, 8
(80), 10 (100) and 12 (120) should not, therefore, be used in such an environment nor should they
be subjected to such processes themselves without the express approval in writing from the
manufacturers.
Chain slings of Grade 40, M or 4 may be used in such an environment subject to the following
precautions:
§ The SWL of such a sling should not be greater than 50% of the working load limit
§ The sling should be thoroughly washed in clean water immediately after use
§ The sling should be given a thorough examination by a Competent Person prior to use
each day
In other conditions in which the sling is likely to be subjected to chemical attack, the manufacturer
should be consulted.
NOTES:

Critical Components
• Load chain
• Master link and intermediate links
• Component fittings (hooks, shortening devices, etc.)
• Component connectors (pins and roll pins to secure them in place)
• Chain coupling components (sometimes referred to as ‘couplers’)
• Identification tags
Marking requirements
In addition to the information required by the applicable legislation and standard, the following
information should be permanently and legibly marked:
• Identification mark, (If the manufacturer has not provided a unique serial number, then it is
the responsibility of the user to add the identification mark to identify the equipment with
the inspection and examination reports)
• SWL
• Material grade
• Year of manufacture
• Name and address of the manufacturer or unique identification mark/symbol
• Any other information called for by the standard being worked to or by legislation
Marking should be by means of a suitable plate or metal tag permanently attached or by stamping
directly into the equipment, preferably in a non-load-bearing or low-stress area.
Stamping into a stressed area may also be permissible provided that the mechanical properties of
the component are not significantly impaired. Where applicable, the position and size of stamping
should be as indicated in the relevant standard.
When a plate or tag is used to convey this information, it is recommended that the identification
mark should also be put directly onto the equipment so that in the event of the plate or tag
becoming detached, the identity is not lost, and the other information can be recovered from the
related documentation.
The method of marking will depend on the rating method adopted and the style of expressing this:
• For uniform load rated slings, or slings which have otherwise been rated to express the
SWL in terms of the inclination angle:
o SWL Ut 0-45º plus optionally Vt 45º-60º
• For uniform load rated slings to other standards expressing the rating at the included
angle:
o SWL Wt 0-90º plus optionally SWL Xt 90º-120º

NOTE:
Users of slings rated by the uniform load method and marked at the ‘included angle’ may wish
to consider a programme of re-marking to show the SWL in terms of the angle to the vertical.
E.g. a sling with SWL of say 8t would be re-marked SWL 8t 0-45º instead of SWL 8t 0-90º.
• For single purpose trigonometrically rated slings which express the SWL in terms of the
angle to the vertical:
o SWL Xt @ 45º
• For single purpose trigonometrically rated slings which express the SWL in terms of the
included angle:
o SWL Zt @ 90°
The Thorough Examination
Chain slings must regularly be thoroughly examined by a Competent Person to check whether it
remains safe to use. This is to be done within a maximum period of 6 months unless a written
scheme of examination (for guidance refer to LEEA 032 Guidance to Written Schemes of
Examination), drawn up by a competent person is in place and operating.

inspection by the Competent Person or the enforcement authority.
Chain slings should be thoroughly examined using a systematic method from one end of the sling
to the other. The examination should be methodical and cover all parts of the sling, including all
sides of the load chain and the internal bearing surfaces between links for inter-link wear. The
examination should include the following:
§ Articulation: ensure that the links of the load chain and coupling devices are free to
articulate
§ Wear: the maximum permissible wear is an 8% reduction in material diameter for the chain,
the components and fittings
§ Elongation maximum elongation, mainly due to seating and interlink wear, is 5% - Caution!
This is not a stretch of the chain which is classed as permanent deformation which is
unacceptable
§ Sling leg lengths: unless the sling is specifically designed otherwise, the legs of multi-leg
slings should be of equal length so that the seat of hooks, or bearing point of other fittings,
is equal. This is an important matter to check, particularly if a leg of the chain has been
replaced, as the pitch may vary from the original.
§ There should be no signs of bending, twisting or other distortion to the chain, master link
or other fittings
§ There should be no signs of nicks, cracks, corrosion or chemical attack
§ Hooks should show no signs of opening or of distortion and, where fitted, safety catches
should be undamaged and operate freely
§ Incorrect assembly of any mechanical joining devices (refer to manufacturer’s instructions
where necessary)
§ Marking should be clear and legible; it must give all of the necessary information for the
particular grade and type of sling
§ Check for mixing of grades of component or chain, and correct assembly
§ Ensure that 3-4 leg slings are fitted to a masterlink quad assembly and not a single
masterlink.
Any defects found by the examination should be reported to the owner of the equipment, who
must assess the root cause of the defect and implement procedures to prevent reoccurrence, e.g.
training of operators, increased inspections, etc., before remedying the equipment and returning it
to service.

The competent person may deem it necessary to supplement their examination with testing. Such
testing could be NDT, overload testing, etc. The nature and extent of testing are always at the
discretion of the competent person in support of their thorough examination.
Overload Testing Unless a mandatory requirement of the applicable national legislation or

manufacturer, LEEA does not recommend the routine overload testing
of slings, except following an exceptional circumstance such as
significant modification or repair. This is because overload testing has
few benefits and a number of disadvantages:
Some manufacturers do not recommend overload tests, except in
‘exceptional’ circumstances
Repeated overloads can cause deterioration of the equipment over time
Most structural failures are the result of fatigue and such defects will
not be revealed by an overload test; fatigue cracking can be identified
during a thorough examination
Defects such as fatigue cracking can be made worse by overload
testing but may still not be identified by the test
If equipment fails during testing it could be dangerous and will certainly
be expensive- Inspection bodies do not recommend it as there is no
defined structural or mechanical benefit
Repairs For repairs using mechanically assembled components testing is not

necessary if the components have been individually tested. Inspection
to check for correct assembly is all that will be required.
Stainless Steel Be aware that stainless steel chain slings may be found in service,
although these are a non-standard product and manufacturers advice
should always be sought.

Wire Rope Slings
Wire rope slings give the user a versatile and safe means of connecting loads to lifting appliances,
provided that they are used in the correct manner and dangerous lifting practices and service
damage are avoided.
There are however applications where wire rope slings are to be preferred to other types of slings
and similarly there are applications where other types of slings may be preferable to wire rope
slings.
Wire Rope Slings
Types of wire rope
Wire rope has been in common use since the late 1800s and is a good medium for making slings,
which are lighter than the equivalent capacity chain slings. Due to its construction, there are a
large number of small wires at the surface and so is more susceptible to damage than a chain.
Additionally, if a sling is bent around a corner of the load or repeatedly used to lift identical loads,
the rope will take on a permanent set.
How is wire rope is made

There are many constructions of wire rope which use a variety of wire sections, wire diameters
and methods of spinning the wires together to obtain very different characteristics of rope with
different properties for specific duties.
The process starts at the steel wire rope manufacturing plant where a billet (a block of steel) is
extruded and shaped into a rod (round bar) and collected in coils. Following testing and heat
treatment, the coils of the rod are drawn through dies, reducing the rod into smaller size wires.
During the drawing process, surface finishing is also applied before a final test. The finished coils
of wire are then supplied to wire rope manufacturers for the construction of the final product.
Ropes are produced from firstly establishing the core, which is made of metal wires or an organic
material such as natural or synthetic fibres (Fibre Core, or FC).

Metal wire cores can be produced in several types of construction:

§ Wire Stranded Core – (WSC) - This type of core can be either one single wire as the core,
or more typically the core construction is the same as the outer strands
§ Independent Wire Rope Core – (IWRC) - This type of core is made up of a core and strands
so is actually a smaller wire rope that is used as the core
To form the rope, a number of single wires are twisted (laid) together to form a strand. A number
of strands are then taken and twisted (laid) together around the core to form the rope.
For sling manufacture, ropes formed from round section wire are used. Although slings can be
made from any suitable six or eight stranded ropes, six-stranded are by far the more common. We
will therefore limit our considerations to six-stranded ropes but exactly the same principles apply
to eight stranded ropes.
• Stranding: the stranding operation takes place when all the wires are brought together at
the forming point. Wires used during this and the closing operation are spun into the
correct helical shape, this process is called preforming. This reduces the internal stresses
in the strands and the rope meaning that if the wires and strands are cut, they do not
spring out of the rope formation.
Preforming gives certain advantages with regards to the performance of the rope in that it results
in a relatively inert (dead) rope that is more resistant to kinking, it becomes easier to handle so
when such a rope is cut wires will stay in position, broken wires do not stick out, therefore, making
it less dangerous to the user and that the rope is more flexible.
Strand Construction: a single wire, known as a king-wire, is taken and then the remainder of the
required number of wires are twisted around this to form a strand

• Outer wires: all wires positioned in the outer layer of a spiral rope or in the outer layer of
wires in the outer strands of a stranded rope.
• Inner wires: all wires of intermediate layers positioned between the centre wire and outer
layer of wires in a spiral rope or all other wires except centre, filler and outer wires in a
stranded rope.
• Filler wires: wires used in filler construction to fill up the gaps in between the layers.
• Centre wires: wires positioned at the centre of a spiral rope or the centres of strands of a
stranded rope.
A single wire, known as a ‘king wire’, is taken and then the remainder of the required number of
wires are twisted around this to form a strand. Wire sizes and the manner in which they are laid up
can be adjusted to give varying performance characteristics to the rope for different service
duties.
The most common wire rope for sling manufacture is 6 x 19. However, 6 x 36 is also widely used,
but other constructions can be employed.
6 x 19 means that there are 6 strands, each of which has 19 wires, and 6 x 36 means that there are
6 strands each of which has 36 wires. Both of these are equal lay ropes.

There are generally four different methods of constructing the wire rope
Grades of Wire Rope Wire tensile strength/grade
Wire ropes are supplied in different grades. The grade of the wire rope is based on the tensile
strength of the wires in N/mm².
Wire Rope Finish: coatings and plating are added to the wire to provide protection such as
galvanising (a surface coat of zinc is given to the wire). This coating will resist oxidisation which
will improve the corrosion resistance of the wire rope. The coating is normally referenced by the
quality and mass of the coating applied, and its adherence to the steel on which it is applied. This
will depend on the standard to which the wire is manufactured.
By way of example, we can look at EN 12385-2 which uses the symbol ‘U’ to denote an uncoated
or bright finish.
For zinc coating the symbol will depend on the class of the coated finish:
• Class B zinc coating is designated ‘B’

• Class A zinc coating is designated ‘A’
Rope Lay
Rope lay refers to the way in which the wires are laid when forming the strands and the way in
which the strands are laid when forming the rope. There are 2 types of lay:
• Ordinary (regular) lay:

Lang’s lay: (not suitable for manufacturing wire ropes slings!)
Ordinary lay: The wires that make up the strand and the strands that make up the rope are laid in
opposite directions. When formed, this gives the impression that the wires are running the length
of the wire rope.
The lower case letter indicates the direction of the wires and the capital
letter, the direction of the strands.
Lang’s lay: The wires that make up the strand are laid in the same direction as the strands in the
rope. When formed the wires quite clearly run across the diameter of the rope. Due to the
tendency of the rope to unwind, Lang’s lay ropes are not suitable for wire rope slings.

Rope Details and Designation

The following is a list of typical information that might be required with the rope:
§ Length of rope
§ Standard to which the rope conforms
§ Nominal diameter of rope*
§ Construction of rope*
§ Type of core*
§ Grade of rope*
§ Wire finish*
§ Direction of lay and type of lay*
§ If the rope is preformed
§ If special lubrication has been applied
§ Minimum breaking load
*BS EN 12385-2 for example, requires the designation to be made up of the six pieces of
information indicated above.
Example:
A 20mm diameter right-hand ordinary lay wire rope of 6 x 36 Warrington-Seale construction with a
wire core made in 1770 grade wire with a bright finish. Following BS EN 12385 the designation will
then be 20 6x36WS-IWRC 1770 U sZ.

Key Components
Wire Rope Slings

Wire rope slings give the user a versatile and safe means of connecting loads to lifting appliances,
provided that they are used in the correct manner and dangerous lifting practices and service
damage are avoided.
In many cases the use of a wire rope sling in preference to, for example, a chain sling is a matter of
the personal choice of the user. There are however applications where wire rope slings are
preferred to other types of slings and similarly, there are applications where other types of slings
may be preferable to wire rope slings.
Most global standards call for multi-leg slings to be rated and marked with their WLL expressed in
terms of the inclination angle to the vertical, e.g. 0-45°.
Eye terminations single slings:

Eye terminations single slings are produced by taking a length of wire rope and forming an eye
at each end. Multi-leg slings are made in exactly the same way except that the eyes at the top
of the sling are made through a master link. If terminal fittings are required, these can be
attached by making the eye through the fitting. To help the eye keep its shape and to give the
rope protection a thimble is used.
This is often known as a ‘hard eye’ and this is advised when fittings are to be made onto the
sling as permanent attachments.
Thimbles
Thimbles are to be visually inspected for surface defects liable to damage the rope or injure the
user. Thimbles of any size should comply with the following dimensions

Ferrules
Ferrules are made from different materials for different types of rope, care is therefore required to
ensure compatibility of the ferrule material to the rope. There are also different shapes of ferrules
for the different types of termination. Global standards recognise the differing methods of
terminating a wire rope, but generally give the same termination efficiency for all ferrule secured
terminations of 90%.
Turn Back Loop

When square-cut ferrules are used, in order to ensure that the rope is fully engaged within the
ferrule it is necessary for a small amount of the tail to protrude through the ferrule. Standards
provide guidance on the length of this…EN standards state that this should be no more than one
half of the rope diameter. However, if the rope has been cut by a heat process a portion of the
rope will have become annealed (softened) in the heat-affected area. The protruding tail in this
case should be no more than an amount equal to one diameter of the rope and positioned so that
none of the annealed section is within the ferrule.
Soft Eye
A simple loop in the wire, with no protective thimble, is known as a soft eye, most soft eyes are
manufactured to the following dimensions which require the length of the soft eye (h) to be at
least fifteen times the diameter of the rope and the width (h/2) to be half the length of the eye, as
illustrated below. This provides a large enough radius for connection to load attachment points
(both ends) whilst preventing the rope from becoming unseated/displaced.

Sling Terminations
When a thimble is fitted, the size and shape of the correctly sized thimble will dictate the length
and width of the eye. Typically after pressing the clearance between the base of the thimble and
the ferrule should be approximately 1.5 times the nominal rope diameter for a thimble without a
point, and 1 times the nominal diameter for a thimble with a point unless specified otherwise by a
competent person. Note: Upper eyes shall always be fitted with thimbles, and if lower terminal
fittings are used, the eyes shall always be fitted with thimbles.
Hand Spliced Terminations

Spliced terminations must be carried out by a trained splicer.
When a spliced termination is utilised, the termination efficiency of 80% is used.
The splice shall have at least five load-carrying tucks from which the name five tuck splice is
taken. These can also be known as “dock splices” and these splices must be made against the lay
of the rope.
At least 3 of these load-carrying tucks must be made with the whole strand, the remainder can be
made with at least 50% of the wires in the strand. This then gives a taper to the lower part of the
splice.

Protruding Wires
Any protruding wires must be addressed; for example by serving, reinsertion of the tails back into
the rope, or by covering with heat shrink wrapping. Where used, serving or wrapping shall not
cover the three full strand load-carrying tucks.
NOTES:

Safety Requirements
• Grade of Rope
The rope grade should be either 1770 or 1960 (certain regions permit the use of lower and higher
grades).
• Formation of a Sling
The rope size type and grade for each leg shall be the same. The legs of two-leg slings shall be
joined at their upper ends by a master link. In a three-leg sling, two of the legs shall be joined by a
single intermediate master link to the master link, the third leg shall be connected via a second
intermediate master link. In a four-leg sling, each of the two pairs shall be joined by an
intermediate master link to the master link. Upper eyes shall always be fitted with thimbles, and if
lower terminal fittings are used, the eyes shall always be fitted with thimbles.
As mentioned previously, some standards allow all the legs of a 3 or 4 leg sling to be joined by a
single master link. Before the rejection of such slings, reference should always be made to the
certification of the sling to verify the standard.
Use in Adverse Conditions
• High and Low Temperatures
Account should be taken of the maximum temperature that can be reached by the wire rope sling
in service. This is difficult in practice but underestimation of the temperature should be avoided.

The use of wire rope with a wire core to produce slings with either hand spliced or steel ferrule
secured eyes enables them to be used at temperatures up to 400°C. However, a reduction in
strength occurs necessitating a reduction in SWL as shown in the following table:
The use of wire rope slings within the permissible temperature ranges given in the table above
does not require any permanent reduction in the working load limit when the rope is returned to
ambient temperature. Wire rope slings will not be adversely affected by temperatures down to -40
°C and no reduction from the working load limit is necessary, therefore, on this account. Where
wire rope slings are to be used at temperatures below -40 °C the manufacturer should be
consulted.
• De-Rating Slings due to Temperature
• Acidic/Alkalic Conditions
Wire rope slings should not be used either immersed in acidic/alkalic solutions or exposed to acid
fumes. Attention is drawn to the fact that certain production processes involve acidic/alkalic
solutions, fumes and sprays and in these circumstances, the manufacturer’s advice should be
sought.
• Classified Atmospheres
Due to the possibility of sparking, the use of aluminium is restricted in certain classified
atmospheres. Care must therefore be taken when selecting wire rope slings with ferrule secured
eyes for use in such areas to ensure the suitability of the ferrule material.


Steel wire rope slings are not subject to proof load testing, as this could be detrimental to the sling
and will not reveal any additional information. They are however subject to strength tests made on
representative slings during manufacture. Depending on the standard being worked to, a
manufacturer's certificate or statement of conformity is supplied with each wire rope sling. This
confirms compliance with the manufacturing standard and certifies that such manufacturing and
sampling tests as required have been completed. In the case of slings with integral fittings, this will
also contain details of the verification of the fittings. This certification will then be retained by the
duty holder for the lifetime of service or period or ownership.

Recommended Marking Requirements
The sling should be withdrawn from service if the sling markings, i.e. information on the sling
identification and /or the working load limit, are illegible. Marking should be by means of a suitable
plate or metal tab permanently attached or by stamping directly into the equipment, preferably in a
non-load-bearing or low-stress area. Stamping into a stressed area may also be permissible
provided that the mechanical properties of the component are not significantly impaired. Where
applicable, the position and size of stamping should be as indicated in the relevant standard.
When a plate or tag is used to convey this information, it is recommended that the identification
mark should also be put directly onto the equipment so that in the event of the plate or tag
becoming detached, the identity is not lost and the other information can be recovered from the
related documentation.
Single-Leg Sling (Single Part or Endless)
• Manufacturers identifying mark

• Numbers and/or letters identifying the sling with the manufacturer’s certificate
• Working load limit
• Material grades
• Any other legal markings (e.g CE / UKCA marking where applicable)
Multi-Leg Sling
• Manufacturers identifying mark

• Numbers and/or letters identifying the sling with the manufacturer’s certificate
• Working load limit and the angles applicable

• Material grades
• Any other legal markings (e.g CE / UKCA marking where applicable)
The Thorough Examination Steel wire rope slings must regularly be thoroughly examined by a
Competent Person to check whether it remains safe to use. LEEA
recommends that this is carried out within a maximum period of 6
months as accessories are more prone to damage even when not
being used in a lifting operation (some regions specify within 12
months) unless a written scheme of examination (for guidance
refer to LEEA 032 Guidance to Written Schemes of Examination),
drawn up by a competent person is in place and operating.
Steel wire rope slings should be thoroughly examined using a
systematic method from one end of the sling to the other. The
examination should be methodical and cover all parts of the sling,
including the full length and circumference of the wire rope.
The competent person may decide to supplement their
examination with testing. Such testing could be NDT, etc. The
nature and extent of testing is always at the discretion of the
competent person in support of their thorough examination.
NOTE:
Unless a mandatory requirement of the applicable national legislation or manufacturer, LEEA
does not recommend the routine overload testing of slings.
Wear Is a normal feature of wire rope in service. The use of the correct
rope construction ensures that it does not become a primary
cause of deterioration. Lubrication may help to reduce wear.
Broken wires Are a normal feature of rope service towards the end of the
rope’s life, resulting from bending fatigue and wear. The local
break-up of wires may indicate some mechanical fault in the
equipment. Correct lubrication in service will increase fatigue
performance.
Distortions Usually as a result of mechanical damage, and if severe, can
considerably affect rope strength. Visible rusting indicates a lack
of suitable lubrication, resulting in corrosion. Pitting of external
wire surfaces becomes evident in some circumstances. Broken
wires ultimately result.
Internal corrosion This occurs in some environments when lubrication is
inadequate or of an unsuitable type. A reduction in rope
diameter will frequently guide the observer to this condition.
Confirmation can only be made by opening the rope with clamps
or the correct use of a spike and needle to facilitate internal
inspection.

NOTE:
Non-destructive testing (NDT) using electromagnetic means known as ‘magnetic rope testing,
or MRT’ may also be used to detect broken wires and/or loss in the metallic areas. This method
complements the visual examination but does not replace it.
Critical Components
• Steel wire rope leg(s)

• Master link and intermediate links
• Component fittings (hooks)
• Thimbles
• Terminations (ferrules, splices)
• Identification tags
the equipment:
Initial inspection
Previous Certification (Manufacturer’s certificate / DOC), past examination reports
Markings
All clear, legible, present, and compatible with the sling (using the information above). Marked in a
manner which does not affect the mechanical properties of the sling (Not deep/aggressive), and in
selected low-stress areas, ensuring any tags are securely attached to an upper terminal fitting.
Master Link / Master link Assembly / Hooks
• Metallic defects – excessive nicks, cuts, cracks gouges

• Heat attack – Direct (weld splatter), Indirect (Hot environment)
• Chemical Attack – Acid (fumes, vapour, liquid) in contact with alloy steel causes hydrogen
embrittlement
• Excessive Corrosion – Loss of CSA due to heavy pitting
• Mechanical deformation – bending, twisting, deformation, distortion (permanent
set/change of original shape)
• Maximum wear (loss of diameter) 8% in all components
• No throat opening of hooks
• Safety latches (if fitted) – compatible in size to hook, captive / securely fitted with OEM
parts, reasonable spring tension (functional test), trigger mechanism not slack and
functioning correctly in a self-locking hook with no excessive sideways movement
• Visual inspection of any welds (NDT if required)

Thimbles
• Captive and securely fitted, compatible in size to the dimension of rope, no distortion
bending or flaring of flanges
• No excessive wear
Ferrules
• Securely and correctly fitted with correct dimensions (both Width to rope diameter and
length), no fatigue cracking or splits/cracks, gouges or excessive corrosion at either end of
the ferrule. Correct dead-end protrusion based on cutting off the rope (generally this
should be no more than - 0.5 x Rope dia. mechanical cut, 1 x dia. Heat cut). No indication of
the dead-end slide.

Corrosion Pitting Corrosion Pitting of the wires or loss of flexibility of the rope due to
severe internal corrosion (this may also cause the rope diameter to
increase causing the strands to appear to open up).
Note: Corrosion may occur where slings have been improperly stored or
have been used in particularly corrosive conditions, such as moving
loads in and out of acid/alkali baths. The effect is readily identified
through the loss of flexibility and roughness to the touch. While light
surface rusting is unlikely to affect the rope strength, it may be
indicative of internal corrosion, the effect of which is not predictable.
Heat Damage Heat damage is evidenced by discolouration of the wires, and loss of
lubrication or pitting of the wires caused by electric arcing.
Sling Leg Lengths Unless the sling is specifically designed otherwise, the legs of multi-leg
slings should be of equal length so that the seat of hooks, or bearing
point of other fittings, is equal.
Broken Wires Broken wires are detrimental because of:

The possibility of injury to the user’s hands
The loss of strength in the rope Broken wires is usually caused by
mechanical damage, although corrosion may also be a factor. NOTE: To
prevent injury to the user’s hands, protruding broken wires can be
broken off in the valleys between the strands by reverse bending the
wire, with the help of pliers, until a fracture occurs. Such actions should
be recorded
Randomly Distributed Broken Wires (no more than)
6 randomly distributed broken outer wires in a length of 6d but no more
than 14 randomly distributed broken wires in a length of 30d where d is
the nominal rope diameter
Concentrated Broken Wires 3 adjacent broken outer wires in one strand
Rope Wear The sling should be withdrawn from service if there is wear above 10%
of the nominal rope diameter.
Rope Distortion Kinking, crushing, flattening, sunken strands (core deterioration) bird-
caging, core protrusion or other damage which distorts the rope
structure. NOTE: The main thing to look for is wires or strands that are
pushed out of their original positions in the rope.
Slight bends in a rope where wires or strands are still relatively in their
original positions would not be considered serious damage.
NOTE:

Post inspection
Regardless of findings a report of examination/inspection report must be compiled after the
inspection and reports of thorough examination should be compliant with the legal requirements or
the LEEA template report documents, retained and cross-referenced to the sling’s historical
records for inspection by the Competent Person or the enforcement authority.
to service.
NOTES:

Eyebolts
Most global standards cover 3 basic types of eyebolts, most commonly made from grade 4 (M)
higher tensile steel. Each specific eyebolt has differing characteristics of use, which if not fully
understood can result in accidents due to misuse.
Supplementary information can be found in Section 20 of the LEEA Code

of Practice for the Safe Use of Lifting Equipment, which you should read in
conjunction with this course.
Dynamo Eyebolt
• Large eye sitting on a small collar but not blended into that collar
• The eye will bend if side loaded
• Shank will bend or crack as the collar offers little support
• Axial loading only
Collared Eyebolt
• The eye is not large enough to accept a hook so a shackle must be used
• Shims up to a maximum of ½ of 1 thread for alignment purposes can be used so as not to
stress the shank
• It may be used in pairs of the same capacity provided that recommended limitations of
loading are strictly followed:

Eyebolt with Link
• Can be used in any direction up to the stated SWL although the angle of the load to the
axis of the screw thread of the eye does not exceed 15°
• Can be used for non-axial loading at inclinations greater than 15° but the SWL must be
correctly reduced
• SWL is greater than the collar eyebolt when used in the same scenario, but the load can be
applied at any angle to the plane of the eye
Safety Requirements
Critical Components
The underside of the collar is be machined in true alignment at right-angles to the axis of the
shank.
The shank shall be screwed concentrically with the outside diameter of the collar.
The thread run-out and undercut shall be smoothly radiused and free from surface irregularities.
Within most global regions the recommendation is that eyebolts, when used for lifting, should have
a coarse type of thread (Metric coarse, Unified Coarse, British standard Whitworth), fine threads
are generally not recommended for lifting purposes.
Undercut
The illustration below shows the underside of the collar which has a recessed area cut into the
collar. This is to allow the collar to seat fully with the load. The undercut facilitates the slight raise
of the load surface when a hole has been drilled and tapped into it.
Thread Run Out
The illustration below indicates the thread form finishing before it reaches the collar of the eyebolt
providing a plain length of shank which will prevent stress raisers forming between thread and
collar.

Eyebolts are typically subjected to proof load testing at 2 x WLL, this confirms all mechanical
properties required have been achieved and
Depending on the standard being worked to, a manufacturer's certificate or statement of
conformity is with each eyebolt. This confirms compliance with the manufacturing standard and
certifies that such manufacturing and sampling tests as required have been completed. This
certification will then be retained by the duty holder for the lifetime of service or period of
ownership.
Recommended Marking Requirements (ISO 3266)

Each eyebolt should be legibly and indelibly marked in a manner which will not
impair the mechanical properties of the eyebolt. This marking should include at
least the following information:
§ The manufacturer's identification mark or symbol
§ The nominal size, i.e. the nominal diameter of thread e.g. 24
§ The axial working load limit in general service e.g. WLL 2.5t
§ The traceability code enables any particular eyebolt or batch of eyebolts to
be identified with the manufacturer's certificate
§ Any other legal markings (e.g CE / UKCA marking where applicable)

Eyebolts must regularly be thoroughly examined by a Competent Person to check whether it
remains safe to use. This is typically carried out within a maximum period of 6 months (some
regions specify within 12 months) unless a written scheme of examination (for guidance refer to
LEEA 032 Guidance to Written Schemes of Examination), drawn up by a competent person is in
place and operating.
Eyebolts should be thoroughly examined using a systematic method from one end of the eyebolt
to the other. The examination should be methodical and cover all components, including the full
length and circumference of the threads.
The competent person may decide to supplement their examination with testing. Such testing
could be NDT, overload testing, etc. The nature and extent of testing is always at the discretion of
the competent person in support of their thorough examination.

Critical Components
• Eye
• Shank & threads
• Undercut and thread run out
• Link (if fitted)
• Markings
the equipment:
Initial inspection
Markings
All clear, legible, present, and marked in a manner which does not affect the mechanical properties
of the eyebolt (Not deep/aggressive), and in selected low-stress areas (Raised flat areas, the
periphery of the collar – NOT on the machined mating surface).
Eyebolt

• Heat attack – Direct (Tack welds & weld splatter), Indirect (Hot environment)
• Chemical Attack – Acid (fumes, vapour, liquid) in contact with alloy steel causes Hydrogen
Embrittlement


• Maximum wear (loss of diameter) 8% in the eye
Shank, Threads, Undercut
• No deformation of the shank (must be 90° to the machined surface – no attempt to be

made to straighten minor bends), necking or fatigue cracking
• Threads, no signs of stripping, flattening, crushed, presence of excessive corrosion /
contaminates / debris, cross-threading or cutting down of the shank length
• Undercut present and fully formed, with no build-up of contaminants or debris
• Machined surface not marked, pitted or excessive mechanical defects, minor burrs can be
dressed with a fine file
Post-inspection
Regardless of findings, a report examination/inspection report must be compiled after the

the LEEA template report documents, retained and cross-referenced to the eyebolt’s historical

to service.
NOTES:
Hoist Rings
What are Hoist Rings?

Hoist rings are widely used within the industry offering significant advantages over eyebolts in
that they swivel freely through 360 degrees, and typically incorporate a tilting bail that can be
loaded to its full WLL regardless of the angle of loading. They are available in many different
grades and types, and due to their unique nature manufacturers, information must always be
strictly sought and followed.

Swivel Hoist Ring Types
Use of Swivel Hoist Rings
• When used in a threaded hole, the effective thread length should be 1.5 times the diameter
of the bolt for steel (to allow for enough surface contact to achieve full capacity). For other
thread engagements or engagement in other materials, contact the manufacturer or
qualified person
• When used in a through-hole application, a nut and washer shall be used. The thread and
washer shall be in accordance with the hoist ring manufacturer’s recommendations. The
nut shall be fully engaged
• The bushing flange shall fully contact the load surface
• Spacers or washers shall not be used between the bushing flange and mounting surface of
the load
• The swivel hoist ring shall be tightened to the torque specifications of the manufacturer
• The swivel hoist ring shall be free to rotate and pivot without interference during load-
handling
• The load applied to the swivel hoist ring shall be centred in the bail to prevent side loading
• Any attachment load handling component shall be narrower than the inside width of the
bail to avoid spreading
• Components shall be in good working order
• Shock load should be avoided
WLL The working load limit

Traceability code Traceability code
Legal markings Any other legal markings (e.g CE / UKCA marking where
applicable)
Identification The manufacturer's identification mark or symbol
Torque requirements The specific torque requirements when fitted
Hoist rings must regularly be thoroughly examined by a Competent Person to check whether it
remains safe to use. LEEA recommends a maximum period of 6 months, as accessories are more
prone to damage even when not being used in a lifting operation, (although it is noted that some
regions allow a maximum of 12 months)unless a written scheme of examination (for guidance refer
to LEEA 032 Guidance to Written Schemes of Examination), drawn up by a competent person is in

Hoist rings should be thoroughly examined using a systematic method from one end of the hoist
ring to the other. The examination should be methodical and cover all components, including the
full length and circumference of the threads.
could be NDT, overload testing, etc. The nature and extent of testing are always at the discretion
of the competent person in support of their thorough examination.
Critical Components
• Bail
• Shank & threads (Bolt)
• Swivel bushing/bearings
• Locking pins/washers / circlips
• Markings
Initial inspection Previous Certification (Manufacturer’s certificate / DOC), past

examination reports
Markings All clear, legible, present, and marked in a manner which does not affect
the mechanical properties of the hoist ring (Not deep/aggressive), and
in selected low-stress areas (this may be achieved through marking the
bail, and additional tag or upon the upper surface of the swivel bushing
assembly – NOT on the machined mating surface).
Hoist ring Metallic defects – excessive nicks, cuts, cracks gouges
Heat attack – Direct (Tack welds & weld splatter), Indirect (Hot
environment)
Chemical Attack – Acid (fumes, vapour, liquid) in contact with alloy steel
causes Hydrogen Embrittlement
Excessive Corrosion – Loss of CSA due to heavy pitting
Mechanical deformation – bending, twisting, deformation, distortion
(permanent set/change of original shape)
Maximum wear (loss of diameter) 8% in the bail
All components must be manufacturer-approved parts (no unauthorised
modifications or replacements, and they need to be verified for correct
fitting and compatibility to the hoist ring – any locking devices torqued
to manufacturers specifications)
Bushings and bearings – ensuring they are well maintained/lubricated,
free moving and not stiff or seized (this can be achieved through a
functional test through all ranges of movement.)
Shank, threads, bolt No deformation of the shank (must be 90° to the machined surface – no
attempt to be made to straighten minor bends), necking or fatigue
cracking
Threads, no signs of stripping, flattening, crushed, presence of
excessive corrosion / contaminates / debris, cross-threading or cutting
down of the shank length
Undercut (if present) fully formed, with no build-up of contaminants or
debris
Machined surface not marked (unless by the manufacturer), pitted or
excessive mechanical defects, minor burrs can be dressed with a fine
file

Post inspection Regardless of findings a report of examination/inspection report must

be compiled after the inspection and reports of thorough examination
should be compliant with the legal requirements or the LEEA template
report documents, retained and cross-referenced to the hoist rings
historical records for inspection by the Competent Person or the
enforcement authority.
Any defects found by the examination should be reported to the owner
of the equipment, who must assess the root cause of the defect and
implement procedures to prevent reoccurrence, e.g. training of
operators, increased inspections, etc., before remedying the equipment
and returning it to service.
NOTES:

Shackles
Shackles are probably the most common and universal lifting accessory, their uses are extensive.
They may be used to connect a load directly to a lifting appliance, for the connection of slings to
the load and/or lifting appliance, as the suspension for lifting appliances or as the head fitting in
certain types of pulley blocks.
Shackle Manufacture
Shackles are generally manufactured by two principle methods:
Drop forged; this can be easily identified by the flash line around the body or bent from the billet
bar so there would be no flash line. In either case, the body of the shackle must be in a single
piece and there should be no welding.
• Heat Treatment After forging, but prior to machining and finishing, shackles are hardened
and tempered.
• Finish Shackles are supplied in various surface finishes, depending on the standard to
which they are made for example BS EN 13889 permits many of these, e.g. descaled,
electroplated, hot-dip galvanised or painted.
• BS3032 shackles and some stainless steel shackles may also be found in service
Types of Shackle Body and Pin
There are two types of shackle pin in common use, the screw pin and the bolt, nut and cotter pin.
Screwed pins with eye and collar are the most common type of pin and are suitable for a wide
range of uses, however, if they are subject to movement and vibration, e.g. by a sling moving over
the pin, they can loosen and unscrew.
The bolt with hexagon head, hexagon nut and split cotter pin is used where a positive connection
is required as it cannot unscrew unintentionally. They are also ideal where a permanent connection
is required, e.g. connecting the top slings to a spreader beam.

Bow Shackle
Bow shackles are designed to enable three or more items to be joined.
Dee Shackle
Dee shackles are generally used for joining two items in a straight line.
Wide Body Shackles
These shackles provide a larger radius surface area to ease the stresses imposed on the lifting
slings. When carrying out a thorough examination, you are to measure wear from the top of the pin
to the inside of the shackle crown (intrados).
NOTES:

Safety Requirements
Shackles are typically subjected to proof load testing at 2 x WLL, this confirms all mechanical
properties required have been achieved and is intended to be the manufacturer's test only.
Depending on the standard being worked to, a manufacturer’s certificate or statement of
conformity is supplied with each shackle. This confirms compliance with the manufacturing
standard and certifies that such manufacturing and sampling tests as are required have been
completed. This certification will then be retained by the duty holder for the lifetime of service or
period of ownership.
Each shackle should be legibly and indelibly marked with the following information by the
manufacturer:
• Working Load Limit in tonnes

• Grade mark
• Manufacturer’s name, symbol or code
• Traceability code
• Mandatory markings (e.g. CE / UKCA marking where applicable)
As shackle pins are detachable and therefore the potential of using the wrong pin with the wrong
body increases (Different OEM, Grade) it is recommended that the pins are also marked with the
following based on the pin diameter.
§ Pins of less than 13mm diameter should be marked with either:
§ Pins greater than 13mm diameter should be marked with:

Stress in Shackles
A shackle is designed so that the strength of the body and pin is approximately equal (the pin will
be larger in diameter than the body).
The pin acts as a beam and if subject to a point load, it will be both in a condition of bending and
of double shear.
If the jaw is fully filled (load spread evenly over the full width of the pin) it will only be in double
shear. For a point load, the maximum tensile stress occurs at the centre on the outward-facing
side of the pin.
Dependent on the proportions of the shackle body, the maximum stress may occur either on the
outside on the crown of the body or on the inside of the sides of the body as shown.
Shackles must regularly be thoroughly examined by a Competent Person to check whether it

NOTES:

Defined scope of Examination
Critical components
• Shackle body
• Pin
• Nut and cotter pin (if applicable)
• Threads (male and female)
• Markings
the equipment:
Initial inspection
Markings
of the shackle (Not deep/aggressive), and in selected low-stress areas. The compatibility of the
body and pin should be verified against the manufacturer's certification (It must be the same
manufacturer, Grade, and size).

Shackle body, pin and nut

• Heat attack – direct (tack welds & weld splatter), Indirect (Hot environment)
• Chemical Attack – acid (fumes, vapour, liquid) in contact with alloy steel causes Hydrogen
Embrittlement/cracking
• Excessive Corrosion – loss of CSA due to heavy pitting
• Maximum wear (loss of diameter) 8% on both the pin and body.

• Free working of the pin (Smooth operation through the full range of movement) ensuring
the collar of the pin engages flush to the body/shoulder of the shackle
NOTE: Some manufacturer's pins do not fully screw into the palm which gives the
impression that the shackle jaw has stretched
• The threads, both male and female, should be fully formed with no flats or worn portions
and must be full size. There should be no excessive play when the pin is screwed in by
hand from either the correct or reverse side
• Holes must align. The pinhole should not be too large so as to allow a gap when the pin is
in place
• Excessive wear within the unthreaded hole(s)
• Cotter pin present and compatible to pinhole diameter if applicable
NOTE: Shackle pins are always greater in diameter to the body of the shackle
Can a shackle pin be replaced?
Providing the pin and the body do not come from different manufacturers and that the correct
type of shackle pin is fitted and that the pin meets the fit requirements specified in the standard to
which it was made- then there is no reason to reject a shackle because it has a new pin fitted.

Post inspection
Regardless of findings, a report of examination/inspection report must be compiled after the

the LEEA template report documents, retained and cross-referenced to the shackle’s historical
to service.
NOTES:

Rigging Screws and Turnbuckles
Rigging screws and turnbuckles are used to for the tensioning and fine adjustment of length in
lifting assemblies and stays where chain, wire rope or textile element form the main component of
the assembly. They can also be used on their own for some applications. Further uses include
cargo restraint, suspension, etc.
Rigging Screws
A Rigging Screw has a tubular body, internally threaded at each end, with one right hand and one
left-hand thread connecting to terminal fittings of various forms e.g. screwed eyes, hooks or forks.
They are also known in some industries as bottle screws. The purpose of the inspection viewing
holes is for the end-user to ensure enough male thread is still retained within the female thread of
the body.
Turnbuckles
The principle of the operation of the turnbuckle is to have the screws operating clockwise and
counterclockwise to close the eye or opening between two end fittings. It consists of an open
body consisting of reins, with internally threaded bosses at each end, with one right and one left-
hand thread connecting to terminal fittings of various forms, e.g. screwed eyes, hooks or forks.

Types of Rigging Screws and Turnbuckles
Strength
A rigging screw or turnbuckles must have a working load limit at least equal to the load that will be
imposed on it, taking account of the angle of use. Care must also be taken to ensure that it is
compatible in size with any mating equipment.
Length
The working range between maximum and minimum length must be adequate for the application.
Safety / Vibration
Where vibration may occur, locknuts or other suitable methods of securing must be used, e.g. wire
seizing. If locknuts are used, the closed dimension will be increased by twice the dimension of one
locknut.
Lock Nuts
Where vibration can occur, lock nuts must be fitted between the termination accessory and the
body to prevent the thread from opening up. This will increase the closed dimension which should
be taken into account.
Safety Requirements
Turnbuckles and rigging screws are typically subjected to proof load testing at 2 x WLL at the fully
extended position, this confirms all mechanical properties required have been achieved and is
intended to be the manufacturer's test only. Depending on the standard being worked to, a
manufacturer’s certificate or statement of conformity is supplied with each turnbuckle or rigging
screw. This confirms compliance with the manufacturing standard and certifies that such
manufacturing and sampling tests as required have been completed.

This certification will then be retained by the duty holder for the lifetime of service or period or
ownership.
Recommended Marking
Rigging screws and turnbuckles used for lifting purposes should be marked with the following
information:
• Working load limit in kilograms or tonnes

• Identification mark traceable to the manufacturer’s / supplier’s documentation
• Manufacturer’s name or identification
• Traceability code on all load-bearing components, i.e. body, eyes, hooks, forks, etc.
• Mandatory markings (e.g. CE / UKCA marking where applicable)
• Markings should be applied positioned as shown on a tubular body, or in the centre of the
length of one of the reins.
Turnbuckles and rigging screws must regularly be thoroughly examined by a Competent Person to
check whether it remains safe to use. This is typically carried out within a maximum period of 6
months (some regions specify within 12 months) unless a written scheme of examination (for
guidance refer to LEEA 032 Guidance to Written Schemes of Examination), drawn up by a
competent person is in place and operating.

Critical Components
• Body of the turnbuckle/rigging screw

• Locknuts
• Terminal fittings (elongated eyes / screwed fork)
• Threads (male and female)
• Markings
the equipment:
Initial inspection
Previous Certification (Manufacturer’s certificate / DOC), past examination reports – confirm the
suitability of use (designed and tested for lifting applications)
Markings
of the turnbuckle/rigging screw (Not deep/aggressive), and in selected low-stress areas.
Compatibility of the body and terminal fittings are to be verified against manufacturers'
certification (Same OEM, grade, correct size). The markings may also be used to confirm the
suitability of use, turnbuckles and rigging screws designed for lifting will be marked with their
capacity in Kg’s or tonnes (Not N, DaN, KN)
Turnbuckle/rigging screw body, terminal fittings

• Heat attack – Direct (tack welds & weld splatter), Indirect (Hot environment)
Embrittlement
set/change of original shape
and must be full size. A functional test maybe performed throughout the total range to
ensure smooth operation (no stiff / seized sections)
• Excessive wear in elongated eyes/hook terminations (LEEA recommends max 8% loss of
diameter)
• Confirm pins for screwed fork terminations are OEM parts only (no substitutes), no
excessive wear to pinholes or opening/closing of the screwed fork jaw
• Ensure inspection holes on rigging screws are clear of dirt, debris and contamination

Post inspection

the LEEA template report documents, retained and cross-referenced to the turnbuckle/riggings
screws historical records for inspection by the Competent Person or the enforcement authority.
to service.
NOTES:

UNIT 2: Non-Fixed Load Attachments
Plate clamps
Plate clamps are widely used, particularly in the steel fabrication industry, for handling a variety of
work including individual pieces of plate, fabricated assemblies and bundles of plates. The term
covers several designs which fall into two basic types.
type 1
type 2
Plate handling clamps can have a long life. It is not therefore possible in a general-purpose code to
cover every variation and for certain designs, special precautions or instructions may apply.
The manufacturer’s or supplier’s instructions should always be sought and followed.
This illustration shows an exploded view of a typical vertical plate clamp.
When a plate is placed in the jaw of this type of plate clamp the handle is used to close the jaw by
pushing a cam onto the link lever.
NOTE: Most manufacturers stipulate the type of material that can be lifted by their clamps. The
examiner should be aware of this in case they witness or suspect that incorrect materials are
being lifted.

Upward movement of the hook ring places an increased gripping action onto the jaw via the linking
lever, which is also spring-assisted.
Operation of Horizontal Plate Clamps In the case of horizontal clamps with a toe, or toe and
tongue, these are always used with a chain sling arrangement. The plate simply sits on the toe the
only grip given to the plate is the natural gripping action of the sling legs trying to close together.
Where the clamps have a tongue, this is also caused to grip the plate by the natural action of the
sling.
Horizontal clamps are designed to be used in pairs, either with a two-leg sling or with a chain
made endless to a link. It is important to note they should never be exchanged one for the other as
the geometry of the arrangement and therefore the gripping forces would be altered from that for
which the clamps were designed.
Safety Requirements
Manufacturer’s Certification, Statement of Conformity / Test Certificate:
Plate clamps are typically subjected to proof load testing at 2 x WLL, this confirms all mechanical
properties required have been achieved and are intended to be the manufacturer's test only.
conformity is supplied with each plate clamp. This confirms compliance with the manufacturing
standard and certifies that such manufacturing and sampling tests as required have been
period or ownership.
A statement of conformity is not the same as a Declaration of Conformity which is a document

• Name and address of the manufacturer

• Model identification
• Serial number (identification mark)

• WLL
• The self-weight of the clamp if it exceeds 5% of the WLL or 50kg
• Range of plate thickness
• Mandatory marking (e.g. CE / UKCA marking where applicable)
plate clamps must regularly be thoroughly examined by a Competent Person to check whether it
remains safe to use. LEEA recommend that this is carried out within a maximum period of 6
guidance refer to LEEA 032 Guidance to Written Schemes of Examination), is drawn up by a
the competent person in support of their thorough examination. Load testing is typically carried
out on a plate of the minimum thickness the clamp is designed to lift, and of material hardness
acceptable to the type of jaw fitted.
LEEA: Unless a mandatory requirement of the applicable national

legislation or manufacturer, LEEA does not recommend the routine
overload testing of plate clamps, except following an exceptional circumstance
such as significant modification or repair. Manufacturers’ information must be
sought and strictly followed if the inspector deems an overload test
necessary.
Critical components
• Hook ring
• Side plates
• Jaw and pad
• Operating handle (if applicable)
• Spacer pins
• Spring mechanism
• Markings
the equipment:
Initial inspection
Markings
of the plate clamp (Not deep/aggressive), and in selected low-stress areas. The compatibility of all
the components is to be verified against the manufacturers' certification.

Hook ring, side plates, jaw and pad

Embrittlement
set/change of original shape
• Excessive wear in the hook ring (LEEA recommends max 8% loss of diameter)
• Mechanism and parts not working freely, or slack/loose fittings
• Fatigue cracking in either the Jaw or Pad (evidence of shock loading, being dropped,
misuse)
• Worn, blunted, chipped or otherwise damaged teeth, including any contamination/debris
(no attempt should be made to resharpen teeth if necessary replace jaw/pad using specific
OEM components)
• Frame and side plates opened out, bent or distorted

• Surface breaking defects in any welds (NDT may be carried out)
• Spring is correctly seated and has reasonable spring tension
• Loose, worn or bent fixing pins and bolts, ensuring OEM parts throughout. All bolts are
securely fitted.
• Any additional accessories (chain, component connectors, master link etc) are visually
inspected as per the previous relevant section(s)
• General for all types of plate clamps; the general appearance and operation of the plate
clamp. A functional test should be made to ensure the correct operation of the clamp, its
levers and gripping mechanisms\

Post-inspection

the LEEA template report documents, retained and cross-referenced to the plate clamps' historical
to service.
NOTES:

Beam Clamps
Beam clamps are generally used to provide a ready means of attaching lifting appliances to
suitable structural steelwork.
Due to their versatility if designed and tested and stated within the instructions for use then
certain types can be used for attaching to the upper flange of the beam to facilitate the lifting of a
beam.
Types of Beam Clamps
An adjustable type beam clamp, as the name implies, is adjustable to fit beams of various sizes.
Some, such as the type illustrated in Figure 1 are self-adjusting whilst others, such as the type
shown in Figure 2, require the operative to make the adjustment.
There are some designs which, while not adjustable, will nevertheless accommodate beams of
various size and may therefore be conveniently placed in this class, e.g. Figure 3.
Depending on the design, adjustable clamps are only capable of adjustment within specific limits
and are therefore manufactured in a series of size ranges.
Line of Loading
Many designs of clamps are intended for ‘in line’ use only – i.e. the line of force must be at right
angles to the beam flange to which it is attached (Figure 4)
It is therefore important to ensure that for ‘angled’ applications (Figure a clamp of suitable design
is selected and that manufacturers' information is sought and strictly followed.
Example of permitted lifting angles (refer to manufacturer)

Safety Requirements

conformity is supplied with each beam clamp. This confirms compliance with the manufacturing

A statement of conformity is not the same as an Declaration of Conformity which is a document

Each beam clamp should be permanently and legibly marked with the following information:
• Identification mark
• Safe working load
• Width of the beam for which the clamp is designed or, in the case of an adjustable clamp,
the range of widths and the section of the beam if applicable
• Toe thickness of beam if applicable
The marking should be either by means of a suitable metal tab permanently attached or by
stamping, provided that no mechanical property of the clamp is significantly impaired.
The Thorough Examination:
Beam clamps must regularly be thoroughly examined by a Competent Person to check whether it
NOTES:

Critical components
• Beam clamp jaws

• Side plates/cheek plates
• Suspension point
• Operating handle
• Threaded bar
• Locking arrangements
• Markings
the equipment.
Initial inspection
Previous Certification (Manufacturer’s certificate / DOC), past Examination reports.
Markings
of the beam clamp (Not deep/aggressive), and in selected low-stress areas. Compatibility of the
body and terminal fittings are to be verified against manufacturers certification (Same OEM, grade,
correct size)
• In the case of a clamp in-situ, distortion of the beam to which clamp is attached
• Distortion of any part of the clamp
• Weld defects (NDT if required)
• Cracks especially at bends or changes of section, nicks, gouges and corrosion
• Excessive wear at application and suspension points (LEEA max 8%), pins, pivots and other
moving parts
• Insecure locking arrangements including substitute nuts and bolts were used
and must be full size. A functional test may be performed throughout the total range to
ensure smooth operation (no stiff / seized sections)

• Illegible safe working load or other markings

• In addition, for clamps in-situ, if either of the following faults are found the appropriate
actions should be taken:
• The clamp of incorrect profile and/or width for the beam. Replace clamp with one of the
correct width and profile
• Incorrect fitting of any hook, shackle, etc. used for attaching other lifting equipment to the
clamp. (Other equipment attached to the clamp should be securely retained within the
fixing and free to align itself under load). Exchange clamp and/or other lifting equipment for
equipment which is compatible, or insert additional linkage of suitable capacity and which
will correct the defect
Post-inspection

the LEEA template report documents, retained and cross-referenced to the beam clamps'
historical records for inspection by the Competent Person or the enforcement authority.
to service.
NOTES:

Lifting Beams
This section covers lifting beams, spreader beams and lifting frames that are usually designed
either for a specific purpose or as general-purpose beams for a specified range of lifts.
Our focus is on cover beams, spreaders and frames which are attached to the load suspension
point of a lifting machine or crane and can therefore be considered to be portable. It is not
intended to cover beams which are permanently attached to a crane in place of a bottom block or
patent lifting frames used in the handling of cargo containers.
Principles for Selection Application of Lifting Beams, Spreaders and Frames
Lifting beams etc. are used for various purposes as detailed below:
• To reduce the headroom required when lifting long loads

• To provide multiple lifting points
• To provide a means of handling out of balance loads
• To provide a vertical lift with controlled or no inward pull for:
o Eyebolts and similar lifting points
o Loads which must be protected from crushing forces
• To provide a means of handling loads requiring special attachments such as hooks, plate
clamps, etc.
• To provide a means of using two cranes in tandem
• To provide lifting points at adjustable centres
Beam Weight
The weight of the lifting beam, spreader or frame, together with its associated lifting accessories,
must be added to the weight of the load when assessing the total load imposed on the crane hook

Lifting Accessories
Many lifting beams and spreaders are fitted with standard lifting accessories such as shackles,
wire rope slings, chain slings, web slings, plate clamps, turnbuckles, etc. The requirements of the
individual sections of the LEEA COPSULE apply whether these items are readily removable from
the beam or not. Whilst removable lifting accessories can be used for separate lifting applications,
it is good practice to keep them together as if forming an integral part of the lifting beam. This is
particularly the case if they are recorded with the beam on the manufacturer’s initial certification,
report of thorough examination etc.
In the case of lifting accessories used separately, the onus is on the user to replace or reassemble
these onto the beam.
Care should be taken to ensure that the component has in fact been thoroughly examined in
accordance with current legal requirements and the relevant section of the LEEA COPSULE before
using it for a different lifting application.
Types of Lifting Beam, Spreader Beam and Lifting Frames
Lifting Beam
The types of lifting beams are diagrammatically represented in the figures below. Note that the
suspension points are shown as being vertically below the crane hook. Although single suspension
points are shown, multiple suspension points for use with two or more crane hooks can be
provided, as can multiple load attachment points.

Combination Spreader Beams
NOTE:
Modular Spreader Beam

Lifting Frame
A lifting frame is diagrammatically represented in the figure below, which is in effect a combination
of four spreaders.
Safety Requirements
Combination Lifting Beams
If headroom is restricted, a combination of spreader and lifting beam is necessary. In this case,
there will be bending in the overhanging ends (like a cantilever). The maximum bending stress will
occur at each cantilever end of the beam when under load. The maximum compressive stress will
be at the centre of the lower flange of the beam. The maximum tensile stress will occur at the
centre of the top of the beam between the top sling connection points.
Adjustable Lifting Points
If the lifting beam is constructed with movable lifting points to allow for adjustment, the lifting
points must be captive and lockable on the beam to prevent them from falling off during the lift.
Tilt
If designed to tilt the maximum angle of tilt to the horizontal should be clearly indicated.
If not intended to tilt it should be designed to tolerate a tilt of 6⁰ to the horizontal.


Safety Requirements

conformity is supplied with each lifting beam. This confirms compliance with the manufacturing


• WLL
• The self-weight of the beam if it exceeds 5% of the WLL or 50kg
• Maximum tilt angle (if applicable)
Lifting beams must regularly be thoroughly examined by a Competent Person to check whether it
remains safe to use. LEEA recommends that this is carried out within a maximum period of 6
of the competent person in support of their thorough examination, however following a repair,
lifting beams, spreaders and frames must be re-verified by a Competent Person. In the case of
structural repairs, the verification will usually be by way of a proof test and thorough examination,
but great care will be needed to ensure that any load is applied correctly so as not to damage the
beam.

Critical components
• Beam
• Suspension point(s)
• Load attachment points
• Fixings (bolted, welded)
• Locking pins (if applicable)
• Additional accessories (shackles, chain etc)
• Markings
For the continued safety of the equipment, it is important that the list of defects should be
assessed:
• Initial inspection
• Markings
• Lifting beam and associated accessories
• Post-inspection
Initial Inspection
Markings
of the lifting beam (Not deep/aggressive), and in selected low-stress areas. Also, ensure that any
associated accessories are marked accordingly if required.
Lifting beam and associated accessories

Embrittlement
• Excessive Corrosion – Loss of CSA due to heavy pitting (for extendable beams, removing
the internal sections will allow the competent person to inspect for internal
corrosion/debris)


set/change of original shape. This also includes surface bruising, creasing and buckling in
hollow box sections (signs of impact damage)
• Excessive wear in the suspension and load attachment points (LEEA recommends max 8%
loss of diameter)
• Any locking arrangements (pins) are OEM parts only (no substitutions), with no excessive
wear to the bolt holes or signs of fatigue cracking around the edges.
• Visual inspection of any welds for surface-breaking defects, poor techniques, (NDT may
be carried out if deemed necessary)
• Distorted, buckled flanges on rolled steel sectioned beams
• Any bolted connection is captive and securely (correct minimum torque setting) – typical
minimum grade of bolt 8.8 / OEM pins only
• Any additional accessories that form part of the beam (shackles, chain etc) are visually
Post inspection

the LEEA template report documents, retained and cross-referenced to the lifting beams' historical
to service.

Lifting Magnets
Applications
Magnetic lifters can be suitable for a variety of applications. Some may be used as general-
purpose lifting accessories, and therefore require their capacity to be assessed for each
application, whereas others may be dedicated to a single application and are selected specifically
for it. However, not every load with ferromagnetic properties can safely be handled with a
magnetic lifter.
The magnetic lifter selected must match the characteristics of the load, As well as the:
• Weight
• Shape
• Surface finish
• Magnetic properties of the load
The shape of the magnet should be compatible with that of the load. For example, a magnet with a
flat face can handle sheet material whereas for lifting round section material, a magnet with a V-
shaped recess in the face is more suitable.
For long loads, an arrangement of several magnets used in conjunction with a lifting beam is
generally suitable as it provides the load with adequate support along its length. The position and
capacity of the individual magnets should be such as to ensure that the share of the load imposed
on each does not exceed its working load limit. For flexible loads, the positioning should provide
support in short enough spaces to prevent the load from peeling off the magnet.
There are four different types as follows:
1. Battery-fed electric lifting magnets

2. Mains-fed electric lifting magnets
3. Permanent lifting magnets
4. Electro-permanent lifting magnets
Lifting magnets are normally rated for lifting a horizontal load in the vertical plane only. If the line
of pull is not at right angles to the plane of the load, their lifting capacity will be substantially
reduced and slippage may occur. For such applications, the advice of the manufacturer should be
obtained.

General consideration should be given to the following:
• Lifting capacity required

• Characteristics of the load in terms of shape, surface finish and porosity
• The lifting machine it is to be used with
• Available headroom
• Self-weight of the vacuum lifter and degree of portability required
• Whether self-actuating or powered type required
• For powered lifters, whether battery or mains power required
• Method of control and control features required
• The proximity of persons during operations
• Back up and other safety features required
Although some manufacturers offer a standard range of magnetic lifters, unlike other lifting
equipment, they are not usually regarded as “general purpose” equipment.
Magnetic lifters are usually employed in specific circumstances to lift specific loads. As there is no
positive connection between the lifting device and the load, the ability of the magnetic lifter to
safely lift a particular load needs to be carefully considered. This will normally involve tests to
determine the lifting power of the magnet on the specific load.
Magnets will only work on a magnetic material which usually means a ferrous metal although some
other materials such as cobalt or nickel are capable of being lifted magnetically.
Due to the specialized nature of magnetic lifting applications, the advice given in this unit can only
be of a general nature and should be augmented by the specialist advice provided by the
manufacturer or supplier of the magnetic lifter.

Terminology
Ferro-Magnetic Material
A Ferro-Magnetic material is one which behaves like iron under the influence of a magnet, that is,
it is attracted by the magnetic field. Some examples are cast iron and carbon steel.
Magnetic Field
The “field” of a magnet is the space beyond the physical boundaries of the magnet where the
effects of magnetism can be detected.
Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux is a measure of the quantity of magnetism taking into account the strength and
extent of the magnetic field. As such it is a measure of the “power” of a magnet.
Magnetic Poles
Magnetic poles are at the ends of a magnet and are the points at which the magnetic field is
concentrated.
Permanent Magnet
A magnet that is permanently magnetised and does not depend upon an electric current.
Electro-Permanent Magnet
A magnet where an electric current is used to switch the polarity of the magnetic material. There
are no moving parts and the electric current is only required to create the magnet, not to sustain it
Electro Magnets
If an electrical current is passed through a wire it will produce a magnetic field around that wire
which will exist whilst the current flows. In most cases when the current is switched off the
magnetic field will collapse. The strength of the magnetic field can be intensified by forming the
wire into a coil containing a core made of magnetic material. The core will display the properties of
a magnet for as long as current flows through the wire. The power can be supplied to an electro-
magnet lifter from the mains electricity or from built-in rechargeable batteries.
Electro magnet lifters can vary from small portable units to large multi-head units integrated into
the crane.
NOTE:

Types of Lifting Magnets
In this section, we will explore in some detail the different types of lifting magnets.
Battery Powered Magnetic Lifters
Battery fed electric lifting magnets should provide a tear-off force corresponding to at least 2
times the working load limit under the conditions specified by the manufacturer.
There should also be an indicator to show if the magnet is switched on or off.
An automatic warning device should be provided which monitors the power supply and provides a
warning at least 10 minutes before the supply reaches the level where the load will be released.
The warning device can either be optical or audible.
There should also be a safety device which, in the event that the low power warning is activated,
prevents the magnet from being switched on again until the battery is recharged to the minimum
level at which the low power warning is not activated.
Mains Electricity Powered Magnetic Lifters
Mains fed electric magnets should also provide a tear-off force corresponding to at least 2 times
the working load limit working under the conditions specified by the manufacturer.
There should be an indicator to show if the magnet is switched on or off and, for magnets with
variable power, to distinguish between full and partial magnetism.
An optical or audible warning device should be fitted to indicate mains power supply failure. A
standby battery should be fitted to supply power to the magnet in case of mains failure.
The battery should be capable of supplying enough power to hold the working load limit for at
least 10 minutes.
The warning device and stand-by battery are not necessary if the unit is working in a ‘no go’ area
or if the maximum height of lift at the magnet is restricted to 1.8m and the load is less than 20kg.
Magnets lifting loads such as plates, sheets or bars from the top of a stack, should have controls
to allow the operator to reduce the power to shed any excess load and restore full power when
the excess has been removed.
Permanent Magnets
Some substances are naturally magnetic and others are capable of being “magnetized” and
retaining that magnetism. The most common form of a permanent magnet is a substance called
Magnetite and this is used for domestic applications. Industrial permanent magnets use “rare
earth” substances such as Samarium or Neodymium which produce very much stronger magnetic
fields. An industrial permanent magnet is switched “on and off” by mechanically rotating a
moveable magnet or magnets within the device thereby arranging it to add to or cancel out the
field of the static magnets.

Most permanent magnet lifters are switched manually by means of a lever but some
manufacturers offer the option of electrical or pneumatic powered mechanisms.
This type of magnetic lifter shall provide a tear-off force at least three times the working load limit
under the conditions specified by the manufacturer. The controls shall clearly indicate whether the
magnet is on or off.
Methods of Attachment
Portable magnets are generally of the permanent or electro-permanent type with a lifting capacity
up to approximately 3 tonnes or of the battery type with a lifting capacity up to up to
approximately 5 tonnes.
They will usually be fitted with a lifting eye to facilitate an easy connection to the lifting machine
hook. Higher capacity magnets of the electro-permanent or electrotype are often an integral part
of the lifting machine.
Multiple magnets of all types may be used with advantage in conjunction with a lifting beam or
spreader to lift long and/or flexible loads.

Safety Requirements
Safety Requirements – Exposing People to Danger
In the case of electromagnets, the magnetic forces are only generated when the electrical supply
is flowing. Failure of the electrical supply will cause the magnet to lose its lifting power
instantaneously. Without additional safety features, their use is therefore limited to situations
where a risk assessment has established that falling loads do not present a hazard to people.
The warning devices and stand-by battery referred to above are intended to allow time for
persons to leave the danger zone. In applications where it may be difficult to leave the danger
zone within a safe period of time, further measures will be required. These may include a
redundancy of the supply lines and control systems or a secondary mechanical holding system
which can be deployed before exposing persons to danger.

conformity is supplied with each lifting magnet. This confirms compliance with the manufacturing
standard and certifies that such manufacturing and sampling tests as are required have been
Did you know?

Lifting magnets must regularly be thoroughly examined by a Competent Person to check whether
it remains safe to use. LEEA recommends that this is typically carried out within a maximum period
of 6 months (some regions specify within 12 months) unless a written scheme of examination (for
of the competent person in support of their thorough examination. Manufacturers’ information

must be sought and strictly followed with regards to descriptive discard criteria and any
mandatory testing required.
Critical Components
• Magnetic lifter contact faces

• Lifter frame (if applicable)
• Power cables (if applicable)
• Batteries
• Control boxes / pendants
• Control Systems
• Additional Accessories (if applicable)
• Markings
the equipment:
Initial inspection
Markings
of the lifting magnet (Not deep/aggressive), and in selected low-stress areas.
Magnet lifter, associated accessories, power feed systems and controls

Power cables to the magnet
Check for damage and ensure that they are properly supported. All electrical cables need to be
fully insulated, with no tears / splitting at terminations.
Magnet assembly
Check for damage to the suspension points (Mechanical defects – bent, twisted, deformation) and
that retaining bolts are kept tight (captive/secure – minimum torque settings).
Surface breaking
Surface breaking defects in any welds (NDT maybe carried out).
Magnet face
Check for any damage to the face which might affect performance, also any form of heat defects,
presence of foreign bodies or corrosion (pitting of the magnets surface).
Electrical plug and socket connectors
Check that mechanical strength, insulation and electrical conductivity are being maintained.
Lifting accessories

Lifting accessories e.g. chains, links etc associated with the magnet - thoroughly examine at
appropriate intervals using information described in previous modules.
Electrical back-up batteries
Check their condition and that the battery back-up alarm works when the power is off. Also
confirm charge levels and batteries are capable of holding a charge (no discharge).
Control boxes/pendants
Check for damage, legibility of control labels, and correct function of controls including audible
and visible warning devices.
Magnetic adhesion / Air gap tolerance
Periodic verification by inserting a ‘test piece’ of non-metallic material between the magnet and
the material. It should still be possible to pick up the load with the test piece inserted. Air gaps are
tolerable within the limits laid down by the manufacturer.
NOTE:

Post inspection

the LEEA template report documents, retained and cross-referenced to the lifting beams' historical
to service.
Training
Operator training should take into account the manufacturer’s instructions and also pay particular
attention to the following:
• The limits of the applications for which the particular magnetic lifter has been specified or
is otherwise suitable
• The controls, indicators and warning devices of the magnetic lifter
• The precautions to be taken to avoid risk to persons in the vicinity of the lifting operation
• The precautions to be taken when lifting the various types of load such as thin material,
low-density material and material with poor surface finish
• How to check that the load is securely held, balanced and not at risk of slipping, peeling or
otherwise becoming detached
The training should emphasize that magnetic lifters are for use in a limited number of applications
and should not be regarded as “general purpose” equipment. For this reason, training should cover
the fundamentals of safe lifting, the use of magnetic lifters in general and the use of the particular
magnetic lifter in the particular application. To do so, it may be necessary to enlist the services of
the manufacturer or supplier of the magnetic lifter.

Vaccum Lifting Devices
Vacuum Lifting Devices
Because of the specialised nature of vacuum lifting applications, the advice given in this section of
the code should be regarded as general advice which should be augmented by the specialist
advice provided by the supplier of the vacuum lifter.
Although some manufacturers offer a standard range of vacuum lifters, unlike other lifting
equipment, they are not usually regarded as “general purpose” equipment.
Vacuum lifters are usually employed in specific circumstances to lift specific loads. As there is no
positive connection between the lifting device and the load, the ability of the vacuum lifter to
safely lift a particular load needs to be carefully considered. This will normally involve tests to
determine the lifting power of the vacuum lifter on the specific load whilst manipulating it in any
way required for the lifting operation.
There are four different types as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
We will now explore each of these in more detail, with the exception of hand-held vacuum devices
(commonly used by glaziers to handle sheets of glass) as these are not items of lifting equipment.
• Self-Priming Vacuum Lifter
This type of vacuum lifter uses the load being lifted to create the vacuum.

This type of vacuum lifter has an integrated piston and cylinder which creates the vacuum. The
vacuum lifter is initially held in contact with the load by its own weight which acts on the flexible seal
around the vacuum pad. On hoisting, the piston is pulled up creating a partial vacuum in the cylinder
and vacuum pad. The piston moves within the cylinder until the force generated by the vacuum
within the cylinder equals the weight of the load. The vacuum generated is therefore proportional
to the weight of the load.
The area of the vacuum pad is greater than that of the cylinder thereby increasing in proportion the
adhesive force arising from the vacuum. The self-priming or actuating type vacuum lifters must be
equipped with an indicator to show the operator that the end of the working range has been
reached. This indicator must be visible to the slinger, or if there is no slinger, to the driver of the
crane. To prevent risks due to vacuum losses a reserve stroke capacity of at least 5% of the total
stroke of the piston must be provided.
• Non-Self-Priming Vacuum Lifter
This type of vacuum lifter uses an external energy source to create the vacuum to enable lifting.
• Powered vacuum lifters
This type of vacuum lifter uses a pump to generate the vacuum and are normally electrically
operated either by mains or battery. The pump may be housed within the vacuum lifter itself or may
be separate, with the vacuum transmitted to the vacuum lifter by means of a hose. They may be
equipped with single or multiple lifting pads dependent upon the application.
There are three basic types of pumps. The piston-type has the advantage of generating a high level
of vacuum, essential for applications where the size of the vacuum pads must be kept to a minimum.
• Venturi
When air under pressure flows through a constricted section of pipe, the air velocity increases
through the constriction and its pressure drops creating a partial vacuum which can be piped to a
vacuum pad.
The venturi type has the advantage of simplicity and the facility to be powered by a remote source
of compressed air which is useful in applications where the presence of electricity is a hazard. The
turbine type produces a relatively low level of vacuum but can pump a high volume of air.
• Turbine

A machine comprising of a rotor with one or more shaped blades which when rotated will cause
suction and this, in turn, creates a vacuum in the vacuum pad.
The turbine is usually integrated with a single large area vacuum pad and the combination of low
vacuum and high air volume is an advantage when lifting porous loads and those where the adhesive
force must be spread over a large area.
NOTE:

Safety Requirements
Vacuum Lifters should be designed to hold at least 2 x WLL at the end of the working range and the
beginning of the danger range at all intended angles of use.
Danger Range: The range of vacuum levels is below the working range but which is still capable
of holding the load.
The maximum tilt should be designed for an angle exceeding a minimum of 6° the maximum working
angle. Attachments not intended to tilt should be designed for an angle of a minimum of 6°.
• Non-self-priming vacuum lifters should incorporate a pressure measuring device showing

the working range and danger range of the vacuum.
• Self-priming vacuum lifters should be equipped with an indicator that shows the operator
that the end of the working range is reached. If fitted, this has to be clearly visible to the
slinger or crane driver (if no slinger is present).
• Powered Vacuum Lifters
Powered vacuum lifters must also be equipped to prevent the risks arising from vacuum losses.
Where a vacuum pump is used, a vacuum reservoir with a non-return valve fitted between the
reservoir and the pump must be provided.
Where a venturi is used, a pressure reserve tank or a vacuum reservoir with a non-return valve
between the system and the tank or reservoir must be provided. For a turbine system, a supporting
battery or an additional flywheel mass must be provided.
Note: In the case of a power failure, the vacuum lifter should be able to hold the load for 5 minutes.
This is not necessary for ‘no go’ areas where persons are excluded from the danger zone. It is also
not necessary for turbine types provided that the operator controls the load through steering
handles which ensure that the operator is outside the danger zone, the height of the lift is restricted
to a maximum of 1.8m and a warning sounds as soon as the power fails.
• Lifting Loads above People
For powered vacuum lifters used to lift loads over areas where persons are present, e.g. on a
construction site, a secondary positive holding device which can be deployed to secure the load is
required or there must be a duplication of the vacuum systems including the vacuum reservoirs and
vacuum pads.

The release of the load must be actuated by a two action control unless the vacuum lifter is being
used in a ‘no go area’ or release is not possible until the load has been set down.
• Pads
The shape of the vacuum pads should be matched to the load to be lifted and if more than one
vacuum pad is being used, the share of the load imposed on each vacuum pad must not exceed the
working load limit of the individual vacuum pad.
For vacuum lifters with the facility to orientate the load, the controls for tilting or turning the load
must be the hold to run type.
Depending on the standard being worked to, a manufacturer’s certificate or statement of conformity
is supplied with each vacuum lifter. This confirms compliance with the manufacturing standard and
certification will then be retained by the duty holder for the lifetime of service or period or ownership.
• Name of the manufacturer

• Identification mark
• WLL
• The self-weight of the vacuum lifter if it exceeds 5% of the WLL or 50kg

• On self-priming vacuum lifters, the minimum load

• On turbine vacuum lifters where the holding time in the event of power failure is less than 5
minutes, the following warning: Warning, Load must not be lifted above 1.8 m
Vacuum lifters must regularly be thoroughly examined by a Competent Person to check whether it
remains safe to use. LEEA recommends that this is carried out within a maximum period of 6 months
(some regions specify within 12 months) unless a written scheme of examination (for guidance refer
to LEEA 032 Guidance to Written Schemes of Examination), is drawn up by a competent person is
in place and operating.
The competent person may decide to supplement their examination with testing. Such testing could
be NDT, overload testing, etc. The nature and extent of testing are always at the discretion of the
Critical components
• Vacuum lifter pads

• All pneumatic hoses and attachments
• Lifter frame (if applicable)
• Power cables
• Batteries
• Control boxes / pendants
• Control Systems (pumps, reservoirs, accumulators)
• Additional Accessories (if applicable)
• Markings
The following list of defects that should be assessed with respect to the continued safety of the
equipment:
Initial inspection

Previous Certification (Manufacturer’s certificate / DOC), past examination reports – confirm

Markings
of the vacuum lifter (Not deep/aggressive), and in selected low-stress areas.
Post-inspection
Regardless of findings, a report examination/inspection report must be compiled after the inspection
and reports of thorough examination should be compliant with the legal requirements or the LEEA
template report documents, retained and cross-referenced to the vacuum lifters' historical records
for inspection by the Competent Person or the enforcement authority.
Vacuum lifter
(Including associated accessories, power feed system and controls, reservoirs/accumulators)
• Visually check all bolted or other fastening connections to ensure they have not worked
loose and are correctly torqued
• Surface breaking defects in any welds (NDT may be carried out)
• Visually check the attachment point(s) for attaching the vacuum lifting device to the crane
or lifting machine for damage, wear (LEEA recommends max 8%, cracking, corrosion and
free movement of any swivels etc.
• Visually examine all pipes and flexible hoses for damage and leakage – splitting of any holes,
especially at end terminations
• The vacuum motor and pump should be visually examined for damage – confirmation that
the motor and pump area are able to achieve and sustain minimum levels of suction
(functional testing)
• The vacuum suction pads should be visually examined for security and damage ensuring
that there are no cuts, tears or other damage, which would prevent an effective vacuum
• The electrical power supply to the vacuum system should be visually checked for damage
and wear ensuring that there is no access to live conductors
• Ensure that all controls (levers, buttons etc.) are marked with their function and mode of
operation
• Reservoirs/accumulators are fully formed and securely attached to the vacuum lifter.
o No presence of air leaks and any drain valves are operating as intended
o Pressurising the reservoirs can allow them to be drained to remove any presence of
moisture
• A functional test of all controls (levers, buttons etc.) should be carried out to ensure
smoothness of operation and freedom from wear and other damage. Ensure as appropriate
that controls return to neutral when released

After carrying out all necessary examinations carry out a functional test on the vacuum device
ensuring that the vacuum system is effective by attaching a suitable load within the safe working
load
A visual check shall be made to ensure the vacuum lifting device and the crane or lifting machine
are marked with their compatible safe working loads
Ensure that warning signs and other important manufacturer’s instructions are present and
readable e.g. rating plate.
Post-inspection
to service.
NOTES

C Hooks
C Hooks (named from their notable shape of the letter ‘C’) is also suspended from a lifting
appliance. The C hook is mainly used for lifting coils of material such as steel rods and steel sheets
without damaging the material.
Positioning Handles
To enable the operator to position the C-hook without the risk of finger injuries, positioning
handles must be fitted in an appropriate position unless the design has features that will provide
natural hand-holds.
Unloaded Attitude
Crane forks and C-hooks must be designed so that they hang when unloaded with the fork arms
or bottom leg of the 'C' within 5°of the horizontal. This is so that they can easily engage with the
load.

Unintended Load Displacement
The design must incorporate features to prevent the load from sliding and becoming displaced or
falling. Various ways of achieving this are typically outlined within the standard it's built to,
however, the choice will largely depend on the nature of the load to be lifted and the intended
lifting operation.

conformity is supplied with each C hook. This confirms compliance with the manufacturing
Did you know?


• Align with previous comments
• WLL
• The self-weight of the C-hook if it exceeds 5% of the WLL or 50kg.
• The limits of the intended position of centre of gravity of the load.
C hooks must regularly be thoroughly examined by a Competent Person to check whether it

remains safe to use. LEEA recommends that this is carried out within a maximum period of 6

of the competent person in support of their thorough examination.
Critical components
§
§
§
§
§
the equipment:
§
§
§
§
Let's look at each of these in more detail.
Initial inspection
Markings
of the C hook (Not deep/aggressive), and in selected low-stress areas.
C Hook inspection

• Heat attack – signs of flame cutting/modifications
Embrittlement
• Excessive Corrosion – Loss of CSA due to heavy pitting (for extendable beams, removing
the internal sections will allow the competent person to inspect for internal corrosion/debris)
• Mechanical deformation – bending, twisting, deformation, distortion (permanent set/change
of original shape. This also includes surface bruising, creasing and buckling in hollow box
sections (signs of impact damage)
• Excessive wear in the suspension point (LEEA recommends max 8% loss of diameter), also
excessive wear to the lower arm and the wear pad (if fitted)
wear to the bolt hole or signs of fatigue cracking around the edges
• Visual inspection of any welds for surface-breaking defects, poor techniques, (NDT may be
carried out if deemed necessary)

minimum grade of bolt 8.8
• Any additional accessories that form part of the C hook (shackles, chain etc) are visually
• For motorised / machine operated C hooks (rotation) a simple visual inspection for the
security and insulation of a power feed system unless duly qualified. This can be supported
by functional testing through a full range of movements. Any defects / further in-depth
inspection can be supported by a relevant tradesman
Post-inspection

the LEEA template report documents, retained and cross referenced to the c hook historical records
for inspection by the Competent Person or the enforcement authority.
of operators, increased inspections, etc., before remedying the equipment and returning it to
service.
NOTES

Crane Forks
Crane forks are suspended from a lifting appliance (in most cases from an overhead travelling crane)
and are used mainly for lifting palletised loads. Crane forks can be supplied as self-levelling or
manually adjustable.
Crane Forks – Adjustment for Balance
Some crane forks are designed where the position of the lifting eye can be manually adjusted along
the length of the cross member to facilitate lifting loads where the position of the centre of gravity
may vary. Other crane forks where the position of the lifting eye is automatically adjusted to facilitate
lifting loads where the position of the centre of gravity may vary.
Positioning Handles
To enable the operator to position the crane fork or C-hook without the risk of finger injuries,
positioning handles must be fitted in an appropriate position unless the design has features that will
provide natural hand-holds.
Unloaded Attitude
Crane forks and C-hooks should be designed so that they hang when unloaded with the fork arms
or bottom leg of the 'C' within 5°of the horizontal. This is so that they can easily engage with the
load.
Unintended Load Displacement
The design must incorporate features to prevent the load from sliding and becoming displaced or
falling.

Various ways of achieving this are given in the standard, however, the choice will largely depend on
the nature of the load to be lifted and the intended lifting operation. In the case of crane forks, the
requirements are slightly different as the load is often made up of loose items, e.g. bricks, stacked on
the pallet and steps have to be taken to ensure they are captive during the lift so that they do not
fall.
The forks must adopt a backward tilt when in the lifting position.
Loose Materials
Where loose materials are to be lifted, e.g. bricks, there should be a secondary load holding device,
such as a net or cage, capable of holding a uniformly distributed load equal to 50% of the WLL in all
four horizontal directions. Openings in the mesh must not be more than 50mm square to prevent
small items from falling through. When unit loads are to be lifted, e.g. a plastic-wrapped palletised
load, a retaining device should be fitted, e.g. a chain, strap or bar, which will prevent the load from
sliding off the forks.
See the image below.
Crane forks are typically subjected to proof load testing at 2 x WLL, this confirms all mechanical
is supplied with each crane fork. This confirms compliance with the manufacturing standard and


• WLL
• The self-weight of the crane fork if it exceeds 5% of the WLL or 50kg
• The limits of the intended position of centre of gravity of the load
Question
Who retains the manufacturer’s certification, and statement of conformity/test certificate for the
lifetime of service?
□ Duty Holder
□ Employer
□ Competent Person
NOTE:
Crane forks must regularly be thoroughly examined by a Competent Person to check whether it
remains safe to use. LEEA recommends that this is carried out within a maximum period of 6 months
(some regions specify within 12 months) unless a written scheme of examination (for guidance refer
to LEEA 032 Guidance to Written Schemes of Examination), is drawn up by a competent person is
in place and operating.
The competent person may decide to supplement their examination with testing. Such testing could
be NDT, overload testing, etc. The nature and extent of testing are always at the discretion of the

Critical Components
• Crane fork body

• Forks (tines) including locking mechanisms if appropriate
• Suspension point
• Secondary holding device (net) including mounting points
The following is a list of defects that should be assessed with respect to the continued safety of the
equipment:
Initial inspection
Previous Certification (Manufacturer’s certificate / DOC), past examination reports – confirm
Markings
of the crane fork (Not deep/aggressive), and in selected low-stress areas. Compatibility of the body
and terminal fittings are to be verified against manufacturers certification (Same OEM, grade,
correct size)
Crane fork and secondary holding device (net)

• Heat attack – flame cutting / illegal modifications
Embrittlement
• Mechanical deformation – bending, twisting, deformation, distortion (permanent set/change
of original shape. This also includes surface bruising, creasing and buckling in hollow box
sections (signs of impact damage). Care is also required to consider mounting points for the
net (deformation due to shock loading) – potential weld defects/fatigue cracking
• Excessive wear in the suspension point (LEEA recommends max 8% loss of diameter)
• Both forks are fully formed with no deformation or signs of welded repairs, also consider
excessive wear to the forks (including the underside and heels)
wear to the bolt hole or signs of fatigue cracking around the edges. All locking arrangements
(suspension point and forks area capable of being captively secured)
• Visual inspection of any welds for surface-breaking defects, poor techniques, (NDT may be
carried out if deemed necessary)
minimum grade of bolt 8.8
• Any additional accessories that form part of the beam (shackles, chain etc) are visually
• Any form of the secondary holding device is fully intact, no rips, cuts, abrasions or excessive
chaffing, and it is available at all times. Also, ensure compatibility with the particular
make/model / WLL of the crane fork it is used with

Post-inspection

the LEEA template report documents, retained and cross-referenced to the crane forks' historical
of operators, increased inspections, etc., before remedying the equipment and returning it to service
NOTES

Lifting Inserts (concrete lifters/clutches)
Concrete Lifters (Clutches) are typically designed with a spherical head anchor lifting system which
is cast into the concrete together with a recess former, which will be removed afterwards. A quick
and easy universal head link is used to lift and transport the concrete unit; loads in any direction can
be carried.
Socket anchors consist of a round steel anchor foot and a threaded socket, into which a lifting
device such as threaded loops are screwed. Used especially for thin elements.
How to use concrete lifters:
Engaging:
Releasing:
Lifting inserts are typically subjected to proof load testing at 2 x WLL, this confirms all mechanical
is supplied with each lifting insert. This confirms compliance with the manufacturing standard and


Suitable identification of lifting clutches can be made by the permanent marking on the clutch itself
or by attaching a durable tag, they should be marked with the following minimum information.
Critical components
• Anchor / clutch body

• Lifting Anchor
• Pin attachment
• Bail / lifting point
Initial Previous Certification (Manufacturer’s certificate / DOC), past examination

Inspection reports – confirm the suitability of use (designed and tested for lifting
applications)
Markings All clear, legible, present, and marked in a manner which does not affect the
mechanical properties of the lifting insert (Not deep/aggressive), and in selected
low-stress areas. Compatibility of the body and terminal fittings are to be verified
against manufacturers certification (Same OEM, grade, correct size)
§ Metallic defects – excessive nicks, cuts, cracks gouges
§ Heat attack – Direct (Tack welds & weld splatter), Indirect (Hot
environment)
§ Chemical Attack – Acid (fumes, vapour, liquid) in contact with alloy steel
causes Hydrogen Embrittlement
§ Excessive Corrosion – Loss of cross-sectional area due to heavy pitting
§ Mechanical deformation – bending, twisting, deformation, distortion
(permanent set/change of original shape)
§ Maximum wear (loss of diameter) 8% in the bail/lifting point
§ Manufacturers parts and components only to be used, correctly
assembled and captively secure
§ Ensure the lifting insert is compatible with the anchor assembly (size,
capacity)
§ A locking device is fitted correctly and fully engages with the anchor
(maybe confirmed through a functional test)
§ No excessive freedom of movement of connections, no stiffness / seized
components
Post- Regardless of findings a report examination/inspection report must be compiled
inspection after the inspection and reports of thorough examination should be compliant
with the legal requirements or the LEEA template report documents, retained and

cross-referenced to the lifting inserts historical records for inspection by the

Competent Person or the enforcement authority.
Any defects found by the examination should be reported to the owner of the equipment,
who must assess the root cause of the defect and implement procedures to prevent
reoccurrence, e.g. training of operators, increased inspections, etc., before remedying the
equipment and returning it to service.
NOTE:

Summary
On completion of this training course, you will sit your end-point assessment (exam) for the
qualification of Lifting Accessories Diploma (Global). On successful completion, you will receive a
LEEA Diploma and TEAM Card (or a new TEAM Card if you already have a different LEEA Diploma.
You will be trained to perform the 'thorough examination' of specific lifting accessories in service
and validate, or otherwise, its fitness for a further period of service, applying conditions as may
be necessary. Students will be able to refer to and extrapolate information from sources to support
their analysis of lifting equipment suitability for continued service.
Further Resources
LEEA COPSULE (Code of Practice for the Safe Use of Lifting Equipment) Edition 9 -November
2019 ISBN 978-0-9930124-0-2
LIFTING EQUIPMENT – A USER’S POCKET GUIDE (5th Edition) – A6 Pocket Guide published by
LEEA – www.leeaint.com
LEEA Lifting Equipment Examiner’s Handbook
Copyright and legal information
The content of this course handbook is provided for general information only.
Whilst it is intended to represent a standard of good practice, it has no legal status and compliance
with it does not exempt you from compliance with any legal requirements. Although we make
reasonable efforts to provide accurate guidance, we make no representations, warranties or
guarantees, whether express or implied, that the content of our guidance and our interpretation of
the requirements is accurate, complete or current. It is therefore responsibility of those with specific
duties under the legislation to ensure that they fulfil the obligations imposed on them.

We would be grateful for your feedback regarding this Workbook, after completing this training
course. Please make your comments known to your LEEA Facilitator – you can use the note box
below to list anything you would like to bring to our attention.
We value your views and will use your comments to help our continual improvement of our
learning and development materials.
Thank you for in advance for your participation.
Andrew Wright LEEA Deputy CEO
NOTE:

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LEEA – Lifting Accessories Diploma (LAC) Global - Workbook

Lifting Accessories Diploma (LAC) Global

Lifting Equipment Engineers Association

© LEEA Academy – LAC (Global) – Workbook 2022

Welcome to the Lifting Accessories Diploma

The core areas covered in Unit 1 are:

© LEEA Academy – LAC (Global) – Workbook 2022

Lifting and height safety industries which has eliminated accidents,

LEEA’s Vision Statement

© LEEA Academy – LAC (Global) – Workbook 2022

In order that we continue ‘raising standards in the lifting equipment

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Representing Your Employer

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Reporting and Signing In

During the Job

During the Job

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• Tool-box talk with colleagues if applicable before starting the job

£ To ensure customer is available for you to present your report summary

£ To ensure that work permits and control measures are removed

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Completing the Job

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Measuring Equipment: Calibration of measuring equipment should be carried out in accordance

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There are 3 levels of inspection:

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Defined Scope of Examination

The examiner should take into account:

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Further reading: LEEA Lifting Equipment Examiners Handbook

© LEEA Academy – LAC (Global) – Workbook 2022

Supplementary Testing and Documentation

Common tests used to supplement a § Operation testing

Documentation and records

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Thimbles and Fittings

What are Thimbles?

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Fittings Loadbearing metal components are designed to be fitted and

Thimbles are not included within the term ‘fitting’

© LEEA Academy – LAC (Global) – Workbook 2022

Manufacturer’s certification, statement of conformity / test certificate

Natural fibre rope slings offer little or no resistance to chemicals, their

© LEEA Academy – LAC (Global) – Workbook 2022

Manila, Sisal, Hemp and Polypropylene -40°C to 80°C

The critical components of textile slings are:

NOTE: Unless a mandatory requirement of the applicable national legislation or

© LEEA Academy – LAC (Global) – Workbook 2022

© LEEA Academy – LAC (Global) – Workbook 2022

Defined Scope of Examination

Defined scope of Examination