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01 Operating System

The document provides an overview of operating systems, including their definition, goals, and components. It discusses how operating systems act as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware by managing resources and controlling hardware usage. The four main components of a computer system are described as the hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. Key operating system functions include allocating resources, controlling program execution, and coordinating hardware usage. Interrupt handling and the transition between user and kernel mode are also summarized.

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Raza Ahmad
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155 views19 pages

01 Operating System

The document provides an overview of operating systems, including their definition, goals, and components. It discusses how operating systems act as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware by managing resources and controlling hardware usage. The four main components of a computer system are described as the hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. Key operating system functions include allocating resources, controlling program execution, and coordinating hardware usage. Interrupt handling and the transition between user and kernel mode are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Raza Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction of Operating

System
Definition, Architecture
What is an Operating System?
• A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer
and the computer hardware
• Operating system goals:
• Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier
• Make the computer system convenient to use
• Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
Computer System Structure
• Computer system can be divided into four components:
• Hardware – provides basic computing resources
• CPU, memory, I/O devices
• Operating system
• Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users
• Application programs – define the ways in which the system resources are
used to solve the computing problems of the users
• Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video games
• Users
• People, machines, other computers
Four Components of a Computer System
What Operating Systems Do
• Depends on the point of view
• Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance
• Don’t care about resource utilization
• But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must keep all
users happy
• Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated resources
but frequently use shared resources from servers
• Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for usability and battery
life
• Some computers have little or no user interface, such as embedded
computers in devices and automobiles
Operating System Definition

• OS is a resource allocator
• Manages all resources
• Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use
• OS is a control program
• Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the
computer
Operating System Definition (Cont.)
• No universally accepted definition
• “Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system” is a
good approximation
• But varies wildly
• “The one program running at all times on the computer” is the kernel.
• Everything else is either
• a system program (ships with the operating system) , or
• an application program.
Computer System
Organization
Computer-system
operation
One or more CPUs, device
controllers connect
through common bus
providing access to shared
memory
Concurrent execution of
CPUs and devices
competing for memory
cycles
Computer-System Operation
• I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently
• Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type
• Each device controller has a local buffer
• CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers
• I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller
• Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its operation by
causing an interrupt
Common Functions of Interrupts
• Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine generally,
through the interrupt vector, which contains the addresses of all the
service routines
• Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted
instruction
• A trap or exception is a software-generated interrupt caused either
by an error or a user request
• An operating system is interrupt driven
Interrupt Timeline
Storage Definitions and Notation Review
• The basic unit of computer storage is the bit. A bit can contain one of two values, 0 and 1. All other storage in a
computer is based on collections of bits. Given enough bits, it is amazing how many things a computer can
represent: numbers, letters, images, movies, sounds, documents, and programs, to name a few. A byte is 8 bits,
and on most computers it is the smallest convenient chunk of storage. For example, most computers don’t have
an instruction to move a bit but do have one to move a byte. A less common term is word, which is a given
computer architecture’s native unit of data. A word is made up of one or more bytes. For example, a computer
that has 64-bit registers and 64-bit memory addressing typically has 64-bit (8-byte) words. A computer executes
many operations in its native word size rather than a byte at a time.

• Computer storage, along with most computer throughput, is generally measured and manipulated in bytes and
collections of bytes.
• A kilobyte, or KB, is 1,024 bytes
• a megabyte, or MB, is 1,0242 bytes
• a gigabyte, or GB, is 1,0243 bytes
• a terabyte, or TB, is 1,0244 bytes
• a petabyte, or PB, is 1,0245 bytes

• Computer manufacturers often round off these numbers and say that a megabyte is 1 million bytes and a
gigabyte is 1 billion bytes. Networking measurements are an exception to this general rule; they are given in bits
(because networks move data a bit at a time).
Storage Structure
• Main memory – only large storage media that the CPU can access directly
• Random access
• Typically volatile

• Secondary storage – extension of main memory that provides large


nonvolatile storage capacity
• Hard disks – rigid metal or glass platters covered with magnetic recording
material
• Disk surface is logically divided into tracks, which are subdivided into sectors
• The disk controller determines the logical interaction between the device and the computer

• Solid-state disks – faster than hard disks, nonvolatile


• Various technologies
• Becoming more popular
Storage Hierarchy
• Storage systems organized in hierarchy
• Speed
• Cost
• Volatility
• Caching – copying information into faster storage system; main
memory can be viewed as a cache for secondary storage
• Device Driver for each device controller to manage I/O
• Provides uniform interface between controller and kernel
Storage-Device Hierarchy
Caching
• Important principle, performed at many levels in a computer (in
hardware, operating system, software)
• Information in use copied from slower to faster storage temporarily
• Faster storage (cache) checked first to determine if information is
there
• If it is, information used directly from the cache (fast)
• If not, data copied to cache and used there
• Cache smaller than storage being cached
• Cache management important design problem
• Cache size and replacement policy
Clustered Systems
• Like multiprocessor systems, but multiple systems working together
• Usually sharing storage via a storage-area network (SAN)
• Provides a high-availability service which survives failures
• Asymmetric clustering has one machine in hot-standby mode
• Symmetric clustering has multiple nodes running applications, monitoring each other
• Some clusters are for high-performance computing (HPC)
• Applications must be written to use parallelization
• Some have distributed lock manager (DLM) to avoid conflicting operations
Operating-System Operations (cont.)
• Dual-mode operation allows OS to protect itself and other system
components
• User mode and kernel mode
• Mode bit provided by hardware
• Provides ability to distinguish when system is running user code or kernel code
• Some instructions designated as privileged, only executable in kernel mode
• System call changes mode to kernel, return from call resets it to user
• Increasingly CPUs support multi-mode operations
• i.e. virtual machine manager (VMM) mode for guest VMs
Transition from User to Kernel Mode
• Timer to prevent infinite loop / process hogging resources
• Timer is set to interrupt the computer after some time period
• Keep a counter that is decremented by the physical clock.
• Operating system set the counter (privileged instruction)
• When counter zero generate an interrupt
• Set up before scheduling process to regain control or terminate program that
exceeds allotted time

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