Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s Polytechnic

Thergaon Pune-33

Fifth Semester
(Year: 2020-21)
Micro Project
Environmental Studies (22447)
Title of the Project: Report On Biodiversity

Branch: Computer Engineering (CO5I)

Members of the Group

1. Rohan Ashok Chitte Roll No 180309

2. KomalIndrajit change Roll No. 180311

3. Krishna Anil Dadge Roll No. 180312

 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

Mr. /Ms Rohan Ashok Chitte.

Roll No. 180309 of Fifth Semester of Diploma in Computer Engineering

of Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s Polytechnic has completed the Micro

Project satisfactorily in course Environmental Studies (22447) for the

academic year 2020-21 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place:Pune Enrollment No 180980130

Date :24/11/2020 Exam Seat No _______________________

Course Coordinator HOD Principal

Institute Seal

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

Mr. /MsKomalIndrajitChunge.

Roll No. 180311 of Fifth Semester of Diploma in Computer Engineering

of Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s Polytechnic has completed the Micro

Project satisfactorily in course Environmental Studies (22447) for the

academic year 2020-21 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Pune Enrollment No 1809890132

Date : 24/11/2020 Exam Seat No _______________________

Course Coordinator HOD Principal

Institute Seal

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

Mr. /Ms Krishna Anil Dadge.

Roll No. 180312 of Fifth Semester of Diploma in Computer Engineering

of Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s Polytechnic has completed the Micro

Project satisfactorily in course Environmental Studies (22447) for the

academic year 2020-21 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place:Pune Enrollment No 1809890133

Date : 24/11/2020 Exam Seat No _______________________

Course Coordinator HOD Principal

Institute Seal
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI

MICRO PROJECT
Progress Report / Weekly Report
Name of the Project: Report on Biodiversity.
Course: Environmental Studies (22447) Program: - CO5I Roll no: -180309
 Sign of
Week Duration
Date Work / Activity Performed the
No in Hrs.
Faculty
1 25/8/2020 1 We started for Selecting the Project

2 01//9/2020 1 We finalize the project topic

3 08/09/2020 1 Distributed work among group members

4 15/09/2020 1 We started collecting information

5 22/09/2020 1 We collected all information

6 29/09/2020 1 We started searching required material

7 06/10/2020 1 We started for documentation

8 13/10/2020 1 We add information in document

9 20/10/2020 1 We add all memory related to project

10 27/10/2020 1 We also information about resource used

11 03/11/2020 1 We add the main points in document

12 03/11/2020 1 We add pictures in documents

13 10/11/2020 1 We also include conclusion and reference

14 10/11/2020 1 We arrange document in content

We show this documentation to the facility for

15 12/11/2020 1
verification

16 12/11/2020 1 We ready for submission.

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI

MICRO PROJECT
Progress Report / Weekly Report
Name of the Project: Report on Biodiversity.
Course: Environmental Studies (22447) Program: -CO5I Roll no: -180311
 Sign of
Week Duration
Date Work / Activity Performed the
No in Hrs.
Faculty
1 25/8/2020 1 We started for Selecting the Project

2 01//9/2020 1 We finalize the project topic

3 08/09/2020 1 Distributed work among group members

4 15/09/2020 1 We started collecting information

5 22/09/2020 1 We collected all information

6 29/09/2020 1 We started searching required material

7 06/10/2020 1 We started for documentation

8 13/10/2020 1 We add information in document

9 20/10/2020 1 We add all memory related to project

10 27/10/2020 1 We also information about resource used

11 03/11/2020 1 We add the main points in document

12 03/11/2020 1 We add pictures in documents

13 10/11/2020 1 We also include conclusion and reference

14 10/11/2020 1 We arrange document in content

We show this documentation to the facility for

15 12/11/2020 1
verification

16 12/11/2020 1 We ready for submission.

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI

MICRO PROJECT
Progress Report / Weekly Report
Name of the Project: Report on Biodiversity.
Course: Environmental Studies (22447) Program: - CO5I Roll no: -180312

Week Date Duration Work / Activity Performed Sign of

 the
No in Hrs.
Faculty
1 25/8/2020 1 We started for Selecting the Project

2 01//9/2020 1 We finalize the project topic

3 08/09/2020 1 Distributed work among group members

4 15/09/2020 1 We started collecting information

5 22/09/2020 1 We collected all information

6 29/09/2020 1 We started searching required material

7 06/10/2020 1 We started for documentation

8 13/10/2020 1 We add information in document

9 20/10/2020 1 We add all memory related to project

10 27/10/2020 1 We also information about resource used

11 03/11/2020 1 We add the main points in document

12 03/11/2020 1 We add pictures in documents

13 10/11/2020 1 We also include conclusion and reference

14 10/11/2020 1 We arrange document in content

We show this documentation to the facility for

15 12/11/2020 1
verification

16 12/11/2020 1 We ready for submission.

Teacher Evaluation Sheet for Micro Project

Course Title and Code: -Environmental Studies (22447)

Title of the Project: -.Report On Biodiversity.

Group No: - 09

COs addressed by the Micro Project:

CO 1: Develop Public awareness about environment

CO 2: Select alternative energy resources for Engineering Practice

CO 3: Conserve Ecosystem and Biodiversity

CO 4:
Apply techniques to reduce Environmental Pollution
CO 5:
Manage social issues and Environmental Ethics as lifelong learning

Marks:-

Marks
Marks for obtained by the Total
Roll No. Name Of Student Group Work individual Marks
(06) based on viva (10)
(04)

180309 Rohan Ashok Chitte

180311 KomalIndrajitChunge

180312 Krishna Anil Dadge

Name and designation of Faculty Member: Mrs.Kherde T. C.

Lecturer in Computer Dept
Signature: _____________________________________________

Abstract

The term biodiversity means biological diversity at different levels – from genetic
diversity, species diversity to ecological diversity. The distribution of plant diversity on Earth is
not uniform and it is influenced by various factors. In my thesis I emphasize physical-geographic
factors, which include climate, soil and topography.
 Next I assess the influence of environmental heterogeneity, ecological phenomenons,
biotic factors and disturbances. I also assess biodiversity gradients, which include altitude and
latitude gradient and size and remoteness of habitats. Another part is focused on the plant-habitat
diversity relationship because this relation will be researched in the second part of my thesis.
Křivoklátsko PLA was chosen as a model area for its specificity, interest and high species and
habitat diversity.

The aim of my thesis is to determine the species-habitat diversity relationship in the

selected area.

Key words: plant diversity, habitat diversity, Křivoklátsko PLA

INTRODUCTION

Biological Diversity (abbreviated as Biodiversity) is the variety of all life forms-

unicellular fungi, protozoa, bacteria, and multicellular organisms such as plants, animals, their
genes and the ecosystems of which they are a part of.
It is the very existence of life on planet Earth. It exists both on land and in water- from high
altitudes to deep ocean trenches.The term “biodiversity” was popularised by Edward Wilson in
1988. He came to be popularly known as the Father of Biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variety of
living species on Earth – plants, animals and microorganisms – and the ecosystems they form.
An ecosystem is the name given to all living species that live together in a stable community,
interacting with one another and their physical environment. Biodiversity includes the diversity
within species and between different species within terrestrial, freshwater and marine
ecosystems. Ecosystems need a balanced and diverse number of species to thrive.

Biodiversity

Biodiversity is the variation among living organisms from different sources including
terrestrial, marine and desert ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are a part.

What is Biodiversity?
 Biodiversity describes the richness and variety of life on earth. It is the most complex and
important feature of our planet. Without biodiversity, life would not sustain.

The term biodiversity was coined in 1985. It is important in natural as well as artificial
ecosystems. It deals with nature’s variety, the biosphere. It refers to variabilities among plants,
animals and microorganism species.

Biodiversity includes the number of different organisms and their relative frequencies in
an ecosystem. It also reflects the organization of organisms at different levels.

Biodiversity holds ecological and economic significance. It provides us with

nourishment, housing, fuel, clothing and several other resources. It also extracts monetary
benefits through tourism. Therefore, it is very important to have a good knowledge of
biodiversity for a sustainable livelihood.

Types of Biodiversity

1. Genetic Biodiversity
2. Species Biodiversity
3. Ecological Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity

Species diversity refers to the variety of different types of species found in a particular
area. It is the biodiversity at the most basic level. It includes all the species ranging from plants
to different microorganism.

No two individuals of the same species are exactly similar. For example, humans show a
lot of diversity among themselves.

Genetic Biodiversity

It refers to the variations among the genetic resources of the organisms. Every individual
of a particular species differs from each other in their genetic constitution. That is why every
human looks different from each other. Similarly, there are different varieties in the same species
of rice, wheat, maize, barley, etc.

Ecological Biodiversity

An ecosystem is a collection of living and non-living organisms and their interaction with
each other. Ecological biodiversity refers to the variations in the plant and animal species living
together and connected by food chains and food webs.

It is the diversity observed among the different ecosystems in a region. Diversity in

different ecosystems like deserts, rainforests, mangroves, etc., include ecological diversity.

Importance of Biodiversity

Biodiversity and its maintenance are very important for sustaining life on earth. Few of
the reasons explaining the importance of biodiversity are:

Ecological Stability

Every species has a specific role in an ecosystem. They capture and store energy and also
produce and decompose organic matter. The ecosystem supports the services without which
humans cannot survive. A diverse ecosystem is more productive and can withstand
environmental stress.

Economic importance

Biodiversity is a reservoir of resources for the manufacture of food, cosmetic products

and pharmaceuticals.
Crops livestock, fishery, and forests are a rich source of food.

Wild plants such as Cinchona and Foxglove plant are used for medicinal purposes.

Wood, fibres, perfumes, lubricants, rubber, resins, poison and cork are all derived from different
plant species.

The national parks and sanctuaries are a source of tourism. They are a source of beauty and joy
for many people.

Ethical importance

All the species have a right to exist. Humans should not cause their voluntary extinction.
Biodiversity preserves different cultures and spiritual heritage. Therefore, it is very important to
conserve biodiversity.

Biodiversity and balance of nature

1. Tropic level

Elimination of species from tropic level can destruction of ecosystem as well as biodiversity.

2. Complex ecosystem

In a complicated system having several tropic levels, loss of one or more species do not
cause any serious problem because the alternative available.

3. Keystone species

Loss or addition of species cause detectable changes in ecosystem rates i.e, species make
unique contribution to ecosystem functioning.

4. Niche complementary

Difference among species in their requirements for different resources will cause
complementary interaction so that a species could obtain more resources.

5. Facilitation and mutualism

Plants may also benefits from their neighbors through amelioration of the physical and biotic
environment.
 6. Portfolio effect

Species richness increase the temporal stability of the entire community while the biomass is
stabilized.

7. Insurance hypothesis

Biodiversity buffers ecosystem against environmental xhanges such as global warming.

Biodiversity in India

India has some of the world's most biodiverse regions. The political boundaries of India
encompass a wide range of biomes–desert, high mountains, highlands, tropical and temperate
forests, swamplands, plains, grasslands, areas surrounding rivers, as well as island archipelago.
India, for the most part, lies within the Indomalayan realm, with the upper reaches of the
Himalayas forming part of the Palearctic realm; the contours of 2000 to 2500m are considered to
be the altitudinal boundary between the Indo-Malayan and Palearctic zones. India displays
significant biodiversity. One of seventeen megadiverse countries, it is home to 7.6% of all
mammalian, 12.6% of all avian, 6.2% of all reptilian, 4.4% of all amphibian, 11.7% of all fish,
and 6.0% of all flowering plant species.

The region is also heavily influenced by summer monsoons that cause major seasonal
changes in vegetation and habitat. India forms a large part of the Indomalayan biogeographical
zone and many of the floral and faunal forms show Malayan affinities with only a few taxa being
unique to the Indian region.

The flora and fauna of India have been studied and recorded from early times in folk
traditions and later by researchers following more formal scientific approaches (See Natural
history in India). Game laws are reported from the third century BC.

India is home to several well-known large mammals, including the Asian elephant,
Bengal tiger, Asiatic lion, leopard and Indian rhinoceros. Some of these animals are engrained in
culture, often being associated with deities. These large mammals are important for wildlife
tourism in India, and several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries cater to these needs. The
popularity of these charismatic animals have helped greatly in conservation efforts in India.

The tiger has been particularly important, and Project Tiger, started in 1972, was a major
effort to conserve the tiger and its habitats.Project Elephant, though less known, started in 1992
and works for elephant protection. Most of India's rhinos today survive in the Kaziranga National
Park. Some other well-known large Indian mammals are: ungulates such as the water buffalo,
nilgai, gaur and several species of deer and antelope. Some members of the dog family such as
the Indian wolf, Bengal fox, golden jackal and the dhole or wild dogs are also widely distributed.
It is also home to the stripe hyaena. Many smaller animals such as macaques, langurs and
mongoose species are especially well known due to their ability to live close to or inside urban
areas Adhu.
Rich Biodiversity of India

As it has been already mentioned, India is a country rich in biological diversity. It is

situated in the Indomalaya ecozone and comprises of 2 out of the 35 biodiversity hotspots in the
world. The third one, that is, Indo Burma lies partially in North-East India.

In India, there are approximate-

-350 mammals which make up 7.6% of world species
-1224 birds which make up 2.6% of the world species
-197 amphibians which make up 4.4% of the world species
-408 reptiles which make up 6.2% of the world species
-2546 fishes which make up 11.7% of the world species
-15000 flowering plants which make up 6% of the world species
Hotspot of biodiversity

A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with significant levels of biodiversity

that is threatened by human habitation.
qualify as a biodiversity hotspot on Myers 2000 edition of the hotspot-map, a region
must meet two strict criteria: it must contain at least 0.5% or 1,500 species of vascular plants as
endemics, and it has to have lost at least 75% of its primary vegetation. Around the world, 36
areas qualify under this definition. These sites support nearly 60% of the world's plant, bird,
mammal, reptile, and amphibian species, with a very high share of those species as endemics.
Some of these hotspots support up to 15,000 endemic plant species and some have lost up to
95% of their natural habitat.
Biodiversity hotspots host their diverse ecosystems on just 2.4% of the planet's surface,
however, the area defined as hotspots covers a much larger proportion of the land. The original
25 hotspots covered 11.8% of the land surface area of the Earth. Overall, the current hotspots
cover more than 15.7% of the land surface area, but have lost around 85% of their habitat. This
loss of habitat explains why approximately 60% of the world's terrestrial life lives on only 2.4%
of the land surface area.

Biodiversity hotspot in india

Biodiversity is the collection of flora and fauna of a place. Biodiversity Hotspot is a

region which is a prime location for the existence of rich biodiversity but also faces the threat of
destruction. It is a place which needs our immediate and constant attention to survive and thrive
in the future as well.
 This idea of identifying hotspots was put forth by Norman Myers in 1988. By now, a total
of 35 biodiversity hotspots have been identified out of which most of them lie in tropical forests.
Almost 2.3% of the land surface of Earth is represented by these hotspots. These also comprise
of around 50% of the world's most common plant species and 42% of terrestrial vertebrates
prevalent. Sadly, these biodiversity hotspots have been losing 86% of their habitats some of
which are still on the verge of extinction due to serious threats posed by climate change and
human intervention.

Four Biodiversity Hotspots in India

1. The Western Ghats

These hills are present along the western edge of peninsular India. Since they are situated
near the ocean, they are likely to receive a good amount of rainfall. Most of the deciduous, as
well as rainforests, are present in this region. Around 77% of the amphibians and 62% of the
reptiles found here cannot be spotted elsewhere in the world. Sri Lanka in South India is a
country which is rich in species too. It is connected to India through a land bridge which has a
width of nearly 140 km.

There are more than 6000 vascular plants here which belong to more than 2500 genus. 3000
plants out of these are endemic. Most of the spices found in the world such as black pepper and
cardamom all are believed to have originated in the Western Ghats. Most of the species are
however present in the Agasthyamalai Hills situated in extreme South. The region is also home
to around 450 species of birds, 140 mammals, 260 reptiles and 175 amphibians. Such diversity is
quite beautiful as well as rare but now lies on the verge of extinction. The vegetation in this
region was originally spread over 190,000 square kilometres but has reduced to 43,000 square
kilometres today. Only 1.5% of the original forest is still prevalent in Sri Lanka.

2. The Himalayas
 This region comprises of Bhutan, Northeast India, and Southern, Central and Eastern Nepal.
These Himalayan Mountains are the highest in the world and abode to some of the highest peaks
of the world including Mount Everest and K2. Some of the major rivers in the world originate
from the Himalayas. The Himalayas comprise of more than 100 mountains beyond 7200 meters.

There are almost 163 endangered species in this region including one-horned rhinoceros,
wild Asian water buffalo and as many as 45 mammals, 50 birds, 12 amphibians, 17 reptiles, 3
invertebrate and 36 plant species. One such endangered species found here is the relict dragonfly
whose only other species is found in Japan. Himalayan Newt is also present in this region.
Coming to the fauna, there are 10,000 species of plants in the Himalayas a third of which are
endemic and cannot be located anywhere else in the world. Some of the threatened ones include
Cheer pheasant, Western Tragopan, Himalayan quail, Himalayan vulture, White-bellied heron
and the like. Mammals too can be spotted here with over 300 species such as Asiatic wild dogs,
sloth bears, snow leopard, black bear, blue sheep and wild water buffalo. Namadapha flying
squirrel is, however, a mammal which is almost on the verge of extinction and therefore needs
immediate attention.

3. Indo-Burma Region

This region consists of numerous countries including North-Eastern India (to the south of the
Brahmaputra River), Myanmar, and China's Yunnan provinces southern part, Lao People's
Democratic Republic, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand. It is spread over a distance of 2 million
square kilometers.

Although this region is quite rich in its biodiversity, it has been worsening over the past few
decades. Six species of mammals have been discovered in this region recently including large-
antlered muntjac, Annamite Muntjac, gray-shanked douc, leaf deer, saola and Annamite striped
rabbit. Other species such as monkeys, langurs, and gibbons too can be found here with a
population as less as a hundred. Freshwater turtle species found in the region are however
endemic. 1300 species of birds too can be spotted here including the white-eared night-heron,
Gray-crowned crocias, and orange necked Patridge most of which are endangered. Almost
13,500 plant species can be spotted in the region half of which are endemic and cannot be found
in any other place in the world.

4. Sundaland

This region lies in South-East Asia and includes Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, and
Malaysia. The Nicobar Islands represent India. These islands were declared as the world
biosphere reserve in 2013 by the United Nations. These islands have a rich terrestrial as well as
marine ecosystem including mangroves, seagrass beds, and coral reefs. Species such as dolphins,
whales, turtles, crocodiles, fishes, prawns, lobsters and seashells comprise the marine
biodiversity. In case the marine resources are over-used, it can pose a serious threat to
biodiversity.
Benefits of biodiversity

Consumptive value

1. Food/Drink
2. Fuel
3. Medicine
4. Batter crop varieties
5. Industrial material

Non-Consumptive value
 1. Recreation
2. Education and research
3. Traditional value

Ecological services

1. Biological productivity
2. Regulation of climate
3. Degradation of waste
4. Cleaning air and water
5. Cycling of nutrients
6. Stabilization of land again erosion

Conservation of biodiversity

 Biodiversity inventories
 Conserving biodiversity in protected habitat
 In-situ conservation
 Ex-situ conservation
 Seed bank, Gene bank DNA bank, pollen bank
 Restoration of biodiversity.
 Imparting environmental education.
 Population control.
 Reviewing the agriculture practice
 Controlling Urbanization.
 Conservation through biotechnology.
Threats of biodiversity

Natural causes

1. Narrow geographical area

2. Low population
3. Low breeding rate
4. Natural disasters

Anthropogenic causes

1. Habitat modification
2. Overexploitation of selected species
3. Innovation by exotic species
4. Pollution
5. Hunting
6. Global warming and climate change
7. Domino effect
Recent issues on Biodiversity

 Some 75 percent of the genetic diversity of the crop plants been lost in past century.
 Some scientist estimate that as many as 3 species per hour are going extinct and 20,000
extinction occur each year.
 Roughly one-third of the worlds coral reef systems have been destroyed or highly
degarded.
 About 24 percent of mammals and 12 percent of bird species are currently considered to
be globally threatened.
 More than 50 percent of worlds wetlands have been drained, and population of inland
water and wetlands species have declined by 50 percent between 1970 and 1999.

CONCLUSION

 Biodiversity is a concept that has no general definition. Usually it is used in a context that
stresses the need for attention on our living environment and the sustainable use of
natural resources.
 Biodiversity can be divided in different types such as habitat, species and genetic
diversity.
 The integrated approach used in coastal zone management is an adequate method in
dealing with the matter of biodiversity.
 The problems and benefits of biodiversity are many. They focus on the need for
sustainable development and adequate use of coastal resources.
 Loss of biodiversity and biodiversity conservation are concepts that provide the basis for
biodiversity management.
 The management of biodiversity is a complex matter that needs the involvement of many
different partners ranging from governmental organisations to private companies, NGO's
and volunteers. This aside, national and international commitment, legislation and
enforcement offer an essential framework for promoting and maintaining biodiversity.

REFERENCES

 Biodiv. Convention:
www.biodiv.org/convention/articles.asp

 Ramsar Convention
www.ramsar.org/index.html

 Natural landscapes in Europe:

www.amis.dircon.co.uk/poitou-charentes.htm
www.forexpo.fr/english/foret.htm
 Posidonia beds:
www.coastalguide.org/eco/index.html

 Sand Dunes:
www.coastalguide.org/dune/index.html

 Baltic Alien species database

www.ku.lt/nemo/mainnemo.htm

 Bidoversity of the Black Sea

www.blacksea-environment.org/

 Biodiversity threats,
www.biodiversityproject.org/bddegradation.htm
www.coastalguide.org/eco/index.html