Bioethics – 3.

Blood groups
1900 – Vienna
GREATEST DISCOVERIES • Blood transfusion – a therapeutic effect
Ancient Greece Karl Landsteiner – Austrian physician, mixed
Ø Treatment of disease was based more on blood samples and studied the effect
philosophy than genuine understanding in Ø Blood clumps or agglutination –
human anatomy compatibility and incompatibility
Ø Surgical procedures were rare Ø Not all human blood are the same and
Ø Dissection was not accepted discovered Blood groups A, B , AB, O.
- Realized that blood transfusion could carry
RENAISSANCE – science of human anatomy was out safely with someone who share the
born same blood group
1950 – accurate blood typing was done for blood
1. Human anatomy transfusions
AndraesVesaluis - Belgian physician, shot many
bodies to dissect human bodies 4. Anesthesia – reduce pain
1538 – 1st published Patients were held down by the surgeons
HumaniCorporisFabrica 1811 – one woman wrote her suffering
- Book, structure of Human Anatomy
- became an essential component in medical Victoria Harden Ph.D – “many people chose to die
training rather than to have a surgeon cut into with his
- one of the greatest book in the medical knife” remedies were used such as opium or
literature extracts – narcotics
- One of the greatest discovery in medicine
because it contains the accurate description 1840s – several individuals were on the trail of
of the interior of the human body finding a more effective anesthetic
Dr. Jerome Bylebal,Ph.D –a medical historian, said
that Vesaluis was determined to pass on the 1st 10 Boston – two dentists: William Mortgan and
knowledge he gained on skilful dissection and Horis Wells
wrote a book. Georgia – Crawford Lawn

2. Blood circulation • Nitrous oxide or laughing gas and

• Human heart – muscle of a size of a fist, Ether - liquid mix of alcohol and sulphuric acid
pumping more than 5 gallons of blood per
minute October 16, 1846
- 1st demonstration of anesthesia
Early part of 17thcentury - how blood works in the - administered ether to a patient with a tumor
body was misunderstood on his neck then started the surgery
William Harvey – English physician, fascinated Ø Anesthesia then discovered
with the working of heart 1853 – Queen Victoria was giving birth and given
- dissecting animals to his table to study the an endless chloroform and there was no pain
blood circulation
- One way valves and blood flowing in one
direction, for pumping blood out and for 5. X-RAY
pumping blood in the heart; he realized that 19th century
pumping blood into the arteries where then 1895 – Wilhelm Roentgen used vacuum tube and
circulated through the veins coming for cathode rays
circle back into the heart to complete the
cycle
Anatomical surgery - surgical clamps were used to
stem the flow of blood

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 - Roentgen closed the vacuum tube with developed other vaccines such as rabies and
black cardboard and darkened the room anthrax
then turned on the tube. 20 century – vaccine on polio was developed by
th

- A photographic plating in his lab was Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin
glowing
- The ray was not the cathode ray and cannot 7. Vitamins
respond on magnet; called the unknown ray Scurvy – a painful disease, haemorrhaging and
as “X” so named as XRAY skin lesions
- Called his wife and took a picture on her
wife’s hand – 1stxray 1747
James Lind- Scottish physician, developed the
6. Germ Theory theory that citrus fruits cured scurvy
Child bed fever – infection of the uterus, 7% died BeriBeri disease – a degenerative disease that
Midwife - delivering without washing their hands affects the nerves, heart and digestive system.
causing the mothers to die Efficiency of Vitamin B1
1846 – Bacteria and infections, washing hands
Ø Maternal death dropped to 1% 19th century
Chrisitiaan Eijkman – a Dutch physician, traced its
Louis Pasteur – lost 3 of 5 of his children out of cause to diets that included polished white rice
typhoid fever than unpolished brown rice.
Ø Spoiled wine was contaminated with
microorganisms making it sour – Frederick Gowland Hopkins – a biochemist, our
Pasteurization bodies need nutrients that can only be acquired
Vaccination from foods
18th century – small pox, dairy business, cowpox Ø He fed the mice’s synthetic diet with pure
which is mild fat, protein, carbohydrates and salts.The
Ø Cowpox – sores or pus and slight fever mice become sick and stop growing. But as
Edward Jenner – May 14, 1796 (outbreak of he gave a small amount milk, the mice
smallpox) recovered.
Ø He visited a family and inoculated the true
pus from the cowpox virus to the healthy 8 8. Penicillin
year old boy. On the days followed, the boy World War I – many died from the infection of
had the fever and some cowpox blisters wounds
then recovered. Alexander Fleming –Scottish physician, while
Ø 6 weeks later, Jenner returned and studying a Staphylococcus bacteria notice something
inoculated the boy with small pox then unusual, a mould – Penicilliumnotatum
waited Ø saw that the bacteria surrounding the mold
Ø Within days, the boy was completely had died off which lets him speculated the
healthy and resistant to small pox. mold was producing a substance that was
Vaccination – was a revolutionary because it lethal to the mold named it Penicillium
represented people’s attempt in intervening the 1935 - Howard Florey and Ernst Chain – decided
disease to investigate the incomplete work of Flemings’
- The 1st time a man-made product had been Penicillium
used actively to prevent a disease before Ø extracted and purified penicillin
occurred 1940 -They tested it; injected the 8 mice with lethal
- 50 years after Jenner, Louis Pasteur pushed doses bacteria Streptococci and injected 4 out of 8
the concept of vaccine further and mice with penicillin within hours they had the
result. 4 of the mice untreated were dead.
Worlds 1st antibiotic was born – Penicillin

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 - A miracle drug, cured so many diseases that Ø Small changes in genes in ourselves can be
had caused so much pain – scarlet fever, converted to controlled growth and other
syphilis, gonorrhoea and strep throat behaviour
rheumatic fever
Importance:
9. Sulfa Drugs - Vital in diagnostics
World War II – chemotherapeutic treatment of - Vital in prediction of how cancers going to
bacteria and infection behave
1932
Prontosol – injected to mice with Streptococci 12. HIV
bacteria and survived, not toxic enough Early 1980s – rise of dying patients
Sulfanilimide – cure and prevent bacterial - Low CD4+ cells
infection 1982
HIV causes AIDS
10. Insulin - Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo – this
Ø Diabetes – disrupts body’s mechanism for virus produce new virus and attack more
processing sugar leads to blindness, kidney cells
failure, heart disease and even death Retroviruses – its genetic info in a form of RNA
Late 1900s – group of cells in the pancreas was and converts to DNA virus became part of us, some
damaged are silent sometimes will make virus very rapidly.
1920 Ø Antiviral therapy
Frederick Banting – Canadian surgeon, and
Charles Best, used dogs for the study of insulin.
Within few hours, the diabetic dog’s sugar level
decreased significantly.
Cow – a close match with human
January 1922 – conducted the 1st clinical trial
- administered the insulin to a 14 year old
diabetic boy who was dying and then
recovered.
Ø 13 million Americans who rely on insulin to
control diabetes.

11. Genetic Basis of Cancer

- 2nd leading cause of death on US
Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus
- Research cancer on 1970s
Rous sarcoma virus - cancer of chickens
Oncogenes – cancer - causing cells
Ø Discovery: made a radioactive molecule to
be used as a probe for asking whether it is
an oncogene of the sarcoma virus resembles
a normal gene present in the chromosomes
of a chicken
Ø Cancer-causing genes was already present
in the DNA in normal human, waiting to be
activated. Ex. cigarette smoking

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