THE

CORRECT USE OF SOME

THE CHAPTER PREPOSI
XVIII T IONS 95

172. CORRECT USE OF SOME

two usesPREPOSITIONS
At, in. Note their
(1) With
of time in whichreference to following
time, is used for a point of
at
He came at something(orhappens ;as, time ;in for aperiod
daybreak at
At an early hour this sunset).
In this month (year, morning the Hall was fulof noise.
He was bom in 1950.season) many famous men died.
He will start at five
(2) With o'clock in the morming.
nlaces, villagesreference to space, at is used
and small towns ; in is used for small and less important
large towns; as, for large places,
He lives at Lakheri. countries and
He lives at Nadbai.
He lives in Delhi,
He lives at MaulasarBombay, Calcutta, Madras.
in Rajasthan.
I methim at Moga in
he Punjab.
173. By, with. By is used
agent or doer of the action after Verbs in the Passive to express the
instrument with which the actionexpressed by the Verb. With is used
is done. with the
The farmerwas killed by a
The essay was written by merobber with aknife.
The tree with a fountain pen.
was cut bythe man with an
axe.
174. On, upon. On is often
is generally used in used in speaking of things at rest ;
speaking of things in motion ;as, upon
We sat on the ground.
The cat sprang upon the table.
175. In, Into. In implies a state of
while into denotes motion towards the rest or position inside anything ;
He is in his room. (Rest) inside of anything; as,
He is in the class. (Rest)
He fell into the river. (Motion)
He jumped into the river. (Motion)
176. In, within. In denotes 'at the end of
within means'before the end of'; as, some future period' ;
He willreturn in [= at the close of] a week.
He willreturn within = in less than] a week.
 in
BesidesBesides addition or future a; in 96
His She The
182. There Slavery tihings;
He
sentencestences past form ofVeraftebr a for
A 181. th e
answer sat quarrel stood I I I 180.
shall shall I He I
ume, Since, is178. She She
Beside,
to
brave
is
shal l alike He He He have have 179. NOTE HeHe used ,as, past 177.
being [= beside said among has tense. beenhas has
between
stillarose
Between, not benot to Before, wibegil nbegan s been not Since,
to for. wiaftera
l came ;
in is as, ; soldiers
be denotea been whereas in been After,
fined,
additionbeside me to exists
there be to
met Another the cannotWe denote come while
besides. be between refers therebefore there denote becomeschool unwell il from. sleeping slceping SENIOR A
[= quarrelledamong two among.
for. le arning since he r from in in in .
to before foperiod
r a si nce sin ce Pr esent wi th a aweck isAfier
heto] = by honour
girls. more Before a from ca n period Since weck
was outside myBeside
advising the o'clock. 6(not point
of regular Frid ay dif erence Si nce say for since uscd ENGLISH
among certain Between 6 Sanskri t l a st be (= is
imprisoned. side]. among two than o'clock. before)future of is today.
Monday. used Per fe ct y-'He the of is (=when to used
of] last.week. denote
means
thieves. tribes. sisters. two time. used student at
is usedis o'lacstlock. 6time used when
GRAMMARto
her the from also thTense,
he themselves. is anfuture in to has four into the the
the denot d
point. persons used hour. from th e forsince be cn week at e
helped by time.
Negative denote weck the
the a ge present canwhidenot
le e hours. present, wa s
in slceping a
side speakingor For tomorrow. of befro m a is end theat AND
her things and poi nt point over )over. ). of
with isand five. us e d past a end
of may si nce of COMPOSI
used future onlyto or period TION of
money. besides ; as, ; of Ajirmative inbeoffuro
tim e future time a
(Afirmative)
two in treference
ime, used hours'. e;as, in the peri
i
inm e
of o d
of
(Negative)(Negative)Negative (Present) and the(Fuure ime
persons (Future) (Past) (Period) (Poinl) (Pas)
means comes past
sen any
 THE
time Exercise 66. CORRECT
Correct theUSEOF SOMF
a the
corrections
He cut his throat by a following sentPREPOSTTIONS
ences, giving 97
ast) 2. Iamsuffering from fever
knife. reasons for the
ure) 3 My brother is ill
from the from Monday last.
4. Hewalked in the hall. second cf March.
st ; These thrce
5.
He lives in soldiers quarrelledIbetween
iod)nt) 7.
6. Rishikesh in Utar Pradesh.themselves.
She sat besides me.
8. It has been
raining since three hours.
9.Beside being fined,1he was
10.At about what time will youSent to prison.
es come ?
11 This book is quite different than
that.
ny 12. We met her on the station.
to 13. It rained since carly morning.
14. It is no use to make excuses.
Exercise 67. Fill up the following blanks with appropriate
Prepositions
1: giving him advice, he gave hin some
2. She worked and sang from moming money.
3. He is quite a different man -evening.
what Iexpected.
4. Iprefer being thought an idiot -being thought a rogue.
5. Ihave a preference mangoes apples.
6. They waited the bus stop the next bus.
7. I prefer walking cycling.
8. She supplied the poor food.
9. She was very fond reading novels.
10. She died grief -her lost son.
11. Ihave been here a long time.
and have lived in Delhi
12. I left Bombay three weeks
then.
13. last month the weather has improved.
14. It has been raining yesterday. Uttar Pradesh.
15. He was born a small village
Amritsar.
1 P.M. for
16. The Flying Mail departs Mathematics.
172 Ihave been working hard a ball-pen.
Tme
182The letter was written good behaviour.
19, He was praised all
him
this point.
202 It is impossible to agret that question.
21: Iam Sorry to differ you
adagger.
222 He was killed a highwayman
 98
A
SENIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION
23. Ireceived aletter
24. teno'clock he morming
Divide this apple Iwo persons : it is
too
Small
divided lorty, for itcannot be divided forty pars,
25. Ihave not seen your brother his marriage.
26. He was beside
27. himself joy.
28.
Blessed
Eyc
are the puro hcart. atooth,
an eye and a tooth
29. I took him his word.
a standstill,
30. Matters appcar to bo
Exercise 68. Use appropriate Prepositions, given in brackets, in the
following sentences i watch ?
1, What is the time (in, by) your
from) minc.
Z. Your method isdifferent (than,
3. Ihave no use (of, for) it.
(of, alout) their success.
. They are very proud
3. The train is (in, on) time.
paper (in, with) ink.
6. We had to write the
on) page twelve.
7 Open your book (at, about) the matter.
8. We must inquire (into,
9. Someone is knocking (at, on) the door.
10. He is marricd (to, with) his cousin.
11. He was placed (between, among) two girls.
12. She comes (of, from) a noble family.
13. The soldiers marched (in, into) the courtyard.
subordinates.
14. He wasstanding (among, between) his
15. He is true (to, with) his friends.
16. He was struck(with, by) a stone.
17. Idiffer(with, from) youon that point.
18. Theedition isvery different (to, from) the other.
19. He is not suitable (to, for) this post.
20. She was struck (with, by) lightning.
21 Iam sick(with, of) idleness.
22. He congratulated me(for, on) my success.
23. His path was beset (by, with) difficulties.
24. Your statement does not correspond(with, to) his.
25. (Beside, Besides) advising us, he gave us money.
26. The train is (behind, after) time.
27. He is not (at, in) home just noW.
28 Disribute the mangoes (among, bctwcen) the students.
29. Do not translate word (by, for) word.
30 From, O) what family is she sprung?
 THE CORKECT USE OF
SOME
Exercise 69. Insert
suitable PreposiPREPOSTTIO
tions the
in NS 99
Ipray you notto be angry
me.
following sen-
2. I do notagree your proposal
Tagreed. him
3. Abstain.
4, all points.
evil and do good.
5. Wewaited
6. They arrived. anxicty news her safe arrival.
the railway station just
The culprit is charged ime.
murder.
8. She has a passion reading novels.
9 Ifelt the necessity doing it.
10. Is it necessary you to answer all the
I1. Ihave.reconciledI myself my lot. questions ?
12. I have resigned myself. my lot.
relieved.
13. He was his post.
14 Hehas no cause complaint.
15. One stardiffers -another in glory.
16. That young gentieman is engaged Miss Brown.
17. The purse was full money.
18. He was indifferent -charns of beauty.
19. She is now married -arich merchant.
20. They didnot care the concert.
21. He deals Japanese silk.
22. His style was deficient. ease and variety.
23. He could not convince me -the truth of his statement.
24 You must deal fairly -your fellowmen.
25. Criminals are deprived their liberty.
26. Icorespond her regularly.
27. Depend the word of your true friend.
28. Can pleasure be derived. action that give pain to others?
29. Temperance consists -avoidance of excess.
30. He is confined bed.
Bxercise 70. Fill in the blanks with suitable Prepositions
1, Iprefer a book of travels -one of adventures.
2. Can youcure me this disease ?
3. More things are wrought prayer than this world dreams
4. We furnished her a copy of that letter.
S. My relations her are quite friendly.
61am now good tems with her.
We must sympathise others their distress.
 100
A SENIOR ENGLISH
8. GRAMMAR AND
COMPOSITION
You will have to
mistake. answer your master
9. He made a
10. Do not living
-door
-begging
complainher
11. Icongratulated
your hard lot.
her recovery a serious ilnes
12. She was
13. You mustvain
her beauty. of
14. Iwas apologize
her -what you have done
saying that.
de
annoyed
15. We must
her
the matter.
inquire
16. She rejoiced her own success, but also
not
17. You must provideonly your children the evil day.mine,
18. Aim doing your duty all risks.
19. He is vexed her what she has done.
20. I depend -her coming five o'clock. st
21. She has not replied my letter.
22. What do you make allthis ?
23. There is no exception -the rule.
24. He is too miserly to part money.
25. Ishall not act compulsion.
26. Iam not blind my faults.
27. He did not come to my expectations.
28. He takes his father in good looks.
29. The boys put a good fight, but their opponents
strong. were to0
30. He has lately come a lot of money, so he can spend i
freely.

CHAPTER XIX
CONJUNCTIONS AND SENTENCE
CONNECTORS
183. Read the following
sentences -
1, She came to me and spoke
2. Cho0se a watch or a against her husband.
3. It was a case of a clock.
4. Did you know thatmiser and his money.
5. He will pass if he she was a Harijan ?
6. Icannot see how she works hard.
can
All the italicized words are win.
called Conjunctions because they jo
together words and sometimes sentences.
In sentences 1 and 2, the
clauses that are independent ofConjunctions and and or join together the
each other, i.e., are of equal rank. Suc
Conjunctions are called Co-ordinating Conjunctions.
 CONTUNCTIONS AND
NOTE,1
The sentence 2
SEXTNCE CONECTORS 101
means 'Chooe a wach or
Tuo
clauses)
sentences4,5and 6, the
(chooe) aclock.
In Conjunctions that,f, jpin clauses
duMgualrank One isthe main or independent clause,andhehow
oher is aclause
dependingonor limitingthe main
Subordinating Conjunctions, clause. Such Conjuncions are
called
L. Co-ordinating Conjunctions
I54,Co-ordinaling Conjunctions are of four kinds
Cumulative or
(1) Copulative.
SLatementor fact is simply addedto another ; as,
By these
Conjunctions one
And, -Trust in God and do the right.
Both.and, both fined and imprisoned.
He was
As well as, He as welll as
his brother is intelligent.
No lessthan.
,-He no less than his brother is
only..but also.He was not guilty.
Not only fined but also expelled.
2) Alternative or Disjunctive. By these
Conjunctions an
dlernative or choiceis offered between one statement and another
Either..or,-Either he is mad or he feigns ;as,
madness.
Neither..nor.Neither aborrower nor a lender be.
Or. -She must weep or she willdie.
0herwise, else,Work hard, else(or otherwise) you will not pass.
4) Adversative. These Conjunctions express
between twWO statements ;as,
opposition or contrast
But. -He is slow but he is steady.
Sill, yet, He is very rich, still (or yet) he is not contented.
Nevertheless, He had no chance of success ; nevertheless he
persevered.
Whereas, while. Wise men love virtue; whereas (or while) fools
shun it.
Only. -You may stay in the room ; only make no noise.
9 llative,By these Conjunctions one statement or fact is
yerred or proved from another ;as,
Therefore. He was found stealing ; and therefore he was arrested.
D0, consequently.He did not work ;so (or consequently) he
failed.
For,He will pass ;for he works very hard.
 cOMPOSrioN
102 ASENIOR INGLISIHGRAMMAR ANp
I. Subordinating Conjunetions
classifiedas follows
185., Subordinating Conjunctions Can be
()) Time.
I would die before1lied.
Wait ill(or unil) Ireturn. heresinceyouleft
Many things have happened
Make hay while the sun shines. set.
Treturned home afler the sun had
(2) Causeor Reason.
beautiful.
Ilove her because she is desire it.
you
I willgo there since twelve,
bed as itis
Let usgotoConsequence.
3) Result or ill,
wept so much that she fell the first prize,
She
was so intelligent that hewon
He
(4) Purpose.
live.
We cat that we may may pass.
Heworks hard that he lall.
should
Walk carefully lest you
(5) Condition.
are late again,
I willdismiss you if you
provided you agree to mine.
Iagree to these terms shot.
He ran as if he had been
(6) Concession or Contrast.
nothing in it.
A book's a book, although there is
He is an honest man although he is poor,
He is not contented though he is very rich.
He willnever pass however hard he may try.
(7) Comparison.
He is as clever as I [am].
Ilike her as much as you [Ilike you).
He likes me noless than you[he likes you).
He is more intelligent thanyou [are].
(8) Extent or Manner.
Men will reap as they sow.
He chose the candidates according as they were qualified.
186. Correlative Conjunctions. Certain Conjunctions are olte
Th
used in pairs ; these are called Correlative Coníunctions.
Commonest are
 AND SENTENCE CONNECTORS
(1) Either...or. 103
He is either a
rougeor a fool.
Either he is mistaken
or his
(2) Neither...nor.
He was neither gay nor sad,
mother.
He isneither a rogue nor a
fool.
(3) Though..yet.
Though He slay me, yet I
Though he is poor, yet he iswillcontented.
trust in Him.
(4) Both...and.
He is both a poet and a
philosopher.
We both loved and honoured her,
(5) Such...as.
There is no such Country as you
She is not such a woman as you mention.
admire.
(6) Such...that.
Such was his love for her that he
sake. sacrificed even his life for her
(7) So, as...as.
He is not sorich as you think.
It is as clear as the sun.
(8) As. ..s0.
As you soW, so shall you reap.
As the child is, so is the man.
(9) So...that.
He was so tired that he could not walk any farther.
He was so honest that nothing would tempt him to take the
bribe.
(10) Scarcely...when.
He had scarcely recovered from fever when he caught a bad cold.
He had scarcely reached the station when it began to rain.
(11) Not only...but als0.
He is not only a priest but also a doctor.
He is not only honest but sincere also.
Poona.
He visited not only Bombay but alsowrites well also.
but he
Not onlydoes he speak well,
(12) No sooner...than.
didthe bellring than the boys left the class.
No sooner
 104
A
SENIOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOsTTION
No S00ner had she heard the news than she started off.
Nosooner does he arrive than he beginsto work.
Correct
187. When the Correlative Usage either..or, neither,..nor,
Conjunctions
betaken to place
thebefore
both.. and, not
member (ie., theonly.words
but either, uscd,
neither, care must
both, not only) immediately firs
also are

the words that are contrastcd. or your cOusin.

Incorrect. brother was either there [was there]
Your
your brother was there or your cousin
Correct. Either madman.
Neither he is a rogue nor a madman.
Incorrect rogue nor a
Correct. He is neithera
both won a prize and a scholarship.
Incorrect. He scholarship.
He won both a prize anda
Correct.
only he visited Delhi, but also Agra.
Incorrect. Not not only Delhi, but
also Agra.
Correct. He visited
followed by nor.
188. Neither is always her.
her nor (n0t or) spoken to
Ihave neither written to mother met me.
Neither his sister nor(not or) his
when, and not by than.
189, Scarcely is followed by storm began to blow.
Scarcely had he left when (not than) a the train started
Scarcely had he reached the station when (not than)
not by but.
190, No sooner is followed by than, and
Nosooner had the fight begun than (not but) he ran away.
No sooner had he left than(not but) he came back again.
191. Than is used as a Subordinating Conjunction. The subordinate
sentence introduced by than is generally elliptical. So, in order to determine
the case of the word after than, the ellipsis must be supplied.
Incorrect. He is stronger than me.
Correct. He is stronger than I [i.e., than I (am strong)).
Note the difference between these two sentences -
(1) Ilove you better than him [=I love you better than (I love)him).
(2) Ilove you better than he [I love you better than he (loves you)].
Also note the following :
Incorrect, He is as strong as me.
Correct. He is as strong as / (am).
Incorrect She can jump as highas me.
Correct. She can jump as high as I (can jump).
192, Rather and other are followed by than and not by but.
 CONJU CTIONS AND SENTENCE CONNECTORS 105
watch rather but the pen.
fncoTeC. I would have the
watch rather than the pen.
Corred. I would| have the
She had no other hobby but that of collecting flowers.
She had no other hobby than that of collecting flowers.
Comec.

The word
likeis often wrongly used for as ; as,
like he was told| to do. (Say-'as'.]
193.
did
Hedanceslikee her mother does. [sayas)
She
Dcontracted sentences Conjunctions are often wrongly omitted
aterAdjectives,
Incorrect. He is morepolite but notso kind-hearted as his father.
He is more polite than,but not so kind-hearted as, his father.
Corect.
Incorrect. He isas strong if notstronger than Anil.
Corect. He is as strong as, if not stronger than, Anil.
195. Unless means if not. Hence the word not should not be
introducedinthe clause beginning with unless.
Incorrect. Unless you do not work hard, you will fail.
Corect. Unless you work hard, you willfail.
IncorrecL. Unless you do not apologize, I shall punish you.
Correct. Unless you apologize, Ishall punish you.
s06. Lest means so that ...not, for fear that, and is in modern Engish
followed byshould.
Take care lest you should fall.
He ran hard lest he should miss the train.
107. That should never be used before a sentence in the Direct
Narration, or after a Verb denoting a question in the Indirect Narration.
Incorrect. He said that, I amn not feeling well'.
Correct. He said, Iam not feeling well".
Incorrect. He asked that how I was feeling.
Corect. He asked how I was feeling.
Incorrect. He enquired that where was the school.
Correct. He enquired where the school was.
Incorrect. He asked me that whether Mohan had gone.
Correct. He asked me whether Mohan had gone.
198. Since. When it is used as a Conjunction, it is always followed
by a Verb in the Simple Past.
Incorrect Three years passed since my cousin has died.
Correct. Three years have passed since my cousin died.
106 COMPOSITION
ASENIOR ENGUSH GRAMMAR AND
Incorrect. Amonth passed since he hadcame come here.
Correct. Amonth has passed since he lefthere.
he had school.
Incorrect. Two months passedpassed sinceheleft school.
since
Correct. Two months have with reference10
Conjunction
199. Before. When it is used as a Verb in theFuture Tense, even ifSOmehe
future event, it is never followed by a
Verb in the Principal Clause is Future.
before the rains will fall. falles
Incorrect. The plantswillwilldie
before the rainsfall or have
Corect. Theplants
die
with appropriate Conjunctiong
blanks
Exercise 71. Fill p the you should come
to poverty.
1. Love not slecp,
better
rubies.
2. Wisdom is apologize.
rather suffer will not pass.Icame here.
3. I would work hard, you
you
4.
things have happened watch.
5. Many new that girl has stolen my
6. Either this boy the train stopped
-hestepped out.
7. No sooner had him to be.
clever - youthink you.
8. He is not so the truth, I shallpunish
you tell me he is honest.
9.
10. Though he is poor, the school it began to rain.
He had scarcely reached wealthy prince.
11. good scholar
12. I would rather be a playing with the affections
hobby. that of
13. She had no other
of her lover.
14. No sooner had he left
a message was brought in.
15. He is neither an idler a gambler.
16. She is beautiful notvain.
17. Blessed are the merciful they shall obtain mercy.
you go.
18. you tell me the secret, I shall not let
19. Give every man thy car few thy voice.
20. Give me water to drink, Ishall die of thirst.
21. Icannot give you any money, Ihave none.
22. We waited the train arrived.
23. Many are called, few are chosen.
24. Either you are mistaken, Iam.
25. We ran fast, we missed the train.
26. Iwere you, I'd keep quiet.
27. Be just fear not.
28. You will get the prize you deserve it.
29, She has a lot of faults : Iadmire her very much.
30. She would not believe me; Hhad to give her proofs.
 CONJUNCTIONS AND SENTENCE
CONNECTORS 107

Exercise 72, Wrile out the following sentences, choosing the correct
conjanctionorthe sentence conneclor from those in brackets
would|have helped her I had enough money.
1.. I
attack (although, f, until)
Tigers won't they are hungry.
2.
him
(unless, because,although)
1. The teacher punished -he had broken the window pane.
(although, if, because)
bicycle
4, Ishall buy a new
Ican get to school on tine.
G, because, s0 that).
the
I would|have goneto party
Hhad been invited.
5.
(s0 that,although. if)
tired Hat once fell asleep. (that, until, before)
6. Iwas so to her
7. Ishall not return the book -she asks for it.
f, wnless,although)
8. When I reached the bus stand, I discovered I had missed my usual
bus. -, Ireached the office on time.
(however, consequently, therefore)
9. He works -he may earnmoney. (lest, becauLse, in order that)
10. She went to the doctor she might be cured.
(because, therefore, so that)
11. She is a fine player she is so small.
(because, althrugh, unles)
12. I will wait for you you retun. (unles, until, provIded that)
youretun it tomorrow.
13.You can borrow the book
(provided that, nless, so that)
14. She walks she is slightly lame. (so that, as though, in
fact)
15.Such an act would not be appreciated it were just.
(as though, even if. so that)
16. Ashok hasn't answered all the questions. he hopes to pass
in Mathematics. (besides, nevertheless, in any case)
we should forgive
17. We want others to forgive our faults.
(consequently, nevertheless, sinilariy)
the faults of others. there
6, The officer was suspended for disobedience of orders.
was acharge of corruption against him.
(therefore, furthermore, conseguently)
lagreed to
D He apologized to me for his rude behaviour.
(moreover, however, consequentty)
g0 with him. train.
20: You should start early you are likely to miss the
(indeed, otherwise, in fact)