2 Circular functions and trigonometry length of an arc; area of a sector. A plane shape bounded by straight lines is called a polygon. When the shape is bounded by three straight lines, the polygon is called a triangle. When the shape is bounded by four straight lines, the polygon is called a quadrilateral. 2.4 Triangles ise In the right-angled triangle ABC shown below: side AB is called the hypotenuse % side BC is called the adjacent, since itis adjacent to (next to) the angle ABC (8) side AC is called the opposite (relative to the angle ABC), since it is opposite the angle A # < ‘The trigonometric ratios are ing = —2PPasite 4, adjacent sin@ renuse cos @: hypotenuse tanCircular functions and trigonometry 51 oe ‘In the triangle ABC, BC = 6 cm, angle ABC = 60°, and angle ACB = 90°, |] Calculate a) the length AB, ) the length AC (to one decimal place), a) The side AB is the hypotenuse and BC is adjacent to the 60° angle, 50 use the cosine ratio: cos 9 = —ijacent_ hypotenuse ‘The length AB is 12.cm. ) To find the length AC, you could use trigonometry again but using Pythagoras’ theorem is easier: AB’ = BC? + AC? =6+AC AC? = 144 ~ 36 f < AC= Vi08 = 10.4 ‘The length AC is 10.4 cm (to 1 d.p.) Trigonometric ratios of 45° Consider the right-angled isosceles triangle ABC. ‘Using Pythagoras’ theorem gives >52. Circular functions and trigonometry Trigonometric ratios of 30° and 60° Consider the equilateral triangle ABC with sides of length 2 units. Let D be the point where the perpendicular from A meets the base BC. From Pythagoras’ theorem: yp 2 AD=V3 ‘The trigonometric ratios are: BD sin 30° =-— and sin 60°= eee AB The trigonometric ratios of 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° are summarised in the table. Ratio | 0° 30° | 45° | 60° | 90° sin 0 0 3 # % 1 cos 1 > E ; Oo wre} ofa} 1 || @l Circular functions and trigonometry 53 A Find the perimeter of triangle ABC shown, expressing your answer in the form a+ bV¢, where a, b and care integers. In the right-angled triangle ABD: D? + BD? 12? + BD? You need to find the lengths BC and AC. BC =BD +CD Inttriangle ACD: AD tan ACD= Fe a al BEC ad CBE OF, The length ACié 24 cm. The perimeter, P, of triangle ABC is given by Be GF og AB+BC+CA — een 13 + (5 + 12V3) +24 Gea = (42+ 12V3) (3) ‘The perimeter of the triangle is (42 + 12V3) cm. Aen of triangle ‘The area of triangle ABC is given by 2 Area=}X bX h where b is the length of the base and itis the perpendicular height. y e ‘That is, Area = 3h A‘ in the usual notation, —_ i54° Circulay functions and trigonometry Inttriangle BDC, © h=asinC '| Im this case the angle you know is C, and a= 14 and b= 10. ‘| Using Area = jabsin C gives ‘Area =} X 14 X 10 X sin 30° =}x 40x} =35 an ‘The area of the triangle is 35 cm?,Circular functions end trigonometry 55 Erne ‘The angle of elevation of the top of a building of height 50m from a point X on the same level as the foot of the building is 30°. Calculate the angle of elevation to the nearest degree of the top of the building from another point ¥, 15 m nearer the foot of the building. 50 50 InA XBT, tan 30°= FF InAYBT, tan@=7 50 (86.6 — 15) tan 0 = 35°, to nearest degree tan 0= XB =866 The angle of elevation from Y is 35°. re ‘Avan moves from a point X on a bearing of 025° for 4 km. The vvan then changes direction and travels on a bearing of 115° for 7 kmn. Calculate: a) the bearing of the van from X, , |b) the direct distance of the van from X, to the nearest km, Sketching the course of the van gives the diagram shown, | Notice that XP = 25° by standard geometry and i = 180° — 115° = 65°. || Therefore X92 = 25° + 65° = 90°, and AXYZ is right-angled. a) The bearing of the van from X is given by 25° + YXZ. Now tan viz =2 2 YR2= 60.3" ‘Therefore the bearing of the van from X is 085.3° or 085° to the nearest degree. b) The direct distance is given by XZ: XP=r4e XZ = 49 + 16 XZ = V65 = 8.062 ‘The direct distance is 8 km, to the nearest km,56 Circular functions and trigonometry Exercise 2A ‘State your answers correct to three significant figures where appropriate, ‘1 Find the perimeter of triangle ABC, expressing your answer in the form a+ bV2 + V3, where a, b and care integers. 3 aa Dre 2 Find the perimeter of the: |ABCD, expressing your answer in the form a+ bV2 + V6, where a, band care integers. 3 A surveyor is attempting to calculate the height of a point, 8 ‘on a building, by taking measurements on horizontal, level ground. From a point A he records the angle of elevation of P as 30°. He then advances 20 m to a point B, from which he records the angle of elevation of P as 45°. a De 8 Calculate the height of P above the ground. 4 A manis attempting to calculate the height of a kite, K, which is flying above horizontal ground. From a point A he records the angle of elevation of K as 23°, He then advances 80 m to a point B from which he records the angle of elevation of K as 34°. Calculate the height of the kite above the ground, 5 A ship sails 100 km from a port X on a bearing of 055° and then 150 km on a bearing of 145°. It reaches its destination at port ¥. Find: a) the bearing of port Y from port X b) the distance between port X and port Y.Circular functions and trigonomety 57 6 Find the area of each of the following triangles. a) b) si Zk X c= 0 4) Sem, Bem, x Ps e) f) = 1Scm 8) em cal . RA » = h) 7 Inthe triangle ABC, AB = 9.2 cm, BC = 7.8m and ABC = 48°, Calculate the area of the triangle. 8 Inthe triangle PQR, PQ = 5.9 cm, QR = 7.6.cm and PQR = 142°. Calculate the area of the triangle. 3 Inthe triangle ABC, AB = 6.2 cm, BC = 8.7 cm and CAB = 93°, a) Calculate the size of the angle ABC. ‘b) Hence calculate the area of the triangle ABC.58 Circular functions and trigonometry 10 A pennant in the shape of the letter Cis formed by cutting a rhombus from a semicircular plate, asin the diagram. Calculate the area of the pennant. 11 The diagram shows the component for a model, which is to be made from a square of metal of side b units, by removing a circular hole of radius a units. Given that the area of the circle removed isto be half the area of the square, show that bivee @ 12 The diagram shows a regular pentagon ABCDE with centre O and sides of length 6 cm. a) Explain why AOB = 72°. 'b) Calculate the area of the triangle AOB. ©) Hence find the area of the pentagon ABCDE. 13. Calculate the area of a regular hexagon with sides of length 8on, 14 Calculate the area of a regular octagon with sides of length Sem. 15 In the triangle ABC, AB = 4.8.cm, BC = 3.8 cm and ¢ ABC = 42°. P is the foot of the perpendicular from A to BC. a) Calculate the area of triangle ABC. b) Deduce the length of AP. 16 PQRis a triangle in which PQ = 5.9 cm, QR = 6.4cm and POR = 63°. Calculate the area of triangle PQR and the length of the perpendicular from P to QR. 17 In triangle KLM, KL = 9.3 cm, LM = 7.2cm and KLM = 82°. Calculate the area of triangle KLM and length of the perpendicular from K to ML.Circular functions and trigonometyy 59 2.2 Radian measure Consider an arc of length 1 unit of a circle of radius 1 unit. djigle @ subtended at the centre of the circle by the arc of unit is radian Gar Express each of these angles in radians. a) 45°) 6g) 270° Express each of these angles in degrees. To. Sav 4a a) (radians b)"Tradians—¢) "radians60 Circular functions and trigonometry Sectors and segments Consider the sector of a circle, of radius r, which subtends an angle of @ at the centre, ‘The length, L, of the arc is given by Onr where 0is measured in degrees, Lisalso given by x 2m = Or 2 7 where @is measured in radians, ‘The area, A, of the sector is given by Oy gp a oe 360 360 where 0 is measured in degrees. Ais also given by |] ‘The sector of a circle of radius 3 cm subtends an angle of i “TRradians atthe centre Find “| a) the length of the are of the sector :| b) the area of the sector of the circle.Circular functions and trigonometry 61 4 a) The length, L, of the arc is given by = 26 (to 1dp,) The length of the arc is 2.6 cm (to 1 dp.). b) The area, A, of the sector is given by or 2 Ge" i = Sp E39 (tol dp) ‘The area of the sector is 3.9 cm? (to 1 d.p.}. ‘The shaded area in the diagram isa segment of a circle of radius r. Show that the area of the segment is given by Pn — 3) The area, Ay of the sector of the circle, is given by Aa Aes ‘The area of triangle OPQ, A, is given by A= Jabsinc = 300 a(§) P 2 het The area, A, of the shaded segment, is given by Azan Ae 12 12 P(n-3) 12 as required.62 Circular functions and trigonometry Exercise 2B 41 Express each of these angles in radians, giving your answers in terms of 7. a) 30° b) 90° ¢) 120° d) 10° ©) 80° 300° = g) 36° h) 240° i) 729 30 kaa? 2. Express each of these angles in degrees. a) mrad b) tnd ©) 3arad a tra 7 Sr 3 am Opn 2) aM h) are ) 50 7 a © i) md D som Kym ) grad 3 Express each of these angles in degrees correct to 1 decimal place. a) drad b)O2rad — c) 43rad_—d) OS rad 07rd — f) 3rad g) 52rd h) 2.1 rad i) Srad j) 0.04rad — k) 16 rad J) rad. 4 Asector of a circle of radius 5 cm subtends an angle of sad at the centre. Calculate a) the length of the arc of the sector ‘b) the area of the sector. 5 A circle of radius 9 cm is divided into three equal sectors. Calculate a) the length of the arc of each sector b) the area of each sector. 5: 6 Asector of angle “> rads cut from a cirle of radius 6 em. Calculate a) the perimeter of the sector b) the area of the sector. 7 OAB isa sector of a circle, centre O, and is such that OA= OB =7.om and AOB = 7 rad. Caleulate a) the perimeter of the sector OAB b) the area of the sector OAB. 8 The sector of a circle of radius 8 cm subtends an angle of 30° at the centre, Calculate 2) the length of the arc of the sector ») the area ofthe sector,9 OPQisa sector ofa circle, centre O, and is such that OP = 0Q = 12 em and POQ = 45°. Calculate a) the perimeter of the sector POQ b) the area of the sector POQ. 40 Calculate the area of a segment of angle © rad cut froma circle of radius 5 cm. 411 Calculate the area of a segment of angle Fradcut froma circle of radius 10 cm. 12 OMNisa sector ofa circle, centre O, and is such that OM = ON = 12cm, and MON = Z rad, Sis the segment bounded by the chord MN and the are MN. Calculate a) the area of S b) the perimeter of S. 13 OABisa sector of a circle, centre O, and is such that OA=0B= Bem, and AOB = Trad. is the segment bounded by the chord AB and the arc AB, Calculate a) the area ofS b) the perimeter of S. 44 The diagram shows a pennant ABC, which has a triangular hole in the middle. The hole is an equilateral triangle ABC of side 8 cm. AB, BC and CA are circular arcs with centres at C, Aand B respectively. Calculate a) the area of the triangle ABC ») the area of the sector ABC 6) the area of the shaded region. 2.3. The functions sin 6, cos @ and tan 6 The sine function Section 2.1 described the sine function for positive values of @ less than 90°, However, it is defined for values of 9 outside this range. For example, the calculator will give a value for sin 270°, or in radian mode value for sin 2. Ifyou plot values of sin 6 against @ you get the graphs shown. Circular functions and trigonometry 63 ‘There is ho.restticion on the +” ize of angle # but if you use <0< 360° You caf see” the imain features of the Gfaphs.64 Circular functions and trigonometry + The function f(6) = sin is periodic, of period 360° or 2arrad, That is sin(@ + 360°) = sin @ or sin(@-+2m)=sin@ |. 4 The function f(6) = sin Ohas rotational symmetry about the origin of order 2. ¢ ‘The maximum value of f(6) is 1 and its minimum value is ~1.In other words —1 < (8) <1. The cosine function BS If you plot values of cos @ against @you get the graphs shown, ¥ y= cos ‘ The function {(6) = cos 6 is periodic, of period 360° or 2mrrad. That is 0s(8 + 360°) = cos @ or cos(6 +2) = cos 6 The graph of f(8) = cos @ is symmetrical about the y-axis. ‘The maximum value of f(6) is 1 and its minimum value is In other words —1 < cos 0< 1. The tangent function If you plot values of tan 8 against 6 you get the graphs shown. The function (8) = tan Gis periodic, of period 180° or arrad. Thatis tan(O + 18 n@ or tan(@+ 7) =tan@ asin gece . The graph of (0) = tan @has rotational symmetry about the | fe crv yes noarer and newer origin of order 2. to these lines but never actually The function f(@) = tan Gis not defined when 9 = +90°, reaches them. y = tan @ has no. 30 ‘maximum or minimum value. £270, ..., or in radians, 0= +Circular functions and trigonometry 65 2.4 Sine and cosine rules The sine rule A Ogee ee eaenS : ; I 4 ’ ‘Bes 5 | 8 + © 3 — |. ais the side opposite angle A. imams 20% ‘To prove this rule you need to consider two cases: i) when triangle ABC is an acute-angled triangle ii) when triangle ABC is not an acute-angled triangle. {) Triangle ABC is acute-angled Let the perpendicular from A meet BC at D. In triangle ABD: 4 Ol] (2) Eliminating AD from (1) and (2 gives csin B= bsinC bc “sinB™ sinC '3) Similarly, dropping a perpendicular from B to meet AC gives —=— icy sin sinA Therefore, from [3] and [4], a bie sinA sinB~ sin ii) Triangle ABC is not acute-angled Let the perpendicular from A meet CB extended at D. In triangle ABD: Afb + ABC = 180° (angles on a AD straight line) sinaBp - 4? c . AD = csin ABD Now ABD = (180° ~ B) and sin(180° ~ B) = sin B. So: AD=csinB {5} sin (180°— 8) sin,66 Circular functions and trigonometry In triangle ACD: AD sinc= AD =bsinC [6] Eliminating AD from [5] and [6] gives csin B= bsinC o_o} * Sin sinB vi If you drop a perpendicular from B to meet AC at Eand proceed 4 as in case i) you get: 2 [3] sinA sin c ‘Therefore, from [7] and (8), In triangle ABC, A = 40°, B = 75° and AB = 6 cm. Calculate a) the length AC »b) the length BC, a) C= 180° — (40° + 75°) = 65°. ‘Therefore, applying the sine rule gives . 2 cf ‘The length of AC is 6.4 cm (to 1 dp.). tis helpful to drow a degra | b) Applying the sine rule again gives ‘The length of BC is 4.3 cm (to 1 dp.).Circular functions and trigonomety 67 In triangle ABC, angle ABC = - angle ACB = 2 and BC = 10cm, Calculate a) angleBAC b) lengthAC c) the area of triangle ABC. nN a m\_ 9 =n-(247)\= a) Now BAC = w- (3 ‘) 2 Angle BACs ra, Tem © b) By the sine rule: AC BC sinB sinA AC sin (3) The length of ACis 5.2m (to 1 d.p.). ©) The area of triangle ABC is given by area = jab sin C =Hx10xs2xsin(?) = 184.cm? ‘The area of the triangle ABC is 18.4 cm? (to 1 d.p.). ‘The ambiguous case Suppose you are given triangle ABC such that AC = 7 cm, BC = 12 cm and B = 30°. Constructing this triangle with ruler and compasses gives this diagram, Since triangle A\CAy is isosceles, A,A,C = A,A,C. Angles BA,C and A,A,Care supplementary (their sum is 180"). In other words, there are two possible positions for vertex A, namely A, and A;. ‘This is known as the ambiguous case. This situation arises when you are given two sides and a non-included angle. em c68 Circular functions and trigonometry Ear ‘In triangle ABC, AB = 8 cm, BC = 10cm and angle ACB = 42°. Calculate the length of AC. ‘The sketch on the right shows the two possible triangles which can be drawn from this information. ;| Applying the sine rule gives ‘Therefore, BA’C = 180° ~ 56.8° = 123.2°, The two possible cases are: doo« ii) a Tem 1 In case ii), A'BC = 180° — (42° + 123.2° *) Applying the sine rule to triangle A’BC gives Ac 8 sin 148° sin 42° to 880 14.8 _ MCo ae | ‘The two possible lengths of AC are 11.8cm and 3.1 cm, 31 Exercise 2C 1 Use the sine rule to find each of the unknown labelled sides or angles, In any ambiguous cases, give both alternatives. State your answers correct to three significant figures.Circular functions and trigonometry 69 The cosine rule To prove this rule, you need to consider two cases 4) when triangle ABC is an acute-angled triangle ii) when triangle ABC is not an acute-angled triangle.70 Circular functions and trigonometry i) Triangle ABC is acute-angled Let the perpendicular from A meet BC at D. Let DC = x, then BD = a- x. In triangle ABD, AD? = 2 ~(a~x}? == @+lax= 2 In triangle ADC, ADP= #2 Eliminating AD? from 1] and [2] gives Substituting x= bcos C into [3] gives. A= a +P —2albeosC) 1. @=@+ P—2abcosC as required. ii) Triangle ABC is not acute-angled Let the perpendicular from A meet CB extended at D. Let DB = x. Intriangle ADB, AD P= 2 = In triangle ADC, ADP= BP (at xP = P= Bax x2 Eliminating AD? from [4] and [5] gives @-2=P- a 2ax—x 2-0 @-2ax 2 Po @+e+2ax Intriangle ADB, =. x= coos ABD 6] [5] {6}Circular functions and trigonometry 71 Now ABD = 180° — B and since cos (180° — B) = —ccos B, x= —ccos B. Substituting x= —ccos B into (6} gives B=@+ 2+ 2a(—ccosB) 1. B= a+ 2 2accos B Look back at the cosine graph ‘on page 64 to see 0s (180° — B) = ~cos B. In triangle ABC, AC = 20cm, BC = 11 cmand A angle ACB = 20°. zen Calculate a) thelength AB) angle ABC. - . © a) Apply the cosine rule to triangle ABC: AB?= 11? + 20? 2 X 11 X 20 c0s 20° = 121 + 400 — 413.46 = 107.54 = V107.54 = 10.37 The length AB is 10.37 cm. b) To find angle ABC, rearrange the cosine formula for cos B. Now Baa+ e—2accosB e+e-P 2ac Applying this formula to triangle ABC gives 2 - cosB = 1 #1037 = 2 o516 2(11)(10.37) = 138.7 Exercise 2D 1 Use the cosine rule to find each of the unknown labelled sides or angles, Give your answers to 3 sf. LE72. Circular functions and trigonomety e) ‘9. f) . 8) 56. h) > * Bz i) id Se we hs was a k) » 9.2 A 33 a Bearings You can use the sine and cosine rules to solve problems involving bearings. A ship sails 6 kin from $ to T on a bearing of 063° and then 9km from T to U on a bearing of 148°. Calculate a) the distanceSU | ~ > b) the bearing of U from $, ~ > a) The bearing of U from T is 148°, so the angle between TU and the South line is 180° — 148° = 32°. Also, by the properties of parallel lines, a = 63°, So, SPU = 63° +32°= 95. Apply the cosine rule to triangle STU: SU? = 6 + 7 = 2X 6 X 9.008 95° 6 + 81 + 9.41 = 126.41 ». SU = Vi26.4l = 11.24 Hence, the distance SU is 11.24 km.Circular functions and trigonometry 73 ) Applying the sine rule to triangle STU: tin In his question the angles are given in radians. Use the sine rule or cosine rule to find the unknown marked sides or angles. SF un a Ao74 Circular functions and trigonometry = 0.93 rad. 2 Intriangle ABC, AB = 6cm, BC = 8 cm and angle. a) Find the length of AC. ) Find the size of angle C. 3 In triangle PQR, PQ = 12cm, QR = 14cm and PR= 11. cm. a) Find the size, in radians, of angle P. b) Find the size, in radians, of angle Q. 4 Intriangle LMN, LM = 5 cm, MN = 8 cm and angle N = 20°. Given that angle L is obtuse, a) calculate the size of angle L ) calculate the length of LN. 5 Given that PQR is a triangle in which PQ= 5 cm, QR = 8am and angle R = 30°, calculate the two possible values of the length of PR. 6 A ship leaves a harbour, H, and sails for 32 km on a bearing of 025° to a point X. At X it changes course and then sails for 45 km on a bearing of 280° to a port P. a) Sketch a diagram showing H, X and P. b) Calculate the direct distance from H to P. ©) Calculate the bearing of P from H. 7 A bird leaves a nest, N, and flies 800 m om a bearing of 132° to a tree, T. It then leaves T and flies 650 m on a bearing of 209° to a pylon P. Assuming that N, T and P are at the same height aboye the ground, calculate the distance and bearing on which the bird must fly in order to return directly from P to N. 8 An army cadet is involved in a compass exercise, He leaves a point O and walks 50 m due west to a point A. He then walks 80 m due north to a point B, and finally 60 m, on a bearing of 320°, toa point C. 2) Ilustrate this information on a sketch. ) Calculate the distance and bearing of B from O. ) Calculate the distance and bearing on which he must walk in order to return from Cto O. 9 A ship travelling south-west with constant speed observes the flash ofa lighthouse on a bearing of 240°. 8 km further on the ship observes the flash of the same lighthouse, due west. a) How far is the ship from the lighthouse at this time? ) How close to the lighthouse will it pass?Circular functions and trigonometry 75 Summary > -using Pythagoras’ theorem P+P=e > 4 < "6 sing trigonometry sinx=2, cosx=2, tanzm? c ¢ a roblems with triangles that do not contain a right angle: i i Revision exercise 2 1. Two boats A and B start moving from the same point P, Boat A ‘moves in a straight line at 20 km h™ and boat B moves in a straight line at 32 km h-?, The angle between their paths is 70°. Find the distance between the boats after 2.5 hours. © 1B0[2002] ‘The diagram shows a triangle with sides 5 em, 7 cm and 8 cm, s . sem co Find a2 a) the size of the smallest angle, in degrees b) the rea of the triangle. (4° © 1BO[2001)76 Circular functions and trigonometry 3 The diagrams show two triangles both satisfying the conditions AB = 20cm, AC = 17 cm, angle ABC = 50°. Tingle ‘ange? . J\ | a) Calculate the size of angle ACB in triangle 2. b) Calculate the area of triangle 1. © 180|2001] 4 Intriangle. ABC, I 43°, AC = 6.8 cm and AB = 4.3m. FFind the size of A, giving your answer to the nearest degree. 5. The diagram shows a circle centre O and radius 15 cm. The arc ACB subtends an angle of 2 radians at the centre O. Find a) the length of the arc ACB 1b) the area of the shaded region. © 1BO[2002] AB The diagram shows two concentric circles with radii 1 cm and 4.cm. ‘The angle AOB= > Find a) thearea of the shaded region b) the perimeter of the shaded region. © IBO[1996}