Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

Solutions to Exercise 4A
1a.
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑥2 4 1 0 1 4 9
(𝑥 − 1)2 9 4 1 0 1 4

1b.

Vertex of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is (0,0) and 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 is (1,0)

1c. Shifting the vertex of parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 by 1 unit in the positive 𝑥 direction (right)
maps the curve to 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2
2a.
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
1 3 27 −2 1 0 1 2 27
𝑥 − −
4 4 4 4 4
1 3 19 0 7 2 9 4 35
𝑥 −
4 4 4 4 4
+ 2

2b.

1 1
𝑦-intercepts of: 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 is 𝑦 = 0 & 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 3 + 2 is 𝑦 = 2
4
1
2c. Shifting the curve 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 3 up by 2 units (positive 𝑦 direction) transforms it to
1
𝑦 = 4 𝑥3 + 2

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

3a. The parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is shifted by 2 units in the positive 𝑦 direction (up) to

transform into
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 2
3b. The parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is shifted by 5 units in the negative 𝑦 direction (down) to
transform into
𝑦 = 𝑥2 – 5
3c. The parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is shifted by 4 units in the negative 𝑥 direction (backwards)
to transform into 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 4)2
3d. The parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is shifted by 3 units in the positive 𝑥 direction (forwards) to
transform into
𝑦 = (𝑥 – 3)2
1
4a. The hyperbola 𝑦 = 𝑥 is shifted by 2 units in positive 𝑥 direction (right) to
1
produce 𝑦 = 𝑥 – 2
1
4b. The hyperbola 𝑦 = 𝑥 is shifted by 3 units in negative 𝑥 direction (left) to produce
1
𝑦=𝑥 + 3
1
4c. The hyperbola 𝑦 = 𝑥 is shifted by 4 units in negative 𝑦 direction (down) to
produce
1
𝑦=( )– 4
𝑥
1
4d. The hyperbola 𝑦 = 𝑥 is shifted by 5 units in positive 𝑦 direction (up) to produce
1
𝑦 = (𝑥) + 5
5a. 𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1

No 𝑥-intercept, 𝑦-intercept = (0,1)

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

5b. 𝑦 = 𝑥2 – 1

𝑥-intercept = (– 1, 0) & (1, 0), 𝑦-intercept = (0, – 1)

5c. 𝑦 = (𝑥 – 1)2

𝑥-intercept = (1,0), 𝑦-intercept = (0,1)

5d 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2

𝑥-intercept = (– 1, 0), 𝑦-intercept = (0, 1)

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

1
6a. 𝑦 = 𝑥+1

𝑥-axis is an asymptote (intercepts at ±∞), 𝑦-intercept (0,1)

1
6b. 𝑦 = 𝑥–1

𝑥-axis is an asymptote (intercepts at ±∞), 𝑦-intercept (0, – 1)

1
6c. 𝑦 = (𝑥 ) + 1

𝑥-intercept (–1, 0), 𝑦-axis is an asymptote (intercepts at ±∞)

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

1
6d. 𝑦 = (𝑥)– 1

𝑥-intercept (1, 0), 𝑦-axis is an asymptote (intercepts at ±∞)

7a. (𝑥 – 1)2 + 𝑦 2 = 1

𝑥-intercepts (0,0) and (2,0), 𝑦-intercept (0,0)

7b. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 – 1)2 = 1

𝑥-intercepts (0,0), 𝑦-intercepts (0,0) & (0,2)

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

7c. 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 1

𝑥-intercepts (0,0), 𝑦-intercepts (0,0) & (0, – 2)

7d. (𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑦 2 = 1

𝑥-intercepts (0,0) and (– 2,0), 𝑦-intercept (0,0)

8a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 : right 1 unit → 𝑦 = (𝑥 – 1)2

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

8b. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 : down 3 units → 𝑦 = 2𝑥 – 3

8c. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 : left 1 unit → 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)3

1 1
8d. 𝑦 = : right 3 units → 𝑦 = 𝑥–3
𝑥

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

8e. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4: up 1 unit → 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 – 1)2 = 4

8f. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 – 4 : left 1 unit → 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 – 4

1 1
8g. 𝑥𝑦 = 1 : down 1 unit → 𝑦 = 𝑥 : down 1 unit → {𝑦 = (𝑥) − 1} or {𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 = 1} or
{𝑥(𝑦 + 1) = 1}

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

8h. 𝑦 = √𝑥 : up 2 units → 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 2

9a.
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 2) is same as shifting the entire curve to the right by 2
units.

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) is same as shifting the entire curve to the left by 1 unit.

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

9b
𝑦 = 𝑃(𝑥) to 𝑦 = 𝑃(𝑥 + 2) is same as shifting the entire curve to the left by 2
units.

𝑦 = 𝑃(𝑥) to 𝑦 = 𝑃(𝑥 + 1) is same as shifting the entire curve to the left by 1 unit.

9c.
𝑦 = ℎ(𝑥) to 𝑦 − 1 = ℎ(𝑥) is same as shifting the entire curve up by 1 unit.

𝑦 = ℎ(𝑥) to 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑥) −1 is same as shifting the entire curve down by 1 unit.

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

9d
𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) to 𝑦 − 1 = 𝑔(𝑥) is same as shifting the entire curve up by 1 unit.

𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) to 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥 − 1) is same as shifting the entire curve to the right by 1

unit.

10a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 2 = (𝑥 + 1)2 + 2
So, the curve can be obtained by shifting the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 to 1 unit left and 2
units up.

10b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2 = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) − 3 = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 3
So, the curve can be obtained by shifting the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 to 1 unit to the
right & 3 unit down.

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

10c. 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1 = −(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) + 5 = −(𝑥 − 2)2 + 5

So, the curve can be obtained by shifting the parabola 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 to 5 units up and
2 units right.

10d 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5 = −(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) − 1 = −(𝑥 + 2)2 − 1

So, the curve can be obtained by shifting the parabola 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 to 2 units left and
1 unit down.

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

10e. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2 = 2(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) − 4 = 2(𝑥 − 1)2 − 4

So, the curve can be obtained by dilating the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 by a factor of 0.5 or
simply 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 and shifting it to 1 unit right and 4 units down.

1 1 5 1 5
10f. 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) − 2 = 2 (𝑥 − 1)2 − 2
So, the curve can be obtained by dilating the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 by a factor of 2 or
1
simply 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2 and shifting it to 1 unit right and 2.5 units down.

11a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 transformed by shifting 2 units to the right, hence: 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2

11b. 𝑥𝑦 =1 transformed by shifting 2 units to the right, hence: (𝑥 − 2)𝑦 = 1
11c. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 transformed by shifting 2 units to the right and 1 unit down, hence: 𝑦 =
(𝑥 − 2)2 − 1
11d. 𝑥𝑦 = 1 transformed by shifting 2 units to the right and 1 unit down, hence: 𝑦 =
1
−1
𝑥−2

12. Equation of circle with centre and radius: (𝑥 − 𝑔)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑓)2 = 𝑟 2 ; 𝐶(𝑔, 𝑓);
Radius = 𝑟
12a. (𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 → (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = 22 → 𝐶(−1, 0) and 𝑟 = 2
12b. (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 1 → 𝐶(1, 2) and 𝑟 = 1
12c. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 − 4 = 0 → 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 9 → (𝑥 − 1)2 +
(𝑦 − 2)2 = 32 → 𝐶(1, 2) and 𝑟 = 3
12d. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 = 0 → 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16 = 25 → (𝑥 + 3)2 +
(𝑦 − 4)2 = 52 → 𝐶(−3, 4) and 𝑟 = 5

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

12e. 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 + 32 = 0 → (𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 25) + (𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 + 16) = 9 →

(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 + 4)2 = 32 → 𝐶(5, −4) and 𝑟 = 3
12f. 𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 14 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 0 → (𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 49) + (𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1) = 36 →
(𝑥 + 7)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 62 → 𝐶(−7, 1) and 𝑟 = 6
13. Equation of circle with centre 𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘) and radius 𝑟 is: (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 =
𝑟2
13a. 𝐶(2, 3) and 𝑟 = 1
So, the circle is formed by shifting the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 to 2 units right and 3
units up.
Hence, equation of circle is: (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 1

13b. 𝐶(– 2, – 1) and 𝑟 = 2

So, the circle is formed by shifting the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 to 2 units left and 1 unit
down.
Hence, equation of circle is: (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 4

2
13c. 𝐶(– 1,1) and 𝑟 = √(0 − (−1)) + (4 − 1)2 = √10 , since (0, 4) is a point on
the circle.
So, the circle is formed by shifting the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 10 to 1 unit left and 1 unit
up.
Hence, the equation of the circle is: (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 10
2
13d. 𝐶(2, – 1) and 𝑟 = √(0 − (−1)) + (0 − 2)2 = √5 , since (0, 0) is a point on the
circle.
So, the circle is formed by shifting the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 10 to 2 units right and 1
unit down.
Hence, the equation of the circle is: (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 5
1
14a. 𝑦 = 2 𝑥3

1 3
𝑦 = 𝑥 –2
2

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

3
Transformations: 2 units down; 𝑥-intercept = (2√2, 0); 𝑦-intercept = (0, −2)
1
𝑦 = (𝑥 – 2)3
2

Transformations: 2 units right; 𝑥-intercept = (2, 0); 𝑦-intercept = (0, −4)

1
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 3)3 + 1
2

3
Transformations: 3 units left and 1 unit up; 𝑥-intercept =((−3 − √2), 0); 𝑦-
intercept = (0, 14.5)

𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
1 3 27 −4 1 0 1 4 27
𝑥 − −
2 2 2 2 2
1 3 31 −6 5 −2 3 2 23
𝑥 –2 − − −
2 2 2 2 2

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 Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

1 125 −32 27 −4 1 0 1
(𝑥 – 2)3 − − −
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 3 5 29 33 127 109
(𝑥 + 3)3
2 2 2 2
+ 1

14b. 𝑦 =– 2𝑥 3

𝑦 = 3– 2𝑥 3

3 3
Transformations: 3 units up; 𝑥-intercept = (√2 , 0); 𝑦-intercept = (0, 3)
𝑦 = – 2(𝑥 + 3)3

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 Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

Transformations: 3 units left; 𝑥-intercept = (−3,0); 𝑦-intercept = (0, −54)

𝑦 = – 2(𝑥 – 1)3 – 2

Transformations: 1 unit right and 2 units down; 𝑥-intercept = (0,0); 𝑦-intercept

= (0,0)

𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−2𝑥 3 54 16 2 0 −2 −16 −54
3 – 2𝑥 3 57 19 5 3 1 −13 −51
– 2(𝑥 0 −2 −16 −54 −128 −250 −432
+ 3)3
– 2(𝑥 – 1)3 – 2 126 52 14 0 −2 −4 −18

15. line equation: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4 = 0

15a. Translation: 2 units left → (𝑥 + 2) + 2𝑦 − 4 = 0 →New equation: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2 = 0
15b. Translation: 1 unit down → 𝑥 + 2(𝑦 + 1) − 4 = 0 →New equation: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2 =
0
15c. Both the translations lead to the same answer.

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

1
16. Equation of Hyperbola: 𝑦 = 𝑥

1
16a. 𝑦 = 𝑥−2

Transformation: 2 units right; 𝑥-axis is an asymptote (intercepts at ±∞), 𝑦-

1
intercept (0, – 2)

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

1
16b. 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥−2

Transformations: 2 units right and 1 unit up; 𝑥-intercept (1, 0); 𝑦-intercept
1
(0 , )
2
1
16c. 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 − 2

5
Transformations: 2 units right and 2 units down; 𝑥-intercept (2 , 0 ); 𝑦-intercept
5
(0 , − 2 )
1
16d. 𝑦 = 𝑥+1 − 1

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

Transformations: 1 unit left and 1 unit down; 𝑥-intercept (0, 0 ); 𝑦-intercept

(0,0)
1
16e. 𝑦 = 3 + 𝑥+2

7
Transformations: 2 units left and 3 units down; 𝑥-intercept (− 3 , 0 ); 𝑦-intercept
11
(0 , )
3
1
16f. 𝑦 = 𝑥−3 + 4

7
Transformations: 3 units right and 4 units up; 𝑥-intercept (− 3 , 0 ); 𝑦-intercept
11
(0 , 3 )
17a. 𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4 → 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 2) → Shift left by 2 units.
𝑦 = 2𝑥 – 4 → 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 – 2) → Shift right by 2 units.

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

17b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 9 → Shift 9 units up
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 9 → Shift 9 units down
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)2 → Shift 3 units right

17c. 𝑦 = −𝑥 2
𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 2 →Shift 1 unit up
𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 1)2 →Shift 1 unit left
𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 1)2 − 1 →Shift 1 unit left and 1 unit down

17d. 𝑦 = √𝑥
𝑦 = √𝑥 + 4 → Shift 4 units left
𝑦 = √𝑥 + 4 → Shift 4 units up
𝑦 = √𝑥 + 4 − 2 → Shift 4 units left and 2 units down

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

2
17e. 𝑦 = 𝑥
2
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 → Shift 1 unit up
2
𝑦 = 𝑥+2 → Shift 2 units left
2
𝑦 = 𝑥+2 + 1 → Shift 1 unit up and 2 units left

18a. Given: Equation of circle: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 ; 𝐶_0 (0,0);Radius= 𝑟

Centre of circle is shifted to point 𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘)
Hence, new equation: (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
18b. Point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) lies on circle with centre 𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘) and radius 𝑟. Find equation of
circle.
Since, 𝑃 lies on circle, the distance 𝑃𝐶 is the radius.
Hence, using distance formula: √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 = 𝑑, we get:
√(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 →Squaring both sides:(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2

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 Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

Solutions to Exercise 4B
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
1a. Replacing 𝑦 by – 𝑦:−𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 →Multiply both sides by −1 → 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 +
2𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 Hence, replacing 𝑦 by – 𝑦 converts the equation to: 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
1b.
𝑥 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
2
𝑥 – 2𝑥 8 3 0 –1 0 3 8
2𝑥 – 𝑥 2 –8 –3 0 1 0 –3 –8

1c.

1d. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 is the reflection of parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 along the 𝑥-axis. So, the

mirroring of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 across the 𝑥-axis maps it to 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
2
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥−2
2 2 2
2a. Replacing 𝑥 by – 𝑥: 𝑦 = −𝑥−2 = −(𝑥+2) = − 𝑥+2. Hence, replacing 𝑥 by – 𝑥 converts
2
the equation to 𝑦 = − 𝑥+2
2b.
𝑥 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
2 -1/3 -2/5 -1/2 -2/3 -1 -2 * 2 1
𝑥−2
2
− 𝑥+2 1 2 * -2 -1 -2/3 -1/2 -2/5 -1/3

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

2c.
2 2
2d. 𝑦 = − 𝑥+2 is a reflection of 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 along the 𝑦-axis. So, mirroring of the
2 2
hyperbola 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 along the 𝑦-axis will transform it to the equation 𝑦 = − 𝑥+2
3a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3

3b.
Reflection in 𝑦-axis: 𝑦 = (−𝑥)2 − 2(−𝑥) − 3 → 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 3

Reflection in 𝑥-axis: −𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 − 3 → 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥2

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

Reflection along both the axes: −𝑦 = (−𝑥)2 − 2(−𝑥) − 3 → 𝑦 = 3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2

4a. 𝑦 = 2−𝑥

𝑥-intercept = (∞, 0), 𝑥-axis is the asymptote; 𝑦-intercept =(0, 1)

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

4b.
Reflection in 𝑦-axis: Replace 𝑥 by – 𝑥; Hence, new equation: 𝑦 = 2𝑥

Reflection in 𝑥-axis: Replace 𝑦 with – 𝑦; Hence, new equation: −𝑦 = 2−𝑥 → 𝑦 =

−2−𝑥

Reflection in both the axes: Replace 𝑥 with – 𝑥 & 𝑦 with – 𝑦; New equation: −𝑦 =
2—(−𝑥) → 𝑦 = −2𝑥

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

5a. Equation is: 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 3)2

𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥)

𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥)

5b. Equation is:𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0 for 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 for 𝑥 > 0

𝑦 = −𝑃(𝑥)

𝑦 = −𝑃(−𝑥)

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

2𝑥
5c. Equation is: 𝑦 = |𝑥|+1
𝑦 = 𝐴(−𝑥)

𝑦 = −𝐴(−𝑥)

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

6a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 :reflected in the 𝑥-axis; New Equation: 𝑦 = −𝑥 2

6b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 : reflected in the y-axis; New Equation: 𝑦 = (−𝑥)3

6c. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 : rotate by 180°; New equation: 𝑦 = −2−𝑥

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

6d. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 : rotate by 180°; New equation: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥

6e. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9: reflect in the 𝑦-axis; New equation: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9

1 1
6f. 𝑦 = 𝑥: reflect in the 𝑥-axis; New equation: −𝑦 = 𝑥

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

1
7a. 𝑦 = 𝑥+2 − 1

7b.
Vertical asymptote unchanged. Horizontal asymptote changes sign → Horizontal
1
asymptote is: 𝑦 = 1. Hence, hyperbola equation: 𝑦 = 𝑥+2 + 1. Obtained by
reflection in the 𝑥-axis.

The intercepts with the axes are positive. So, a reflection in both the axes is
required, i.e., a rotation of the entire hyperbola by 180˚. New equation:
1
𝑦 = 𝑥−2 + 1

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

8a. 𝑆1 : (𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4; 𝑆2 : (𝑥 + 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4.

8b. Shifting of the circle S1 by 6 units to the left maps it to S2 or reflection of one
circle along the 𝑦-axis.
8c. 𝑆1 : (𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4; Reflecting in the 𝑦-axis: (−𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 → (𝑥 + 3)2 +
𝑦 2 = 4 = 𝑆2
9a. 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2
Reflecting in the x-axis: 𝑥 2 + (−𝑦)2 = 𝑟 2 → 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2
Reflecting in the y-axis: (−𝑥)2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 → 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2
9b. From the below figure, it can be observed that the circle can be expressed as the
reflection of the arc in the first quadrant along both the axes independently as
well as simultaneously. Since, the reflected part is already a part of the curve,
irrespective of the reflection, the circle will not change. Circle is a symmetric
shape.

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

1
10a. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1

1
𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 + 1: Reflection in the 𝑦-axis

1
𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 − 1: Reflection in the 𝑥-axis

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

1
𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 1: Rotation by 180°

10b. 𝑦 = 4−𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4: Reflection in the 𝑥-axis

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4: Reflection in the 𝑦-axis

𝑦 = −𝑥 − 4: Rotation by 180°

10c. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2

𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 1)2 : Rotation by 180°

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 : Reflection in the 𝑦-axis

𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 1)2 : Reflection in the 𝑥-axis

10d. 𝑦 = √𝑥

𝑦 = −√−𝑥: Rotation by 180˚

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

𝑦 = −√𝑥: Reflection in the 𝑥-axis

𝑦 = √−𝑥 : Reflection in the 𝑦-axis

10e. 𝑦 = 3𝑥

𝑦 = −3𝑥 : Reflection in the 𝑥-axis

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

𝑦 = −3−𝑥 : Rotation by 180°

𝑦 = 3−𝑥 : Reflection in the 𝑦-axis

1
10f. 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥−1

1
𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥+1: Reflection in the y-axis

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

1
𝑦 = −1 + 𝑥+1: Rotation by 180°

1
𝑦 = −1 + 1−𝑥: Reflection in the 𝑥-axis

11. 𝑆1 : 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 and 𝑆2 : 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

11a.

11b. Reflection of one parabola in the 𝑦-axis maps it to another. Parabolas are the
reflection of each other in the 𝑦-axis.
11c. The second parabola S2 can be obtained by shifting the first 4 units to the left.
11d. Replace 𝑥 by ( 𝑥 + 4): 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 4)2 − 4(𝑥 + 4) + 3 = 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16 − 4𝑥 − 16 +
3 => 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3.
11e. The following parts of Q10 could be achieved by shifting: 10-a-iii, 10-b-iii, 10-c-ii,
10-f-ii.
2𝑥 +2−𝑥
12a. 𝑐(𝑥) = .
2
2−𝑥 +2−(−𝑥) 2−𝑥 +2𝑥
𝑐(−𝑥) = = = 𝑐(𝑥). Hence, 𝑐(−𝑥) = 𝑐(𝑥)
2 2

From the curve, it can be observed that the curve is symmetric across the 𝑦-axis.
Hence,
𝑐(−𝑥) = 𝑐(𝑥)
2𝑥 −2−𝑥
12b. 𝑡(𝑥) = 2𝑥 +2−𝑥
2−𝑥 −2−(−𝑥) 2−𝑥 −2𝑥 2𝑥 −2−𝑥
−𝑡(−𝑥) = − (2−𝑥 +2−(−𝑥)) = − (2𝑥 +2−𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 +2−𝑥 = 𝑡(𝑥), Hence, −𝑡(−𝑥) = 𝑡(𝑥)

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

From the graph, it can be observed that curve is symmetric about the origin.
Reflection in each of the axes would lead to the same curve.
12c.
𝑦 = 𝑐(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑐(−𝑥)

𝑦 = 𝑡(𝑥) 𝑦 = −𝑡(−𝑥)

13. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2
13a.
2
parabola is shifted 1 unit right. New Equation: 𝑦 = ((𝑥 − 1) − 1) = (𝑥 − 2)2
2
new parabola is reflected in 𝑦-axis. New Equation: 𝑦 = ((−𝑥) − 2) = (𝑥 + 2)2
13b.
2
parabola is reflected in 𝑦-axis. New Equation: 𝑦 = ((−𝑥) − 1) = (𝑥 + 1)2
2
parabola is shifted1 unit right. New Equation: 𝑦 = ((𝑥 − 1) + 1) = 𝑥 2
13c. From the answers of the parts 13a. and 13b. it can be concluded that the order of
the change affects the results obtained as both are not the same equations.
13d. If the shift is parallel to the axis of reflection, then the order in which the shift
and reflection is done will not matter and the answer will remain the same.

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

Solutions to Exercise 4C
1a. The curve is symmetric across the 𝑦-axis, i.e., 𝑦-axis is axis of symmetry. Hence,
the function is even.
1b. The graph is a straight line, a straight line is neither even nor an odd function.
1c. The graph apparently denotes a cubic equation or an odd degree polynomial. The
curve is symmetric about the origin. Hence, the curve is an odd function.
1d. The graph is a straight line, a straight line is neither even nor an odd function.
1e. The curve is symmetric about the origin. Hence, it is an odd function.
1f. The curve is symmetric across the 𝑦-axis, i.e., 𝑦-axis is axis of symmetry. Hence,
the function is even.
2.
Completing for 𝑓(𝑥) even: Reflect in 𝑦-axis

2a.

2b. `

2c.
Completing for 𝑓(𝑥) odd: Reflect about the origin

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

2a.

2b.

2c.
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 1
3a. 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)4 − 2(−𝑥)2 + 1 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝑓(𝑥)
3b. From part 3a), it is shown that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥). Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function.
4. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
4a. 𝑔(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)3 − 3(−𝑥) = −𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 = −(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥) = −𝑔(𝑥)
4b. From part 4a), it is shown that 𝑔(𝑥) = −𝑔(−𝑥). Hence, 𝑔(𝑥) is an odd function.
5. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2
5a. ℎ(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)3 + 3(−𝑥)2 − 2 = −𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2 = −(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2)
5b. From part 5a), it is shown that ℎ(𝑥) ≠ ℎ(−𝑥) or ℎ(𝑥) ≠ −ℎ(−𝑥). Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is
neither an even function nor an odd function.
6a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 9
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 − 9 = 𝑥 2 − 9 = 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑓(𝑥) is even
6b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 − 6(−𝑥) + 5 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 5 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑜𝑟 − 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑓(𝑥) is neither
even nor odd.
6𝑐. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 25𝑥

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)3 − 25(−𝑥) = −𝑥 3 + 25𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑓(𝑥) is odd.

6𝑑. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)4 − 4(−𝑥)2 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 = 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑓(𝑥) is even.
6e. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)3 + 5(−𝑥)2 = −𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑜𝑟 − 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑓(𝑥) is neither even
nor odd.
6𝑓. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 + 16𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)5 + 16(−𝑥) = −𝑥 5 − 16𝑥 = −(𝑥 5 + 16𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑓(𝑥) is odd.
6𝑔. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 8𝑥 3 + 16𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)5 − 8(−𝑥)3 + 16(−𝑥) = −𝑥 5 + 8𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 = −(𝑥 5 − 8𝑥 3 +
16𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑓(𝑥) is odd.
6ℎ. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 − 27𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)4 + 3(−𝑥)3 − 9(−𝑥)2 − 27(−𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 27𝑥 ≠
−𝑓(𝑥) or 𝑓(𝑥) => 𝑓(𝑥) is neither even nor odd.
7𝑎. A polynomial function is odd if it contains all odd powered terms.
7b. A polynomial function is even if it contains all even powered terms.
8a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 9 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)

8b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 5)

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

8c. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 25𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 5)

8d. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)

8e. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 5)

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

8f. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 + 16𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥 4 − 16) = 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)

2𝑥 +2−𝑥
9a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
2−𝑥 +2—𝑥 (2−𝑥 +2𝑥 )
𝑓(−𝑥) = = = 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑓(𝑥) is even.
2 2

2𝑥 −2−𝑥
9b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
2−𝑥 −2—𝑥 2−𝑥 −2𝑥 2𝑥 −2−𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = = = −( ) = −𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑓(𝑥) is odd.
2 2 2

3
9c. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥
3 3
𝑓(−𝑥) = √−𝑥 = − √𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑓(𝑥) is odd.

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

3 2
9d. 𝑓(𝑥) = ( √𝑥)
3 2 3 2
𝑓(−𝑥) = ( √−𝑥) = ( √𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑓(𝑥) is even.

𝑥
9e. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −4
−𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 −4 = − 𝑥 2 −4 = −𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑓(𝑥) is odd.

2
9f. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −4
2 2
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 −4 = 𝑥 2 −4 = 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑓(𝑥) is even.

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

9g. 𝑓(𝑥) = √9 − 𝑥 2
𝑓(−𝑥) = √9 − (−_𝑥)2 = √9 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑓(𝑥) is even.

9h. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥√9 − 𝑥 2

𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)√9 − (−𝑥)2 = −𝑥√9 − 𝑥 2 = −𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑓(𝑥) is odd.

10a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = 2−𝑥 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) or−𝑓(𝑥). Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is neither odd nor even.
10b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2−𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = 2−(−𝑥) = 2𝑥 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) or−𝑓(𝑥). Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is neither odd nor even.
10c. 𝑓(𝑥) = √3 − 𝑥 2
𝑓(−𝑥) = √3 − (−𝑥)2 = √3 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑓(𝑥). Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is even.

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

1
10d. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +1
1 1
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 +1 = 𝑥 2 +1 = 𝑓(𝑥). Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is even.
4𝑥
10e. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +4
4(−𝑥) 4𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 +4 = − 𝑥 2 +4 = −𝑓(𝑥). Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is odd.
10f. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 3−𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = 3(−𝑥) + 3−(−𝑥) = 3−𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥). Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is even.
10g. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 3−𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = 3(−𝑥) − 3−(−𝑥) = 3−𝑥 − 3𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥). Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is odd.
10h. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 𝑥 3
𝑓(−𝑥) = 3(−𝑥) + (−𝑥)3 = 3−𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) or−𝑓(𝑥). Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is neither odd
nor even.
11a. 𝑆1 : 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = 49
𝑆(−𝑥) : (−𝑥)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 − 49 = 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 − 49 = 𝑆1 , i.e., the equation is
same if we replace by – 𝑥. The given equation is a circle with centre 𝐶(0, 5) and
radius 7 units. A circle with centre on the 𝑦-axis is symmetric across the 𝑦-axis.
11b. 𝑆: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 49
𝑆−𝑥 : (−𝑥)2 + 𝑦 2 − 49 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 49 = 𝑆, Hence S is even.
𝑆−𝑥,−𝑦 : (−𝑥)2 + (−𝑦)2 − 49 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 49 = 𝑆, Hence S is odd.
S is a circle with centre 𝑂(0, 0). A circle is symmetric across any line passing
through its centre. As x-axis and y-axis both pass through centre, it is symmetric
across both the axes.
12a. Given: 𝑓(𝑥) is odd and defined at 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(−𝑥)𝑥=0 = 𝑓(−0) = 𝑓(0). But, as f is odd 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥).
So, 𝑓(0) = −𝑓(0). This is only possible if 𝑓(0) = 0.
So, at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, i.e., 𝑓(0) = 0. Hence, 𝑓(𝑥)passes through the origin.
12b. Given: 𝑓(𝑥) is even and defined at 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(−𝑥)𝑥=0 = 𝑓(0) .
So, 𝑓(0) = 𝑓(0). This is possible for any value of 𝑓(0).
So, at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ 𝑅. Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) need not pass through the origin.
𝑎𝑥 +𝑎−𝑥
Example:𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎
13a. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)×𝑔(𝑥)
Given: f and g are both even or both odd. So, 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(−𝑥) =
𝑔(𝑥) or 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(−𝑥) = −𝑔(𝑥)
ℎ(−𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥)×𝑔(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)×𝑔(𝑥) when 𝑓 and 𝑔 are even= ℎ(𝑥), or
ℎ(−𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥)×𝑔(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)×−𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)×𝑔(𝑥)𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑑𝑑
= ℎ(𝑥)
So, when f and g are both either even or both odd, then h(x) is always even
Given: One of 𝑓 and 𝑔 is odd and the other even
Say f is odd and 𝑔 is even. 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(−𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)
ℎ(−𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥)×𝑔(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)×𝑔(𝑥) = −ℎ(𝑥)
Same is the case when 𝑓 is even, and 𝑔 is odd. Hence ℎ(𝑥) is odd if one of 𝑓 and 𝑔
is odd and the other even.
13b. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
Given: 𝑓 and 𝑔 are both even. So, 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(−𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

ℎ(−𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥) + 𝑔(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑥).

Hence, ℎ(𝑥) is even if both f and g are even.
Given: 𝑓 and 𝑔 are both odd. So, 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(−𝑥) = −𝑔(𝑥)
ℎ(−𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥) + 𝑔(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = −(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)) = −ℎ(𝑥).
Hence, ℎ(𝑥) is odd if both 𝑓 and 𝑔 are odd.

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

Solutions to Exercise 4D
1a 3
1b 3
1b | − 3| = 3
1d |3| = 3
1e | − 7| = 7
1f |1| = 1
1g |9 − 25| = | − 16| = 16
1h | − 5| − 8 = −3
2a 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = −1

2b 𝑥 = 3 or 𝑥 = −3

2c |𝑥| = 2 → 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = −2

2d |𝑥| = 5 → 𝑥 = 5 or 𝑥 = −5

2e |𝑥| = 3 → 𝑥 = 3 or 𝑥 = −3

2f |𝑥| = 4 → 𝑥 = 4 or 𝑥 = −4

3a 𝑥 − 4 = 1 or 𝑥 − 4 = −1 → 𝑥 = 5 or 𝑥 = 3

3b 𝑥 − 3 = 7 or 𝑥 − 3 = −7 → 𝑥 = 10 or 𝑥 = −4

3c 𝑥 – 3 = 3 or 𝑥 − 3 = −3 → 𝑥 = 6 or 𝑥 = 0

3d 𝑥 − 7 = 2 or 𝑥 − 7 = −2 → 𝑥 = 9 or 𝑥 = 5

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

3e 𝑥 + 5 = 2 or 𝑥 + 5 = −2 → 𝑥 = −3 or 𝑥 = −7

3f 𝑥 + 2 = 2 or 𝑥 + 2 = −2 → 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = −4

3g 𝑥 + 1 = 6 or 𝑥 + 1 = −6 → 𝑥 = 5 or 𝑥 = −7

3h 𝑥 + 3 = 1 or 𝑥 + 3 = −1 → 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = −4

4a

𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
|𝑥| − 1 1 0 −1 0 1 2

4b the two graphs are as follows:

As we can see, the two graphs overlap for 𝑥 > 1

4c The first graph is 𝑦 = |𝑥| which is shifted to the right by 1 unit.
The second graph is 𝑦 = |𝑥| which is shifted down by 1 unit

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

5a 𝐿𝐻𝑆 → |5𝑥| = |5×(−3)| = | − 15| = 15

𝑅𝐻𝑆 → 5|𝑥| = 5×|−3| = 5×3 = 15
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆 → Hence proved
5b 𝐿𝐻𝑆 → | − 𝑥| = | − (−3)| = |3| = 3
𝑅𝐻𝑆 → |𝑥| = | − 3| = 3
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆 → Hence proved
5c 𝐿𝐻𝑆 → |𝑥|2 = |−3|2 = 32 = 9
𝑅𝐻𝑆 → 𝑥 2 = (−3)2 = 9
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆 → Hence proved
5d 𝐿𝐻𝑆 → |𝑥 − 7| = | − 3 − 7| = | − 10| = 10
𝑅𝐻𝑆 → |7 − 𝑥| = |7 − (−3)| = |7 + 3| = |10| = 10
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆 → Hence proved
5e 𝐿𝐻𝑆 → 𝑥 = −3
𝑅𝐻𝑆 → |𝑥| = | − 3| = 3
Since 𝐿𝐻𝑆 < 𝑅𝐻𝑆 holds true, the equation is true
5f 𝐿𝐻𝑆 → −|𝑥| = −| − 3| = −3
𝑅𝐻𝑆 → 𝑥 = −3
In our case, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆. Hence proved
6a 𝐿𝐻𝑆 → |𝑥| = | − 2| = 2
𝑅𝐻𝑆 → 𝑥 = −2
Since 𝐿𝐻𝑆 is not equal to 𝑅𝐻𝑆, equation is false
6b 𝐿𝐻𝑆 → | − 𝑥| = | − (−2)| = |2| = 2
𝑅𝐻𝑆 → 𝑥 = −2
Since 𝐿𝐻𝑆 is not equal to 𝑅𝐻𝑆, the equation is false
6c 𝐿𝐻𝑆 → |𝑥 + 2| = 0
𝑅𝐻𝑆 → |𝑥| + 2 = | − 2| + 2 = 4
Hence, equation is false as 𝐿𝐻𝑆 is not equal to 𝑅𝐻𝑆
6d 𝐿𝐻𝑆 → |𝑥 + 1| = | − 2 + 1| = 1
𝑅𝐻𝑆 → 𝑥 + 1 = −1
Since 𝐿𝐻𝑆 is not equal to 𝑅𝐻𝑆, equation is false
6e 𝐿𝐻𝑆 → |𝑥 − 1| = | − 2 − 1| = 3
𝑅𝐻𝑆 → |𝑥| − 1 = | − 2| − 1 = 1
As 𝐿𝐻𝑆 > 𝑅𝐻𝑆, equation given is false
6f 𝐿𝐻𝑆 → |𝑥|3 = |−2|3 = 8
𝑅𝐻𝑆 → 𝑥 3 = (−2)3 = −8
As 𝐿𝐻𝑆 is not equal to 𝑅𝐻𝑆, equation is false
7. According to the rules of box13, the equation should be of the form:
|𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏| = 𝑘
Where 𝑘 ≥ 0.
7a |7𝑥 + 0| = 35, here 𝑘 > 0. Hence it has 2 solutions
|𝑥| = 5 → 𝑥 = 5 or 𝑥 = −5
7b |2𝑥 + 1| = 3. 𝑘 > 0 hence the equation has 2 solutions.
2𝑥 + 1 = 3 or 2𝑥 + 1 = −3
𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = −2
7c |2𝑥 − 1| = 11. Here 𝑘 > 0 hence the equation has 2 solutions
2𝑥 − 1 = 11 or 2𝑥 − 1 = −11
𝑥 = 6 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −5

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

7d |7𝑥 − 3| = −11
According to the rules of box13, if 𝑘 < 0, the equation has no solutions
7e |3𝑥 + 2| = −8
According to the rules of box13, if 𝑘 < 0, the equation has no solutions
7f |5𝑥 + 2| = 0. Here, 𝑘 = 0. Hence the equation has only 1 solution
5𝑥 + 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = −0.4
7g |3𝑥 − 5| = 0. Here 𝑘 = 0. Hence, the equation has only 1 solution
3𝑥 − 5 = 0 → 𝑥 = 1.67
7h |6𝑥 − 7| = 5. Here 𝑘 > 0. Hence the equation has 2 solutions.
6𝑥 − 7 = 5 or 6𝑥 − 7 = −5
𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = 0.33
7i |5𝑥 + 4| = 6. Here, 𝑘 > 0 hence the equation has 2 solutions.
5𝑥 + 4 = 6 or 5𝑥 + 4 = −6
𝑥 = 0.4 or 𝑥 = −2
8a i) Since the equation |𝑥 – 𝑎| denotes the distance between the points ‘𝑥’ and ‘𝑎’,
it is same as |𝑎 − 𝑥| as we are only dealing with the absolute value. Hence |1 −
2𝑥| is same as |2𝑥 − 1|
ii) |1 − 2𝑥| = 3 → 1 − 2𝑥 = 3 or 1 – 2𝑥 = −3
𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 2

8b i) |3 − 2𝑥| = 1 → |2𝑥 − 3| = 1
2𝑥– 3 = 1 or 2𝑥 − 3 = −1
𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = 1
8b ii) |1 − 3𝑥| = 2 → |3𝑥 − 1| = 2
3𝑥 – 1 = 2 or 3𝑥 – 1 = −2
𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = −0.33
9a 𝑦 = |𝑥|. Here, 𝑦 = 𝑥 when 𝑥 > 0. And 𝑦 = −𝑥, when 𝑥 < 0. Hence the plot
would be as follows:

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

9b i) 𝑦 = |𝑥 − 3|
The graph is shifted to the right by 3 units
𝑦 = 𝑥 – 3, 𝑥>3
𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥, 𝑥<3

9b ii) 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 2|
The graph is shifted to the left by 2 units.
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2, 𝑥 > −2
𝑦 = −𝑥 − 2, 𝑥 < −2
9b iii) 𝑦 = |𝑥| − 2

The graph is shifted down by 2 units

𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2, 𝑥>0
𝑦 = −𝑥 − 2, 𝑥<0

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

9b iv) 𝑦 = |𝑥| + 3
The graph is shifted up by 3 units
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3, 𝑥>0
𝑦 = −𝑥 + 3, 𝑥<0
9b v) 𝑦 = |𝑥 − 2| − 1

The graph is shifted 2 units to the right and 1 unit upwards.

𝑦 = 𝑥 – 3, 𝑥>2
𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥, 𝑥<2

9b vi) 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 1| − 1
The graph is shifted 1 unit to the left and 1 unit down
𝑌 = 𝑥, 𝑥 > −1
𝑌 = −𝑥 − 2, 𝑥 < −1
10a 𝑦 = |2𝑥|

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

The 2 cases will be 𝑦 = 2𝑥, 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 = −2𝑥, 𝑥 < 0. The graph will be as

follows:
The table of values is as follows:
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Y = |2x| 4 2 0 2 4 6

𝑥
10b 𝑦 = |2|
The table of values is as follows:
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-
y = |x/2| -1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

11a 𝑦 = |2𝑥 − 6|
𝑥-intercept → the point where 𝑦 value is 0. Hence, |2𝑥 − 6| = 0
𝑦 = 3
𝑦-intercept → the point where 𝑥 value is 0. Hence, 𝑦 = |2×0 − 6| = | −
6| = 6

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

The table is as follows:

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
|2x-6| 10 8 6 4 2 0

11b 𝑦 = |9 − 3𝑥|
𝑥-intercept → point where 𝑦 value is 0. → |9 − 3𝑥| = 0 → 𝑥 = 3
𝑦 −intercept → point where 𝑥 value is 0 → 𝑦 = |9 – 3×0| → 𝑦 = 9

The table is as follows:

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y = |9-
3x| 15 12 9 6 3 0

11c 𝑦 = |5𝑥|
𝑥-intercept → point where 𝑦 value is 0 → |5𝑥| = 0 → 𝑥 = 0
𝑦-intercept → point where 𝑥 value is 0 → 𝑦 = 0

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

The table is as follows:

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
|5x| 10 5 0 5 10 15

11d 𝑦 = |4𝑥 + 10|

𝑥-intercept → point where 𝑦 value is 0 → |4𝑥 + 10| = 0 → 𝑥 = −2.5
𝑦-intercept → point where 𝑥 value is 0 → 𝑦 = |10| = 10 = 𝑦

The table is as follows:

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y = |4x
+
10| 2 6 10 14 18 22

11e 𝑦 = −|3𝑥 + 7|
7
𝑥-intercept → point where y value is 0 → −|3𝑥 + 7| = 0 → 𝑥 = − 3
𝑦-intercept → point where x value is 0 → 𝑦 = −|7| → 𝑦 = −7

The table is as follows:

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
- - -
-|3x + 7| -1 -4 -7 10 13 16

11f 𝑦 = −|7𝑥|
In this case, 𝑥 and 𝑦 intercept will be 0 each.

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

The table is as follows:

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
- - -
-|7x| 14 -7 0 -7 14 21

12a i) The graph is as follows:

12aii |𝑥 − 4| = 1
𝑥 − 4 = 1 or 𝑥 – 4 = −1
𝑥 = 5 or 𝑥 = 3
12bi |𝑥 + 3| = 1

The solutions of the equation are 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = −4

12bii |2𝑥 + 1| = 3

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

The solutions are 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 1

12biii |3𝑥 − 3| = −2
Since there is no intersection, there are no solutions for the given equation

12biv |2𝑥 − 5| = 0
There is only 1 solution, which is 𝑥 = 2.5
13a Even function is a function which is symmetric with respect to 𝑦 axis. In other
words, for an even function, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥).
According to box14, |𝑥| = (𝑥 2 )0.5. even if we replace 𝑥 with −𝑥 in the
equation, we get the new equation as: |−𝑥| = ((−𝑥)2 )0.5 → |𝑥| = (𝑥 2 )0.5.
Hence, it is proved that the absolute value function is even function
13b This result is obvious from the graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥| as the graph is symmetrical
about 𝑦 axis

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

14a For 𝑥 = 0, the given equation is undefined

14b The table is as follows:
𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
|𝑥|
𝑥 -1 -1 -1 N/A 1 1 1

From the table above, we can sketch the graph

14c The equations of two branches of the function are 𝑦 = −1, 𝑥 < 0
𝑦 = 1, 𝑥>0
15a 𝑦 = |𝑥| + 𝑥
The table is:
𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
𝑥 + |𝑥| 0 0 0 0 2 4 6

Hence, we can see that 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 < = 0 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥, 𝑥 > 0

15b 𝑦 = |𝑥| − 𝑥
The table is:

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
|𝑥| − 𝑥 6 4 2 0 0 0 0

Hence the graph will be:

The equation of branches will be:
𝑌 = −2𝑥, 𝑥<0
𝑌 = 0, 𝑥≥0
15c 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 1) − |𝑥 + 1|
The table is
𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
2(𝑥 + 1)
− |𝑥 + 1| -6 -3 0 1 2 3 4
The graph is:

The equation of two branches are :

𝑌 = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 ≥ −1
𝑌 = 3𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 < −1
2
15d 𝑦 = 𝑥 − |2𝑥|
𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
𝑥×𝑥
− |2𝑥| 3 0 -1 0 -1 0 3

The graph will be:

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

the two branches are:

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥, 𝑥>0
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥, 𝑥<0

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

Solutions to Exercise 4E
1ai 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2
𝐹(0) = 0 + 2 = 2
𝐹(𝑓(0)) = 𝑓(2) = 2 + 2 = 4
1aii 𝑓(3) = 3 + 2 = 5 → 𝑓(𝑓(3)) = 𝑓(5) = 5 + 2 = 7
1aiii 𝑓(−1) = −1 + 2 = 1 → 𝑓(𝑓(−1)) = 𝑓(1) = 1 + 2 = 3
1aiv 𝑓(−8) = −8 + 2 = −6 → 𝑓(𝑓(−8)) = 𝑓(−6) = −6 + 2 = −4
1bi 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 → 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 2) = (𝑥 + 2) + 2 = 𝑥 + 4
1bii 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 → 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 2) = 𝑥 + 4 → 𝑓(𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥 +
4) = 𝑥 + 6
1c f(𝑓(𝑥)) = 0 → 𝑥 + 4 = 0 → 𝑥 = −4
2a 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥
𝑓(0) = 0 → 𝑓(𝑓(0)) = 𝑓(0) = 0
𝑓(7) = 2×7 = 14 → 𝑓(𝑓(7)) = 𝑓(14) = 28
𝑓(−3) = −3×2 = −6 → 𝑓(−6) = −6×2 = −12
𝑓(−11) = −11×2 = −22 → 𝑓(𝑓(−11)) = 𝑓(−22) = −44
2b 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 → 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓(2𝑥) = 2×(2𝑥) = 4𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 → 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓(2𝑥) = 4𝑥 → 𝑓(𝑓(𝑓(𝑥))) = 𝑓(4𝑥) = 8𝑥
2c 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 32 → 𝑓(2𝑥) = 32 → 4𝑥 = 32 → 𝑥 = 8
3a 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥
𝑔(0) = 2 → 𝑔(𝑔(0)) = 𝑔(2) = 2 − 2 = 0
𝑔(4) = 2 − 4 = −2 → 𝑔(𝑔(4)) = 𝑔(−2) = 2 − (−2) = 4
𝑔(−2) = 2 − (−2) = 4 → 𝑔(𝑔(−2)) = 𝑔(4) = 2 − 4 = −2
𝑔(−9) = 2 − (−9) = 11 → 𝑔(𝑔(−9)) = 𝑔(11) = 2 − 11 = −9
3b 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 → 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑔(2 − 𝑥) = 2 – (2 − 𝑥) = 2 − 2 + 𝑥 = 𝑥
3c as we know, 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑥.
Hence, by substituting, we get 𝐺(𝑔(𝑔(𝑥))) = 𝑔(𝑥)
4a ℎ(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 5
𝐻(0) = −5 → ℎ(ℎ(0)) = ℎ(−5) = 3(−5) − 5 = −15 − 5 = −20
𝐻(5) = 3(5)– 5 = 15 − 5 = 10 → ℎ(ℎ(5)) = ℎ(10) = 3(10) − 5
= 30 − 5 = 25
𝐻(−1) = 3(−1) − 5 = −8 → ℎ(ℎ(−1)) = ℎ(−8) = 3(−8) – 5
= −24 − 5 = −29
𝐻(−5)– 3(−5)– 5 = −15 − 5 = −20 → ℎ(ℎ(−5)) = ℎ(−20)
= 3(−20) – 5 = −65
4b ℎ(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 5
𝐻(ℎ(𝑥)) = ℎ(3𝑥 − 5) = 3(3𝑥 − 5) − 5 = 9𝑥 − 15 − 5 = 9𝑥 − 20
𝐻(ℎ(ℎ(𝑥))) = ℎ(9𝑥 − 20) = 3(9𝑥 − 20) – 5 = 27𝑥 – 60 – 5 = 27𝑥 − 65
5a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3
𝐺(7) = 2(7) − 3 = 14 − 3 = 11 → 𝑓(𝑔(7)) = 𝑓(11) = 11 + 1 = 12
𝐹(7) = 7 + 1 = 8 → 𝑔(𝑓(7)) = 𝑔(8) = 2(8) − 3 = 16 − 3 = 13
𝐹(𝑓(7)) = 𝑓(8) = 9
𝐺(𝑔(7)) = 𝑔(11) = 2(11) − 3 = 19
5bi 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(2𝑥 − 3) = (2𝑥 − 3) + 1 = 2𝑥 − 2
5bii 𝐺(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥 + 1) = 2(𝑥 + 1) – 3 = 2𝑥 − 1
5biii 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 + 2

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

5biv 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑔(2𝑥 − 3) = 2(2𝑥 − 3) − 3 = 4𝑥 − 9

5c The graph shifts 2 units upwards
5d the graph shifts 1 unit upwards
6a 𝑙(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3, 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
𝑄(−1) = (−1)2 = 1 → 𝑙(𝑞(−1)) = 𝑙(1) = 1 − 3 = −2
𝐿(−1) = −1 − 3 = −4 → 𝑞(𝑙(−1)) = 𝑞(−4) = (−4)2 = 16
𝐿(𝑙(−1)) = 𝑙(−4) = −7
𝑄(𝑞(−1)) = 𝑞(1) = 1
6bi 𝑙(𝑞(𝑥)) = 𝑙(𝑥 2 ) = 𝑥 2 − 3
6bii 𝑞(𝑙(𝑥)) = 𝑞(𝑥 − 3) = (𝑥 − 3)2 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9
6biii 𝑙(𝑙(𝑥)) = 𝑙(𝑥 − 3) = 𝑥 − 6
6biv 𝑞(𝑞(𝑥)) = 𝑞(𝑥 2 ) = 𝑥 4
6ci 𝑙(𝑞(𝑥)) = 𝑥 2 − 3
Domain → all real 𝑥
Range → 𝑦 ≥ −3
6cii 𝑞(𝑙(𝑥)) = (𝑥 − 3)2
Domain → all real 𝑥
Range → 𝑦 ≥ 0
6d the graph is shifted towards right by 3 units
6e the graph is shifted downwards by 3 units
7a 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 0.5
𝐺(25) = 250.5 = 5 → 𝑓(𝑔(25) = 𝑓(5) = 20
𝐹(25) = 4×25 = 100 → 𝑔(𝑓(25) = 𝑔(100) = 1000 . 5 = 10
𝐹(𝑓(25) = 𝑓(100) = 400
𝐺(𝑔(25) = 𝑔(5) = 50.5 = 2.236
7b 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 0.5 ) = 4(𝑥 0.5 )
7c 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(4𝑥) = 2(𝑥 0.5 )
7d from the results of above two sub-questions, we can see that 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) =
2×𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
7e Domain → 𝑥 ≥ 0, Range → 𝑦 ≥ 0
1
8a 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥, ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥
1 1
𝐻 (− ) = −4 → 𝑓(ℎ( )) = 4
4 4
1 1
𝐹 (− ) = → ℎ(𝑓(−1/4)) = ℎ(1/4) = 4
4 4
1 1
𝐹(𝑓(− )) = −
4 4
1 1
𝐻(ℎ(− )) = ℎ(−4) = −
4 4
1 1
8bi 𝑓(ℎ(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝑥
1
𝐻(𝑓(𝑥)) = ℎ(−𝑥) = −
𝑥
Hence proved
8bii 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑥
1
𝐻(ℎ(𝑥)) = ℎ( ) = 𝑥
𝑥

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

Hence proved
1
8c 𝑓(ℎ(𝑥)) = − 𝑥
Domain → 𝑥 ≠ 0 Range → 𝑦 ≠ 0
8d the new graph is a reflection of the ℎ(𝑥) across 𝑥-axis
9a 𝑓(𝑥) = −5 − |𝑥|, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 0.5
𝐹(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥 0.5 ) = −5 − |𝑥 0.5 |
Domain → 𝑥 > 0, Range − 𝑦 ≤ −5

9b 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(−5 − |𝑥|) = (−5 − |𝑥|)0.5

The base (−5 − |𝑥|) will always be negative. Hence the function will be an
empty function as square roots of negative numbers does not exist
10a for an odd function, 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥). So, if we have two functions 𝑓(𝑥) and
𝑔(𝑥) which are odd functions, then 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) will always be an odd function
𝑔(𝑓(−𝑥)) = 𝑔(−𝑓(𝑥)) = −𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
10b 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function whereas 𝑔(𝑥) is an even function.
For an even function, 𝑔(−𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝐺(𝑓(−𝑥)) = 𝑔(−𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
Hence we can say that 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) is an even function
10c 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function. 𝐺(𝑥) can be any type of function
𝐺(𝑓(−𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))…….(as 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function, 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥))
Hence, 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) is an even function
11a 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 for all 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 7 for all 𝑥
𝐺(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(4) = 7
𝐹(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(7) = 4
11b 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) any function
𝐺(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝐹(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥)
12a 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3, 𝑔(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 𝑏 where 𝑏 is constant
𝐺(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(2𝑥 + 3) = 5(2𝑥 + 3) + 𝑏 = 10𝑥 + (15 + 𝑏)
𝐹(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(5𝑥 + 𝑏) = 2(5𝑥 + 𝑏) + 3 = 10𝑥 + (3 + 2𝑏)
12b 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) → 10𝑥 + 15 + 𝑏 = 10𝑥 + 3 + 2𝑏 → 𝑏 = 12
13ai the graph is shifted downwards by ‘𝑎’ units
13aii the graph is shifted towards right by ‘𝑎’ units
13bi the graph is a reflection across 𝑥-axis
13bii if 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function, then the new graph is a reflection on the 𝑦-axis. If 𝑓(𝑥)
is an even function, then the new graph is the same
14a 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

𝐺(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(2𝑥 + 3) = 𝑎(2𝑥 + 3) + 𝑏 = 2𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑎 + 𝑏

𝐹(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 2(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 3 = 2𝑎𝑥 + 3 + 2𝑏
14b 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥 → 2𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑥 → 2𝑎 = 1 and 3a + b = 0 → 𝑎 =
0.5 and 𝑏 = −1.5
14c 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 2×05×𝑥 + 3 + 2×(−1.5) = 𝑥 + 3 − 3 = 𝑥 → hence proved
15a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3, 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥|
𝐺(0) = 0 → 𝑓(𝑔(0)) = 𝑓(0) = −3
𝐹(0) = −3 → 𝑔(𝑓(0)) = 𝑔(−3) = 3
𝐺(−2) = 2 → 𝑓(𝑔(−2)) = 𝑓(2) = 4 + 2 − 3 = 3
𝐹(−2) = 4 − 2 − 3 = −1 → 𝑔(𝑓(−2)) = 𝑔(−1) = 1
15bi 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = |𝑥|2 + |𝑥| − 3 → 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 0
15bii 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3, for 𝑥 < 0
16a 𝑙(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
Ranges of 𝑙(𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥): all real 𝑦 and 𝑦 > = −1 respectively
16b 𝑙(𝑞(𝑥)) = 𝑙(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) + 1 = (𝑥 + 1)2 . Range is 𝑦 ≥ 0
16c 𝑞(𝑙(𝑥)) = 𝑞(𝑥 + 1) = (𝑥 + 1)2 + 2(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 +
2 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3). Range is 𝑦 ≥ −1
16d 𝑞(𝑙(𝑥)) = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) → zeroes are −1 and −3
1 𝑥+2 𝑥+2 2(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥+2 𝑥+2
16e 𝑞 (𝑙 (𝑥 + 1)) = 𝑞 (𝑥 + 1) = (𝑥 + 1) 2 + → + 1 [𝑥 + 1 + 2]
𝑥+1 𝑥
𝑥 + 2 (3𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 2)
[𝑥 + 2 + 2𝑥 + 2]× 2
→
(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1)2
Hence proved

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

Solutions to chapter 4 review exercise

1a the table is as follows:
𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑥2 4 1 0 1 4 9 16
(𝑥 − 2)2 16 9 4 1 0 1 4

1b the vertex of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is (0,0) and that of 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 is (2,0)

1c the graph is shifted 2 units to the right

2a to get the reflection on 𝑦-axis, we replace 𝑥 with −𝑥.
Hence, the equation, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 becomes → (−𝑥)2 − 2(−𝑥) → 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
2b
𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
2
𝑥 − 2𝑥 15 8 3 0 -1 0 3
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 3 0 -1 0 3 8 15

2c the graph is as follows:

The vertex of 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 is (1, −1) and that of 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 is (−1, −1)

3a | − 7| = 7
3b |4| = 4
3c |2 − 8| = | − 5| = 5
3d | − 2 − (−5)| = | − 2 + 5| = |3| = 3
3e | − 2| − | − 5| = 2 − 5 = −3
3f |13 − 9 − 16| = | − 12| = 12
4a 𝑥 = 5 or 𝑥 = −5
4b 3|𝑥| = 18 → |𝑥| = 6 → 𝑥 = 6 or 𝑥 = −6

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

4c |𝑥 − 2| = 4 → 𝑥 − 2 = 4 or 𝑥 − 2 = −4 → 𝑥 = 6 or 𝑥 = −2
4d |𝑥 + 3| = 2 → 𝑥 + 3 = 2 or 𝑥 + 3 = −2 → 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = −5
4e |2𝑥 − 3| = 5 → 2𝑥 − 3 = 5 or 2𝑥 − 3 = −5 → 𝑥 = 4 or 𝑥 = −1
11
4f |3𝑥 − 4| = 7 → 3𝑥 − 4 = 7 or 3𝑥 − 4 = −7 → 𝑥 = 3 or 𝑥 = −1
5a the graph is shifted 5 units upwards
5b the graph is shifted 1 unit downwards
5c the graph is shifted 3 units to the right
5d the graph is shifted 4 units to the left and 7 units upwards
6a 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2
6b 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 2
6c 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 + 5
6d 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 4)2 − 9
7a centre is (0,0) and radius is 1 unit
7b centre is (−1,0) and radius is 2 units
7c centre is (2, −3) and radius is √5 units
7d centre is (0,4) and radius is 8 units
8a reflected in y axis, means we have to replace 𝑥 with −𝑥 → 𝑦 = (−𝑥)3 −
2(−𝑥) + 1 = −𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 1
8b reflected in 𝑥-axis, means we have to replace 𝑦 with −𝑦 → −𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 −
4 → 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4
8c rotating 180° about the origin means we have to replace 𝑥 with −𝑥 and 𝑦 with
−𝑦
−𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 – (−𝑥) → 𝑦 = −2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥
8d reflected in 𝑦-axis, means we have to replace 𝑥 with −𝑥 → 𝑦 = (9 − 𝑥 2 )0.5
9a neither
9b odd function, as 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
9c even function, as 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
10ai

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

10a ii

10 b i

10b ii

11a the graph is: 𝑦 = |𝑥| − 2

11b the graph is: 𝑦 = |𝑥 − 2|

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

11c the graph is: 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 2|

11d the graph is: 𝑦 = |𝑥| + 2

12a 𝑦 = |3𝑥 + 9|

12b 𝑦 = −|2𝑥 − 8|

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

12c 𝑦 = |4𝑥 + 13|

13a |3𝑥| = 15 → |𝑥| = 5 → 𝑥 = 5 or 𝑥 = −5

13b |𝑥 + 4| = 5 → 𝑥 + 4 = 5 or 𝑥 + 4 = −5 → 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = −9
13c |𝑥 + 4| = −5 → no solutions as absolute value cannot be negative
13d |5 − 𝑥| = 7 → 5 − 𝑥 = 7 or 5 − 𝑥 = −7 → 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 12
13e |2𝑥 + 7| = 9 → 2𝑥 + 7 = 9 or 2𝑥 + 7 = −9 → 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = −8
13f |3𝑥 − 8| = 4 → 3𝑥 − 8 = 4 or 3𝑥 − 8 = −4 → 𝑥 = 4 or 𝑥 = 4/3
13g |7𝑥 + 2| = 0 → 𝑥 = −2/7
13h |𝑥 2 − 25| = 0 → 𝑥 2 = 25 → 𝑥 = 5 or 𝑥 = −5
14a 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑥 + 3, the function is neither odd neither even
14b 𝑓(−𝑥) = 2(−𝑥)2 − 5 = 2𝑥 2 − 5, the function is even
1
14c 𝑓(−𝑥) = − 𝑥, the function is odd
𝑥 𝑥
14d 𝑓(−𝑥) = − {(−𝑥)2 + 1} → 𝑓(−𝑥) = − 𝑥 2 + 1, the function is odd
15a 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 4, Vertex is (1,4)
15b 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 7, vertex is (-2,-7)
15c 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 11 = 2(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) + 3 = 2(𝑥 + 2)2 + 3, vertex
is (-2, 3)
15d 𝑦 = −(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9) + 10 = −(𝑥 − 3)2 + 10, vertex is (3,10)
16a 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 → 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 + 2

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

16b 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥 − 2)2 – 3

16c 𝑦 = 2 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 → 𝑦 = −(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) + 3 = −(𝑥 − 1)2 + 3

1 2 5
16d 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 → 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2) – 4

17a 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 3 → 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 4, centre is (0,1) and radius is 2

units

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

17b 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 8 = 0 → (𝑥 + 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, centre is (-3,0) and radius

is 1 unit
17c 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 − 3 = 0 → (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 3)2 = 16, centre is (2,-
3) and radius is 4 units
17d 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 14𝑦 = 35 → (𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 + 7)2 = 100, centre is (4,-
7) and radius 10 units
18a to shift the function to the right by 1 unit, we replace 𝑥 with (𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)3 – (𝑥 − 1) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
18b the graph is:

19a 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 2, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3

𝐺(0) = 3 → 𝑓(𝑔(0)) = 𝑓(3) = 15 − 2 = 13
19b 𝑓(0) = −2 → 𝑔(𝑓(0)) = 𝑔(−2) = 7
19c 𝑔(4) = 16 + 3 = 19 → 𝑓(𝑔(4)) = 𝑓(19) = 95 − 2 = 93
19d 𝑓(4) = 20 − 2 = 18 → 𝑔(𝑓(4)) = 𝑔(18) = 324 + 3 = 327
19e 𝑔(𝑎) = 𝑎2 + 3 → 𝑓(𝑔(𝑎)) = 𝑓(𝑎2 + 3) = 5𝑎2 + 13
19f 𝑓(𝑎) = 5𝑎 − 2 → 𝑔(𝑓(𝑎)) = 𝑔(5𝑎 − 2) = 25𝑎2 − 20𝑎 + 7
20a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥
𝐹(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(√𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1. Domain is 𝑥 ≥ 0 and range is 𝑦 ≥ −1
𝐺(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥 − 1) = (𝑥 − 1)0.5. domain is 𝑥 ≥ 1 and range is 𝑦 ≥ 0
1
20b 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1
1
𝐹(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥 2 + 1) = . Domain is all real x. range is 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
𝑥2+ 1
1 𝑥2 + 1
𝐺(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥) = . Domain is 𝑥 ≠ 0, range is 𝑦 > 1
𝑥2
21a

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

21b

21c

21d

21e

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

21f

21g

22a 𝑦 = 2𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2

22b 𝑦 = −𝑥/2, 𝑦 = −𝑥/2 + 1, 𝑦 = −𝑥/2 − 2

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

22c 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3, 𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥 − 3

22d 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 − 1, 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 1, 𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 2)2 + 1

22e

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

22f

22g

22h

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

22i

22j

22k

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

22l

22m

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

22n

22o

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Chapter 4 – Transformations and symmetry

22p

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