GENERAL PHYSICS 2

Experiment No. 2
Thermodynamics: Thermal Equilibrium

Submitted by:
CAMONINO, JOHN LOYD A.
GAMIT, IVAN KIRK B.
BULASAG, MAERIELLE JANE C.
DE LEON, CASEY DHANNIZ V.

Submitted to:
Andreana Amor M. Gulay

GRADE

March 07, 2023

I. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this activity, the students are expected to:
 Demonstrate the thermal equilibrium.
 Understand the different heat transfers.
 Analyze and interpret data.
MELCS:
 Explain the connection between the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, temperature,
thermal equilibrium, and heat transfers

II. EQUIPMENT/MATERIALS
o 3 Thermometer - Record Notebook - 2 Aluminum or Copper
o 3 Beaker - Ballpen rods
o Ice Cubes - 1 Alcohol Lamp - 1 Erlenmeyer Flask
o Tap water - Denatured Alcohol
o Timer - 1 Tripod
CAUTION: Be careful with the HOT WATER and avoid playing with Fire
*calibrate the thermometer first before using.
III. GUIDELINES:
PART 1
1. Put 50ml tap water into one beaker and label it as A.
2. Put at least 4 ice cubes into one beaker and label it as B.
3. Measure the temperature of each beaker with a separate thermometer and record it.
4. Mix the ice cubes with the water in a separate beaker and label as C.
5. Measure the initial temperature using a separate thermometer and record it.
6. Measure the temperature every after 3 minutes until the ice melted. Record your results.

PART 2
1. Pour denatured alcohol into the alcohol lamp.
2. Use lighter to start fire to the alcohol lamp.
3. Heat the aluminum rod. Use tong on holding it directly to fire.
4. After 10 minutes, stick the heated rod to another rod placed on the tray.
IV. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS/OBSERVATIONS

Part I.
SET UP: Insert Photo of Set-Up of the experiment.

Part II.
SET UP: Insert Photo of Set-Up of the experiment.

Observations:
In the 1st part of the experiment, the materials we used were beakers, calibrated
thermometers, ice cubes, and tap water. Moreover, we observed that in the first part of the
experiment, container A with tap water remains at its initial temperature of 27°C. On the other hand,
container B with ice cubes had an initial temperature of 13°C. In a separate container, we mixed the
ice cubes with the tap water at an initial temperature of 6°C, and every 3 minutes, we need to
measure its temperature as the ice melts. We also observed that the ice cubes melt faster in water
than without water but in exposed air. In addition, as the ice melts in the water, the lower the
temperature we get.

Furthermore, the 2nd experiment involved an alcohol lamp, denatured alcohol, a tripod, an
aluminum rod, and a copper rod. Each experiment requires the use of a timer and the recording of the
temperature, wherein we exposed the aluminum rod directed to the heat for 10 minutes. After
exposing it to heat, we placed it beside the copper rod on the tray, and we noticed that it transferred
the heat to the copper rod easily. Additionally, they almost had the same heat temperature, although
the aluminum rod was the only one that got heated directly.
 Guide Questions:
PART 1:
1. What happens to the temperature of the water? The ice cubes?
- The temperature of water remains at its initial temperature while the temperature in ice cubes
decreased.

2. After mixing the water and ice cubes, what is the initial temperature?

- After mixing the water and ice cubes, we got an initial temperature of 6°C .

3. What happens to the temperature every after 3 minutes?

- The temperature every 3 minutes decreased as the ice cube melted, and the ambiance in the
science lab had cold air temperature that affected the changing temperature in the ice cube. As the
ice cube undergoes a change of state and turns into water, the temperature doesn’t change until the
other group opens their burner, and that cause of heat and temperature rise as the ice cube
continues to absorb heat from the air of the burner.

4. Does the mixture reach a stable temperature? If yes, what temperature?

- Yes, the mixture reached a stable temperature after the ice cube melts. It takes 42 minutes for
the ice cubes to melt, and after they melt, we got a stable temperature of 1°C starting from the 11th
to 14th time, measuring the temperature every 3 minutes.

PART 2:
1. What happens to the cold rod after being stick together with the heated rod?
- Thermal Equilibrium and the zeroth law of thermodynamics are present in part 2 of the
experiment, as there was a transfer of heat from the heated rod to the cold rod. We can say that
there is thermal equilibrium since thermal equilibrium occurs when two rods with different
temperatures make contact resulting in their temperature transferring to one another, and they
attain the same temperature, which explains the zeroth law of thermodynamics.

V. CONCLUSION

- In the first part of the experiment, where we measured the temperature of tap water, ice
cubes, and water with ice cubes, we got an initial temperature of 27°C for tap water, 13°C for the
ice cubes, and 6°C for the water with ice cubes. As we mixed the ice with the water, it slowly
melts that causes the water to change in temperature. We also have to measure the temperature
every 3 minutes and as stated in our data, there is a temperature change every 3 minutes. After 14
times measuring we got a stable temperature of 1°C. In conclusion, thermal equilibrium was
achieved between the 11th and 14th measuring temperatures where the ice also changes its phase
to liquid. After the contact of ice and water, it takes a lot of time for the ice to melt and
completely had the same temperature as the water.

Furthermore, in the second part of the experiment wherein we directly exposed the
aluminum rod to the heat for 10 minutes and placed it beside the copper rod, we observed that the
 heat from the aluminum rod transferred to the copper rod easily. Since aluminum effectively
conducts heat due to its high thermal conductivity it rapidly became hot and since copper is also
an excellent conductor of heat the two rods also achieved the thermal equilibrium which states that
when two or more bodies at different temperatures are brought into contact then after some time
they attain a common temperature and they are said to exist in thermal equilibrium. After some
time, it takes 14 minutes and 25 seconds for the aluminum rod and copper rod to completely cool
or go back to their initial temperature.

All in all, we can see that thermal equilibrium is completely demonstrated in this experiment.
We can also notice the connection of different heat transfers to the experiment and how it affects
the process of thermal equilibrium.

Prepared by: Checked by:

ANDREANA AMOR M. GULAY ANTONIO A. BULAON JR.

Noted by: Approved by:

MIRASOL Q. DOMINGO MILDRED M. DE LEON