r | ‘TES INTEGRATED MODULE CLASS X For CBSE, NTSE & Olympiads: SCIENCE Module-1This Chapter Includes List ofthe topics has been covered inthe chapter Assignment Set of questions of different types for both School {Boards ‘and Competitive Exams has been given © Quick Recap Provides a summary ‘of whole chapter for revision purpose Additional Informations ae facts and ‘concept pointers important for Olympiads and ‘Scholarship Exams are given ane Try Yourself Unsolved questions related to sub-topics are covered Do You Know ? Extension of topics / concepts based upon NCERT to cater for Olympiads & Scholarship Exams Exercise Set of unsolved Objective Subjective & provided questions areHOW TO USE THE BOOK? Read the relevant topics from the study material before the class Solve all exercises and assignments of Level-! Highlight important concepts in the study material for quick revision } Attend the class, make notes and ask your doubts and queries in the next class Complete all Level-! exercises before attempting Level-l!HOW TO SCORE WELL? Analysis ‘After the mock test, deeply “analyse” your strengths and weakness and Lk reasons for losing marks G : Practice ‘Attempt practice tests and revise all important points/formulae before attempting the mock test Strategy Strategize your approach to * manage time and accuracy Compare Verify whether your latest Bert implement has improved compared o last test _ © ) Take suricient numberof toss © rework on your strategy develop an exam strategy and temperamentSE es ee CLASS X SCIENCE Module-1 Aakash +b BYJU'SALL RIGHTS RESERVED Al rights including copyright and translation rights etc. reserved and vests arclucively with AESL. No partof this publication may be reproduced, distributed form or by any means-graphical, redistributed, copied or transmitted in any Slectronic or mechanical methods including photocopying, recording, taping Stored on information retrieval systems of any nature of reproduced on any et tape, media, information storage device, without the prior written permission of St reach ofthis condition is lable for legal action (civil as well as criminal) under the applicable Laws.81-92 93-118 119 - 130 131-156 — 157-172 — 173 - 196 197-206 — 1 NTSE (Stage-l) is per their syllabus) 207 — 214 215 - 222 223 - 2284 Chapter-1 ~ Light : Reflection and Refraction Level-I (For CBSE, NTSE & Olympiads)Light : reflection and Refraction he eon | you may be light-hearted, you can make light of things, bring ects 0 ht. You can see the ght and achieve enlightenment. But sats light? The dictionary definition is “something that makes tings wsble or affords ilumination,” @ vague and unsatisfying efintion that circles around like @ dog chasing its own tall physicists define light as electromagnetic radiation - a travelling energy wave Light itsef is invisible but it helps us to see the beautiful world ‘ound us. The bright colour of flowers, butterflies, feathers of a "peacock, the rainbow, the blue colour of the sky, the reddish colour ‘of the sunrise and sunset and spectacular beauty of nature. To y “understand this, let us take a step forward by studying “Light : Properties of Light Propagation of Light Reflection of Light > Laws of Reflection > Reflection at Plane Surfaces > Uses of Plane mirrors Spherical Mirror > Reflection at Spherical Mirror (Laws of Image Formation) » Image Formation by a Concave Mirror > Image Formation by a Convex Mirror > Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors > Mirror Formula > Magnification Refraction of Light > Laws of Refraction > Absolute Refractive Index (7) > Simple Effects of Refraction > Refraction Through a Rectangular Glass Slab Spherical Lenses > Refraction by Spherical Lenses > Different Types of Lens > Laws of Image Formation by Spherical Lens > Lens Formula and Magnification > Power of a Lens Quick Recap AssignmentAl. PROPERTIES OF LIGHT ‘on-mechanical wave 2s it bles us to see) 1um is 299,792,458 m/s (approx enna doesn't require any medium to travel 2 Itisan Visible light (that enat Speed of light in vacu > itis a transv has a very small wavelength /e., it lies in the ran, 3.x 10° mis). 19° Of doo, 0, mm, rerse, electromagnetic wave PROPAGATION OF LIGHT ight line. Its path changes only called rectilinear propagation Qin the same medium actual f light is called a ray of light. A bi when something comes in its path or when there is a cha of light. Light that originates from a point P and ee lly passes through all the points on the straight inert sundle of light rays is called a beam of light | It travels along strai of medium. This is through another point This straight line path of P ————— (i) (ii) Fig.: () Aray of light, (i) A beam of light REFLECTION OF LIGHT Reflection is defined as the bouncing back of light rays into the same medium when thes surface or on a boundary separating two media, When light from the sun and other sources like bulb, tube light etc. fall of our house, book, table, black board, glass sheet, mirror, tree etc., reflected depending upon nature of the medium. a jee board appear black because most of ight incident on iti absorbed by it “ bee that allows light to pass through it is called transparent medium. oe 2 glass ees transmits most of light faling on it so it appears transparent s os ie faces reflect most of the light faling on them and are called reflecting surfaces. oe He silver mirror reflects light falling on it. ‘object that does not allow light to light to pass through it is known as opaque medium e. 2 rays strikes 008 Is on the surface of objects Ike wa! it may be absorbed, transmitted stone, metal sheets &and Retractor) ae ia Hcatbe the meet by the fact that smal source of ght cass sharp shadow HOht has a tendency vero alah in, if an opaque object on the path of light aia me i ee ‘around it and not to walk in a straight line, As it has aon 's wavelength and frequency. The light that our eyes can “eal and of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum, which also: alsin light and infrared radiation. But the wave theory of light often fees The ceptsracton of light with matter, and light often behaves some “oath Confusion about the nature of light (wave or stream of particles) a modern quantum theory of light emerged, The new theory resolved the Ne Wave nature. important Definitions Incident Ray : The ray of light which strikes any surface is called incident ray. Point of incidence : Its the point at which incident ray falls on the reflecting surface Reflected ray : The ray of light which is bounced back by any reflecting surface is called reflected ray. Normal : Itis line drawn perpendicular to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence Angle of incidence : Angle made by incident ray with the normal at the point of incidence. It is represented by. 4 Angle of reflection : Angle made by reflected ray with the normal at the point of incidence. Itis represented byr. Object : Anything which gives out light either by itself or after reflection from it is said to be an object. For example: a candle, tube light, sun, moon, table, chair et. 4 Point object : A very small object like pin head is a point object and is represented by a dot (.). 4 Extended object : Large objects like car, bus, candle etc. are called extended objects and are represented by an arrow (1). % Image : There are two types of images viz. real image and virtual image Real image is an image formed by the actual intersection of light rays. It can be obtained on the screen. eg. - The image formed on cinema screen ie., the image formed by a projector. "4 Virtual image : If the rays of light responsible for an image formation do not intersect actually but appears to meet at some point, then the image is called a virtual image. It cannot be obtained on the screen. eg. - The image formed by a plane mirror of a real object is virtual. _% Plane mirror : A plane glass sheet having a thin layer of silver metal deposited on one side which is protected by a coat of red paint. The light is reflected from silvered surface of the plane mirror. A plane mirror and its schematic representation are shown in the following figure. M, Reflecting surface Polished surface M, ‘Schematic representation of plane mirrorLaws of Reflection Consider @ ray of light incident on a plane mirror at an angle i with normal. The ray gets reflected at an a with the normal, as shown in figure. Following are the two laws of reflection. gle Point of incidence. M, Boundary (The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. a (il) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. That is i= These laws of reflection are applicable to all types of reflecting surfaces including spherical surfaces, Whenever a parallel beam of light falls on a reflecting surface, a part ofits reflected from the surface of the "medium. However the direction of the reflected rays depends upon nature of the surface. On the basis of Teflecting surface there are two kinds of reflections. wular reflection : When all parallel rays of light reflected from a plane smooth surface (like mirror) are lel, the reflection is known as regular reflection. It helps in the formation of image and hence we canIrregular reflection Diffused reflection does not give rise to ima helps to spread light over a vast juminous objects become visible di ige formation. It takes place from walls, stones, trees etc. It ‘area and hence helps in general illumination. We can say that, non- lue to ittegular reflection of light. Pane reflection is not due to the failure of laws of reflection but due to irregularities in the reflecting surface n at Plane Surfaces Incase of reflection at plane surface such as plane mirror 4, The image formed by a plane mirror is always erect, virtual, of same size and is at the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of it. The figure given below shows the formation of image (4’B’) ‘of an object AB by a plane mirror MM, AB — Object AB — Image 2. Image formed by a plane mirror is the front back reversal of the object /e., left handed objects look like right handed objects and vice versa in their image. It is called lateral inversion. It is shown in the figure siven below. ‘ FAX & XAq 3. Though every part of a mirror forms a complete image of an object, we usually see only that part of it from Which light after reflection from mirror reaches our eye, . By barbers to show the customer the backside of his head, AS reflector in a solar cooker. By the opticians to provide false dimension, when their place of work is very small 1 2 3 4. For providing false dimension in show cases, displaying jewellery, wrist watches etc. 5. For making kaleidoscope, periscope etc. 6. For signalling by the scouts and the army personnelExample 7: 3 shown A plane mirror is inclined at an angle 0 with porter eat shel !f ray incident from 10° above horizontal becomes from this mirror, then find 0. Solution : According to laws of reflection, Zea From the figure, (90 0) + 10°= 0 = 20= 100° = 0= 50° ‘The laws of reflection are applicable for (1) Regular reflection /@) Diffused reflection @) Both (1) & (2) sistas 5 shown in the figure. There is an object 0. 5 pastel er Ma Woak are the distances of first two images _ com from m : :NTSE & Olympiads (Level) ” seen [ ce Light: Renecton and Retraction pHERIGAL NIAROR itis simply apiece cut out ofa glass sphere whose either of phercal miror may be inwards or outward the side is made reflecting, The reflecting surface of a Goncave mirror : A spherical mitror whose reflectin, surface i rds lacing tower i sprees called concave minor Iistopresenat 9 Is curved inwards, facing towards the centre of the he following figure. Retlecting %&— Palshed surface face Convex mirror : A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is bulging (or curved) outwards, opposite to the centre of the sphere is called convex mirror. Reflecting 26+ Polished surface surface Pe Concave mirror ‘A spherical mirror can be thought of as being made of a portion cut off from a hollow glass sphere Consider the following important terms regarding spherical mirrors Centre of Curvature (C) : Itis the centre of hollow sphere of glass, of which the spherical mirrors a part. Radius of Curvature (R) :Itis the radius of hollow sphere of glass, of which the spherical mirroris a part Pole (P) : It is the geometric centre of the reflecting surface of the spherical mirror. Principal Axis : Its the line joining the centre of curvature and the pole of the mirror. M, Principal axis _ Concave Mirror Convex Mirror (Ca ensraromes sss PIEa Rod New Oan-008 mronarecssense, Aperture (d) : It is the effective diameter of the light reflecting area of the mi by a spherical mirror is proportional to the area of its aperture. OF. Inter = Ina? —— Principal Focus (F) :f ays close and parallel to the principal axis are incident on a sphe reflection they pass or seem to come from a point on the principal axis. This point is called ay as xo? 4 1 Mitroy, tee Focal Length : It is the distance from the pole (P) of the mirror to the principal focus (F) ofthe i Fa length of a spherical mirror is half of the radius of curvature of the mirror ie., ¢ = © and iti the nature of medium in which the mirror is placed. a oe spherical mirrors (concave mirtor an close to it, after reflection, passes or appears 0°(Level-ly es Light : Retlection and Refraction] Normal Concave mirror Convex mirror 2. Aray initially passing or appearing to pass through the principal focus, after reflection, becomes parallel to the principal axis (by the principle of reversiblity ie, after ‘any number of reflections if the direction of light ray is reversed, it retraces its whole path) Concave mirror Convex mirror 3. Aray intially passing or appearing to pass through the centre of curvature, after reflection, retraces its path. Concave mirror Convex mirror Image Formation by a Concave Mirror Following figures show image formation by a concave mirror for the different positions of an object. The intersection of at least two reflected rays gives the position of image of the object. uw ~it BI E - x Gia M F 2 c Pp y © (6a) ™ (@) Following table summarises the nature of image formed for different cases shown in the figures ne, re Siena s ‘on where the object is placee en Image Formation by a Convex Mirror Following figures show image formation by a convex mirror for different positions of an objectimage of real object. j sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors The object (as the object AB in the figure) is always placed to the left of the mirror which implies that the light from the object falls on the mirror from the left of the mirror. 2. All the distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole. The distances measured along the direction of incident rays are taken as positive and that opposite to the direction of incident rays are taken as negative, as shown in the figures given below. All the distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis are taken as positive, and those below the principal axis are taken negative, as shown in the figure below. light -ve | 5. Focal length of a concave mirror is taken as negative, while for a convex mirror itis taken as positive ‘Mirror Formuta The distance of the object from the pole of a spherical mirror is called the object distance (u) and the distance of the image from the pole of the mirror is called the image distance (v). The relationship between object distance (u), image distance (v) and focal length (f) is known as mirror formula. “Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456faded) tov iu aaa js applicable for both concave and convoy This formula is called mirror formula, ard is @PP MX Miter, Magnification Magnitcation (m) ofa sphere! miror le defined the rao ofthe Relate Paeriete 10 the height object Te magnitude indeates how many tes te size ofthe images a8 compared to that ot and its sign indicates whether itis erect or inverted. Positive sia! 98 and nega indicates an inverted image [height of the image [Z) Ms height of the object Lh] Important points about Spherical Mirrors. : You should remember the following important points while dealing with the spherical mirors (As an object is held in front of a spherical mirror, the distance of the object (u) is always Negative, 4 is taken as negative, (The real image is formed in front of the mirror. So its distance (V) " (ii) The virtual image is formed at the back of the mirror. So its distance (V) is taken as positive, () Focal length of concave mirror is considered as negative. () Focal length of convex mirror is considered as positive. (¥) When image formed is virtual and erect, magnification is positive. (vi) When image formed is real and inverted, magnification is negative. (vii) The height of the object is taken to be positive as the object is usually placed above the principal axis () The height of the image should be taken as positive for virtual images while, itis taken as negative for, images. Uses of Spherical Mirrors Concave mirror is used : () Asa reflector in search lights, head lights of motor vehicles to get powerful parallel beams of light. also used in telescope, solar cookers etc. {ii)_ In ophthalmoscope for reflecting light on to the retina of the eye. (iil) As @ shaving mirror, make-up mirror as it can form erect and magnified image. () By dentists to see large images of the teeth of patients. Convex mirror is used : As rear-view mirror in automobiles (like cars, trucks and buses) to see the traffic at the back side. Such: mirror is preferred because it has a much wider field of view as compared to plane mirror or a concave mir’ and always produces an erect image. Example 2 The focal length of a concave mirror is 30 cm. Find position of an object in front of the mirror, so that! real image is three times the size of the object. Solution : For real image 3 (given)example 3 + Find the position and nature of the image of an object of height 3 cm, when placed 60 om from a convex miror of focal length 15 cm. 60 cm f=+ 15cm So from mirror formula, u -60 5 1 sizeofimage 1 5 $0 size of object lorsize of image = 2° — 0.6m, ie, virtual and erect image of size 0.6 cm will be formed at a distance of 12 cm behind the mirror. ample 4 : ‘An image Y is formed of a point object X by a mirror whose principal axis is AB as shown. Draw a ray diagram to locate the mirror and its focus. BSSolution Steps : () From Y drop a perpendicular on the principal axis meets the principal axis AB at P. The point p yy ill be ty ‘AB, such that YI = IN. (i) Draw a tine joining points Nand X so that it pole of the mirror. (ii) As the image ¥ of object X is real, inverted and it represents a light ray which after striking the mirror ‘enlarged, the mirror must be concave, (wv) Join YX and extend it towards the mirror. is along the same path. Therefore the point C where YX intersect the axis AB, is the centre of cae 7 the mirror, Taking Cas centre and CP as radius, draw, the arc of the circle. This arc represents the ny mirror. (¥) The midpoint of CP is the focus F, since 2f= R- oe | 4. An object is placed at a distance 2f fro magnification is, sm the pole of a convex mirror of focal length f The } 12: } mF Q3 | @) ; 44 5. Aconcave mirror of focal length 20 cm produces an image twice the height of the object I the image is real, then the distance of the object from the mirror is | (1) 20. om (2) 60 om | @) 10. om (4) 30 cm | 6. _ If the image of an object formed by a concave mirror is inverted and smaller than the object, then (1) u<2r (2) u>2r @) uz2r (4) u=2f | 7. concave mirror of focal length 18 cm forms an erect image, three times the size of the objec. | How far is the object from the mirror? (1), 36 cm (2) 18cm | 8) 150m (4) 12cm | eee seniors ts laced at 8 alae of 30cm fom a convex miror of focal length 30 om. The | | (Dre. (2) Infinity | y1e-c behing the mero (@) 15 em in front of the mirror | Keerna eens or © Corporate Office : Aakash se h Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dethi-110005, Ph.011-47623456 \pernactiON OF UGHT ee Refraction is the phenomenon in which direction of propagation of light changes (as shown in the figure) when it passes from one transparent medium t ‘ Wraiflerent media, 10 another. This is because, the speed of light is different Normal Boundary (Interface of medium 4 and medium 2) 2. Optically rarer medium is that medium in which speed of light is more. 3, Optically denser medium is that medium in which speed of light is less. Greater the difference in speed of light in two media, greater will be the bending of refracted Laws of Refraction Following are the two laws of refraction 4, The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. 2. The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to sine of angle of refraction is a constant, for the light of a given colour and given pair of media. This is known as Snell's law of refraction. If 7 is the angle of incidence ‘and ris the angle of refraction, then sini constant = sinr 1a Air (Medium 1) Glass| (Medium 2) This constant value n,, is the optical property of the two media and is called refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1. Ifthe first medium is air, then 1,, is called absolute refractive index or simply refractive index of medium 2. It is then simply denoted as 0. Absolute Refractive Index (1) Let us discuss more about refractive index of a medium. 41. {tis defined as the ratio of speed of light in air or vacuum to the speed of light in the medium. pace) and in a 2. As for light in free space c = fa, (here f= frequency and 2 = wavelength of light in free medium v = fA (here f= frequency and = wavelength of the light in the medium) so [IR conporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dehi-110005, Ph 011-47620456aveiengtn ofgntin vor vacuum (oo) speed of light in air or vacuum (Oe Meier ‘of ight in medium (2) ‘speed of light in medium v) light and so greater wil the medium, lesser will Pe the speed of lig S be the "ha, Thus, n= 3, For a given light, denser is index. 8S, Vejess < Vaator "aise 7 "watt Refractive index of a medium w: art. ail Table ; Absolute Refractive Indices - vacuum i caied te a0s0ke refractive index. or . | media of some materia Eee are eo feeac Pea ses index (n) Medium Peano) : Example 5: The refractive index of glass is 1.5. Find speed of light in the glass. “so v=2% 10° mis of one medium w.rt. other (Relative Refractive Index) Refractive index traveling from medium 1 info medium 2, as shown in the given figure If vis the sped Consider a ray of ight «ight in medium 1 and v, is the speed of light in medium 2, then the refractive index of medium 2 with res ~to1medium 1 (3) is given bySpeed of light in medium 1 (vy) "21 ~ Speed of light in medium 2 (v,) (i) ‘and the refractive index of medium 1 with respect to medium 2 (n,,) is given by ‘Speed of light in medium 2 (v,) "2 = Speed of light in medium 1 (v,) (ii) itis clear from equations (/) and (i), we have 1 Mas me If medium 1 is air or vacuum, and medium 2 is glass, then refractive index of glass wrt. ait (n,,) is called absolute refractive index of glass. Exc ; [Penn | e.g. Reractve index of glass w.rt. ar is 1.5, then refractive index of air wrt glass is given by n,, = 0.66 ae ses The refractive index of diamond is 2.42 and that of glass is 1.52. How much faster does light travel in glass than in diamond? Solution : We have, where > Speed of light in air or vacuum, v — Speed of light in medium. Refractive index of diamond, n, = 2.42, Refractive index of glass, n, = in diamond and glass respectively. 52. v, and v, are the speeds of light 59=1.6 Thus, vp= 1.6 times the speed of light in diamond.Conditions for no bending 1. If light is incident normally on a boundary (2! Medium 4 Medium 2 From Snell's law ” sinr > nin 0° = n,sinr © sinr=O0r Zr=0° So, light ray in the second medium will pass I the refractive indices of two media are eave! ("4 From Snell's law, n,sin i= n, sin r or nsin j= nsin r indeviated at the Bou! o ZZ So, light ray in the second medium will PASS Xt indary. Bending of light ray According to Snell's law 7, sinr n,sini = n,sinr jr to glass) then Gece Wichd povson rmmrarer to denset me Suni .euuy water or air to glass) seat (as n, >) sinr 1% so, sin/>sinr o (2Z)>(2) ‘$0 light ray bends towards the normal. : to rarer medium. (1, {0 Case 2: If light passes from denser m water to air or glass to air) then Sint 2 24 (Asn, > M) sinr 1 So sin i< sinr or (Zi) < (4”) So, light ray bends away from the normal. ppm reat evr Pa Ras New Dom 0005, enon e23:56ds (Level) 1 ee) Light : Reflection and Retraction la xan! 4 3 Refractive index of water and glass are = and = w.rt air or vacuum respectively. Find the refractive index brgiass wrt. water. 2 Dog SENG gg = Sm Given that oa 5. yg = 5 = 1.33 Pereeett5) = 1:13 le Se 1.83 oe . - a] 9, Onentering in an optically rarer medium from an optically denser medium { (1) Speed of light increases 2 Speed of light decreases | (3) Frequency of light increases | (4) Wavelength of light decreases 40. When light travels obliquely from glass to air (1) It proceeds undeviated (2) It bends towards the normal at the point of incidence (3) It bends away from the normal at the point of incidence i (4) Itis reflected back for all angle of incidence . its colour will become/remain 11. Array of light of red colour travelling in air enters into water [ | (1) Rea | | (2) Blue (3) Yellow (4) Green 2) (2) 1.20 (4) 1.00 ‘Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456in 2 Se Pe a aN Sere Wer Wek Wi or (er WEL (6:6 ; @)W . .d obliquely in water rn that part AB of the stick is within water, Cop, Sis ing from it, after reffaction will bend away from the nonat any or point A, which is above A. mn the whole, the stick appears bent and shor With 'g formed closer to the eyes. Simple Effects of Refraction rt when immerse (i) A stick appears bent and shot in water, SUC Consider a stick AC, immersed obliquely" point Aon the tip of the stick. A beam Peches the eyes.Thus, the rays appear 19 come f js int between A and B. THUS, © This is true for any other point Seu water. However, it appears magnified Becaus ed he sides of the beaker with paper and mo, ith water appears ais ody pour water in the beaker, gently (ii) The bottom of a b lace in it a fity paisa coin. Cover @ of sight. Let somet Take an empty beaker and pl away from it, til the coin is just out of your line visible after some time. observed that the coin becomes Ls the coin, on emerging out of wale ‘The reason for the above observation is that rays of light diverging from diyfer refraction, and hence, bend away fom the normal. When these refracted rays reach the eye, then the eve they appear to come from point /, which is above O. Thus, the coin appears raised and the botr of the beaker appears shallow when filled with water. For the same reason, a stamp placed under a glass block appears raised and a swimming pool app shallow, when filled with water. ‘Corporate Office {Aakash Tower, 8, Pisa Road New Dethi-110005, PhOT1-47623456 eaker filled wilion Through a Rectangular Glass Slab Fix a white paper on a board. Place a transparent slab in the middle and draw its boundary. Oraw a line RP that meets one of the boundaries at P. Fix two pins A, B vertically on this line such that the separation petween the pins is about 10 om. Now, look at the image of these pins from the other side of the slab and insert a pin C such that 3 pins come in a straight line j.e., the images of A and 8 appear just behind C. Now insert another pin D (about 10 cm from C) such that 4 pins come in straight line. Remove the pins and join the points where C and D were inserted. Extend it to meet the boundary at Q. Join PQ. RP, PQ and QD : respectively represent the directions of the incident ray, refracted ray and the emergent ray : ols @ ©) Let us consider a ray RP travelling through air be incident on the upper surface of a rectangular glass slab ‘atpoint P. After refraction, it moves along PQ within the slab. On reaching the lower surface of the glass slab, it gets refracted again as it re-enters to air. Figure (b) shows the cross-section of the slab and ray's path. If refractive index of the material of the slab is n, then ‘sini sinr sini = nsinr (i) For the surface CD, PQ is the incident ray and QS is the refracted ray. Normals to AB and CD are parallel 3 AB || CD. PQ makes an angle r with the normal at Q ie., angle of incidence at Q = r. Let the angle of refraction be r. Here, glass is the first medium and air is the second medium. ena sin’ on oF sinr’ = nsinr From equations (i) and (iii), we get (Applying Snell's law at interface AB) (Applying Sneli's law at CD) = The ray QS is parallel to the ray RP. When a light ray passes through a transparent slab with parallel faces, the ray is displaced parallel to itself. TSPatient : | always see spots before my eyes: Optician : Didn't the new glasses help? Patient : Sure, now | see the spots much clearer: |, When You sit on a red “When you are couring a nice ai an hour seems ike a second edt Rassbronere me carota relativity.” - Albert Einstoin. Coy Retraction by Spherical Lenses Alens is a transparent material medium bounded by two surfaces, of which one or both surfaces arg Sh The function of a lens isto deviate ght, it can ether converge or dverge @ parale! eam o lig Deer upon this property, lenses may be characterised into two categories : converging lens and diverging jag | wf — ‘converging lens (Convex lens) If the spherical surfaces are bulging outwards, then the lens is called double convex lens. A double lens is simply called as a convex lens. It is thicker at the middle as compared to the edges. Convey converges light rays as shown in the above figure. cn Adiverging lens (Concave lens) If the spherical surfaces are curved inwards then the lens is called double concave lens. A double corcat lens is simply called as a concave lens. It is thicker at the edges than at the middle. Concave lens diver: light rays as shown in the above figure. Different Types of Lens Plano-convex Convex-meniscus Bi-convex i, New DaliF-110008, Pr.01%-47623456Concave-meniscus Plano concave Bi-concave ollowing important terms should be noted in case of spherical lenses. 4, Optical Centre : It is usually represented by the letter O. A ray of light through optical centre passes i 2. Principal Axis C,C, is a line passing through optical centre and centres of curvature of curved surfaces. eee 3. Focus : When rays of light parallel to the principal axis are falling on a convex lens, then these rays after refraction from the lens, converge to a point on the principal axis. This point on principal axis is called the principal focus of the convex lens. In case of a concave lens, when rays of light parallel to the principal axis are falling on it, then after refraction from the lens these rays are appearing to diverge from a point on the principal This point on the principal axis is called principal focus of the concave lens. WV 2A Focal plane Focal plane If you pass parallel rays from the opposite surface of the lens, you get another principal focus on the Opposite side. It is usually represented by letter F. A lens has two principal foci. They are represented by F, and F,. Focal plane : The plane passing through the focus of the lens and perpendicular to the principal axis is called focal plane. RII teoreratorceznatastrov Pis Roe, New Dabi10008, prov. a7e2esical centre of a lens ig ncipal focus from the opt Called it 4. Focal length f: The distance of the principal nsmiting area (12, the diameter of ga" ca, 5. Aperture : It is the effective diameter of light fans eerie lar aly spherical lens), Intensity of image formed by @ he Measuring focal length of a convex lens Take a convex lens (lens used in the spectacies ofthe elderly are ofen conven Rete {toWards Take a smal block and placet tose othe ons such that ens is benwoon Sn and he Bock. On moe te, ‘slowly, you will find a very small, bright image of the sun formed on Bide one sage stance be, lens and the block is its focal length. You can't use this method for c forms a vir, va Laws of image Formation by Spherical Lens Graphically we can locate the position of image for a given object by drawing any two of the following th 1 "ee fay A ray, initially parallel to the principal axis of a lens, will pass or appear to pass through principal fn, after passing through the lens. 2. A ray which initially passes or appears to pass through the principal focus of a lens will emerge from lens parallel to the principal axis. A £1. F,3, Aray passing through the optical centre of a lens goes undeviated ‘sign Convention The sign convention explained here should be kept in mind while solving numericals. ()_ The distances measured along the direction of incident rays are taken as positive and that opposite to the direction of incident rays are taken as negative, as shown in the figure. light Monts ™ Principal Princigal ' oo oi, ve axis YS) O|\| fo aes lens (convex or concave) Fens (convex or concave) =D ve (i) All the distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from optical centre. (ii) Allthe distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis are taken positive, while those measured below it are taken as negative. Focal length is taken positive for convex (converging) lens while negative for concave (diverging) lens. Object distance is always taken as negative for all objects, Lens Formula and Magnification ‘As we have a formula for spherical mirrors, we also have formula for spherical lenses. This formula gives the relationship between object-distance (u), image distance (v) and the focal length(f). The lens formula is expressed as Principal A i 6 2 een Lens The lens formula given above is general and is valid in all situations for any spherical lens. Take proper care of the signs of different quantities. While putting numerical values for solving problems relating to lenses. If his the height of the object and fy is the height of its image, then ;m_ is called magnification ts magnitude indicates how many times is the size of the image as compared to that of the object and its ‘Sign indicates whether it is erect or inverted. Positive sign of m indicates an erect image and negative sign indicates an inverted image. By applying lens formula, for an object we get that if v = +ve, the image is real and if is virtual. ve, the imagePower of a Lens ‘or diverging properties of a lens is characterises the converging oF Ah {ens and is dofin, Power (P) of a lens of its focal length. as the 1 __ 100 “,, P= =Ginem) (Finm) (Finem) 4 is denoted by the letter D The SI unit of power of a lens iS ‘dioptre’ an th of the Combination of Lenses ‘combined (or placed adjacent and touching each other) to increase vation (P) is given 85 ne J Power and Focal Leng! if a number of lenses are then the net power of the combin P=P,+P,+Py* as P=t so for effective focal lenath (0) for diferent postions of an object are discussed here Image formation by a thin convex Images formed by @ thin convex lens 4. When the object is at infinity {@) When incident rays not parallel to rin cipal axis. For image, Position : at focus F, Nature real, inverted and sign of magnification is negative Size highly diminished | m | << 1 (©) When incident rays are parallel to principal axis. Fi F, For image, Position : at focus F, Nature : real, inverted Size point sizedFor image, Position : between F, and 2F, Nate) real, inverted and sign of magnification is negative Sie: diminished (| m| <1) 3. When the object is at 2F, For image, Position : at 2F, Nature real, inverted and sign of magnification is negative Size same size as object (m =~ 1) 4, When the object is between F, and 2F, For imax Position beyond 2F, Nature real, inverted and sign of magnification is negative Size enlarged ( | m| > 1) 5. When the object is at F,28} (Lights Reflection ~ For Image, . Position : at infinity real, inverted and sign of magnification is negative Nature inverte size highty enlarged (| 11°? 4) When the object is between Fy and O For image, Position : on the same side of fens as the object Nature virtual, erect and sign of magnification is positive Size enlarged | m|>1 Pictures from light with a lens + Fake d'eonwes lens. sland a (ew feel away from yourlight Source, Hold! Your lens up so that shine through it Hold the piece of paper on the other side of the lens so that the light shines trea the lens and onto-the paper The Paper is your soreen Ike the screen in’@ movie theatre, The me Zereeni will reflect a picture made of light so that. you can see it as 3: Glad with the lens up close to the paper and slowly move it away from the paper and tovar ight solirce. You will See a pictire of the light source when the lens is at right distance from the pace The picture will be upside down. : 3, If you don't see a picture right away, Keep trying. Try standing closer to the light source. Or ty m the lens farther from the paper: orate Office Aakash Tower; 8) PUSa Road, New Dathi-110005, Pn.011Image formation by thin concave lens Images formed by a thin concave lens for different object positions of an object discussed here. 4. When the object is at infinity For image, Position : at focus F, Nature : virtual, erect and sign of magnification is positive _Size’ —: _ highly diminished ( | m | << 1) 2. When the object is in between infinity and F, For image, Position : between F, and O Nature: virtual and erect (m = +ve) Size : diminished (| m| <1)45. When sin thi incident at angle 60° to 4 medium rata ihn. ose na, the angle : of refraction is half the eee of incidence, The value of nis: bat E fs ® ¥ (2) > v8 ae cy a 16. Two thin even lengths 10 ‘tl oe 20 cm are. pice contact. The ettective power of combination | x f (2) 15D (4) 30D, conte of aco vexion. tl ringKLE AT STEELY a aaa aa ED quick RECAP. 4 2 10. 1 12, 8. 14, 15, 16, 17. Light is @ form of energy which causes sensation of vision. It travels in straight line path {Fincident light after interacting with a boundary separating two medi es eanirpanonil Galea Hesci ry Separating two media comes back into the same medium, images can be either real or virtual Real image is formed by the actual intersection of light rays and it can be obtained on the screen. Virtual image is formed by the apparent meeting of reflected rays from a mirror or refracted rays from a lens, when produced backwards. It cannot be obtained on the screen, Laws of reflection : There are two laws of reflection, ()_ The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. (i) The angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection /e., 2/= Zr. Spherical mirror : There are two spherical mirrors, viz concave mirror and convex mirror. Concave mirror : A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved inwards, facing towards the centre of the sphere. ‘Convex mirror : A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards opposite to centre of sphere. Focal length of a mirror : It is the distance between the pole and the focus of a spherical mirror. It is. half of its radius of curvature. It is positive for a convex mirror and negative for a concave mirror. Miror forma, += + 1 7 Sives the relationship between the object distance (u), image distance (v), and u the focal length (f) of a spherical mirror. The magnification produced by a spherical mirror is the ratio of the height of the image to the height of the object, magnification (m) = =” u Refraction is the phenomenon in which direction of propagation of light changes at the boundary when it passes from one medium to the other. This is because the speed of light is different in two media. Frequency, colour do not change while wavelength and velocity of light will change on undergoing refraction. Laws of refractio () The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to sine of angle of refraction is a constant for a given colour of light and given interface. ‘here are two laws of refraction (ii) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. Light travels in air or vacuum with an enormous speed of 3 x 10° m/s. The speed of light is different in different media The refractive index of a transparent medium is the ratio of speed of light in air or vacuum to that in the medium, Apparent depth : When we look into a pool of water it appears to be less deep than it really is due to refraction. Lens formula : } =1_1. gives the relationship between the object distance (u), image distance (v) and vou the focal length (f) of a spherical lens. The magnification produced by a lens is the ratio of the height of the image to the height of the object.a 1 focal length. It is measured in dioptre which is denoteg ~ Power of a lens is the reciprocal of is given by the formula. oa eee1 00) “#(m) f (om) 19. if a number of lenses are placed adjacent and touching each other the net power (P) of the combina givenas P=P,+P,+P,+... As P = 1, 80 for effective focal length (?)PCT Tel Very Short Answer Type Questions : 1 2. 3 10. 11. 12, 13, 14, 15. 16. What is the nature of image if the object is placed beyond C, in front of a concave mirror? Write the mirror formula. If the power of a lens is +2.D, what is its focal length and its nature? When a ray of light falls obliquely into water, does the light ray bend towards the normal or away from the normal? If two lenses of focal lengths 5 cm and 10 cm are placed in contact along the same axis, what will be the power of combination of two lens? Find the power of a convex lens of focal length 20 cm Name a mirror that can give an erect and enlarged image of an object. What will happen to the image formed by a plane mirror if half of it is covered with a black paper? Why a flying bird appears higher in the sky compared to its actual height? Can a convex mirror ever form a real image? If yes, under what condition? Under what condition will a thin lens have ‘magnification 1? What is the minimum distance between an object and its real'image formed by a.convex lens of focal 5. length 20 cm? What is the focal length of a plane mirror? Can absolute refractive index be less than unity? What is meant by optical centre of a lens? What should be the position of an object relative to a biconvex lens so that it behaves like a 1 Fill in the blanks: (a) Power of a lens is measured in (b) The image formed by concave lensis_. (c) A mirror which always produces diminished, virtual image is. (@) According to sign convention, positive magnification means we have an image. (@) Speed of light in a (Light travels in a line path (9) A bundle of lights rays is called a (h) Ina plane mirror, the angle of incidence equals the angle of is 300,000 km/s. Short Answer Type Questions : Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles? The magnification produced by a plane mirror is +1. What does this mean? A fish under water is viewing obliquely a fisherman standing on the bank of a lake. Does the man look taller or shorter than what he is actually? What will be the value of refractive index of alcohol wrt. carbon disulphide? The refractive index of alcohol w.r.t. air is 1.36 and that of carbon disulphide wrt. air is 1.63. A ray is reflected in turn by two plane mirrors, inclined at right angle with each other. Find the angle between incident and reflected ray. A concave mirror is made by cutting a hollow thin glass sphere of radius 30 cm. Find its focal length. What will be nature of image formed by a concave mirror, if the object is between focus and centre of ‘curvature? magnifier?8, Two thin lenses of powers 4 D and ~2 D are placed = focal length of the Objective Type Questions : in contact. What is ‘combination? 9. Three thin convex lenses of focal length f,, f, and f, are placed in contact coaxially. What will be effective power of combination? 10. A candi is held 3 cm away from a concave mirror of radius of curvature 24 cm. What will be the distance of image from mirror? 11. Calculate the speed of light in (i) glass (ii) water, Refractive index of glass is 1.5 and water is 1.33, (Take speed of light in air or vacuum, ¢ = 3 x 108 m/s) 12. An object of height 2.0 cm is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a concave lens of focal length 12 cm. Find the height of the image, if the ‘object is placed at a distance of 8.0 cm from the lens, 13. The focal length of a convex lens is f An object is Placed at a distance x from its first focal point. Find the ratio of the distance of the real image to that of the object from the pole. Long Answer Type Questions 1. An object of size 5 cm is kept at a distance of 25 cm from the optical centre of a converging lens of focal length 10 cm. Calculate the distance of the image from the lens and size of the image. 2. Two lens of power +15 D and — 5 D are in contact with each other forming a combination of lenses. (@) What is the focal length of this combination? (b) An object of size 3 cm is placed at 30 cm from this combination of lens. Calculate the position and size of the image formed. 3. (a) Where should we place an object in front of a ‘concave mirror in order to obtain a real image beyond centre of curvature C? (©) An object is placed at distance 10 cm in front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 15 cm. Find the position, nature and magnification of the image (@) What is the difference between the images formed by a large and a small mirror? () If object is between focus and pole of a concave mirror, explain image formation with the help of ray diagram. (©) Can a convex mirror be used to form real image for an object? Explain. 5. What is refraction of light? State the laws of Tefraction, Distinguish between absolute refractive 1 Select the wrong statement (1) Light travels rectiinearly (2) Light is a wave in nature (3) Light has greater speed than sound in aj, (4) Light cannot travel through vacuum Light travel fastest in (1) Water Q) Air (3) Glass (4) Diamond ‘A concave mirror forms the image of an obje, ‘a screen. If the lower half of the mirror is cova! with an opaque card, the effect would be y (1) The image is less brighter (2) The lower half of the image disappears (8) The upper haf of the image disappears (4) The image is more brighter The image formed by a concave mirror is, (1) Always real (2) Always virtual (3) Virtual for the object placed between pole x focus (4) Virtual if the object is at infinity A person standing in front of a mitror finds 5 image larger than himself. It implies that the min is (1) Plane mirror 2) Convex mirror (3) Concave mirror (4) Any one of these Convex mirror forms inverted image of a real obj (1) Under no circumstances (2) When the object is very far from the mirror (3) When object is at distance equal to fo length (4) When object is at distance equal to radiu mirror A diminished image of an object is to be obtai on a screen. This can be achieved by using (1) Aconvex mirror (2) A plane mirror (3) Aconcave lens (4) Aconvex lens index and relative refractive index of a medium10. 1" 12. 13. 14, ‘an object placed at a distance 4.5 m from the Mvex miror of radius of curvature 1m, then 1 : (hy Image 1 3g i" size of object {@) image i virtual and erect {@) Image is at 45.om behind the miror (4) Allof these he nature of the image of a candle flame located 49 om from a concave spherical mirror is real, inverted and magnified four times. Then the radius af curvature of the mirror is (1) 320m (2) 64 om @ 480m (4) 80 cm ‘Areal, inverted and image of same size as an ébject is formed when the object is placed x cm from a concave mirror, then x is equal to [where tis focal length, R is radius of curvature] wf QR @) f (4) & ‘An object of height 6 cm is placed on the principal axis of a concave mirror of focal length f at a distance of 4f. The length of the image will be (1) 20m (2) 12cm @) 40m (4) 1.2m Light of two colours, A and B is passed through a plane boundary. If A is bent more than 8, then which colour travels more slowly in the second medium which is denser? a) 8 QA (@) Both travel with same speed (4) Nothing can be said Aray of light is incident on a glass slab (n, = 1.5), thickness t, in such a manner that the angle of refraction is 30°, then the sine of angle of incidence will be o(4) @ (3) 3) (3V3) 9 () “ Ce } Aight of wavelength 2 gets refracted from vacuum to a medium of refractive index n. The ratio of wavelengths of incident and refracted wave is () 1:0 1:4 B) n:4 (4) 224 15, 16. 7. 18. 19, 20. 2 . Why is refractive index of any transparent medium other than air greater than one? (1) Because the speed of light in vacuum is always less than its speed in a transparent ‘medium (2) Because the speed of light in vacuum is always greater than its speed in a transparent medium (3) Frequency of wave changes when it crosses the medium (4) Because speed of light in transparent medium does not change The time taken by light to travel through a glass plate of thickness f and having refractive index is (cis the velocity of light) t t (ies @ a, nt ot OF Clee Time taken by a ray of light to travel through a glass slab of thickness 4 cm and refractive index 41.5 will be (Take c, speed of light = 3 x 10° m/s) (1) 10s 2) 2% 10s @ 2™10%s (4) 10-2 s In case of a converging lens (1) Image formed by it is always real (2) The sun's rays can be brought to a focus (3) Both faces of the lens must be of same radius (4) It must not produce a virtual image ‘What change will occur in an image produced by a lens, if half of the lens is wrapped in a black paper? (1) The size of the image will be reduced to one half (2) The brightness of image will be reduced (3) There will be no effect (4) The image will disappear A convex lens and a concave lens, each having same focal length of 25 om are placed coaxially in close contact to form a combination of lenses, The ower of the combination will be (1) 25 dioptre (2) 50 dioptre (3) Zero (4) Infinite dioptre A virtual image of same size as object is produced by (1) Convex mirror (3) Plane mirror (2) Concave mirror (4) Concave lens22. For real extended objects if the image formed by a single lens, is erect, then image (1) Must be real (2) May be real (8) Must be virtual (4). May be real or virtual For real extended object, if the image formed by a single lens is inverted, then (1) Image is real (2) Lens is convergent (3) Image is either diminished or enlarged (4) All of these Case Study Type Questions : Case Study-1: Read the following and answer the questions from 1 to 5. When the rays of light travel from one transparent medium to another, the path of light changes. The bending of light depends on the optical density of medium through which the light pass. Whenever light goes from one medium to another, the frequency of light does not change however, speed and wavelength change. It is concluded that the change in direction of propagation of light is known as refraction of light. 1 ‘When light travels from air to glass, the ray of light bends (1) Towards the normal (2) Away from normal (3) Anywhere (4) Always along the normal A ray of light passes from a medium A to another medium 8. No bending of light occurs if the ray of light incident on the boundary of medium B at an angle of (0 (2) 45° (3) 90° (4) 120° When light passes from a rarer medium to a denser medium, the wavelength of light (1) Increases (2) Decreases (3) Remains same (4) Becomes zero Q 4, When light passes from an 91868 to Water, (1) Increases (2) Decreases (3) Remains same (4) First increases then decreases 5. The bottom of poo! filed with water app, due to refraction of light ‘ars | (1) Shallower (2) Deeper (@) At same depth (4) Always at hy Case Study-2: Read the following ang ec questions from 6 to 10. ' A piece of any transparent material boundog , surfaces of which ane or both surfaces arg aa behaves as a lens. ° all A student has observed the image formatig, spherical lenses for different positions of an objex, noticed that one of the lens forms both magnifey diminished images while the other forms only dining images. 6. Which of the following would you prefer tp while reading small letters found in dictionary? (2) Aconcave lens (1) A convex lens (3) Athin glass slab (4) A thick glass g, 7. Which one of the following type of images can, be obtained from a convex lens? (1) Real and magnified (2) Real and dimins, (3) Virtual and magnified (4) Virtual and minis 8 A small bulb is placed at the focal point converging lens. When the bulb is switched on lens produces (1) A convergent beam of light (2) Adivergent beam of light (3) A parallel beam of light (4) A patch of coloured light. 9, The phenomenon in which left part of an obj ‘appears as right part in image in plane mirror (1) Lateral displacement (2) Lateral inversion (8) Reetiinear propagation (4) Total internal reflection 10. A.water drop acts as a (1) Convex lens (3) Concave mirror (2) Concave lens (4) Concax mirror QaChapter-1 Light : Reflection and Refraction Level-Il (For CBSE, NTSE & Olympiads)Light : Reflection and Refraction INCLUDES Reflection at Plane Surface © Velocity of Image in a Plane Mirror AEFLEGTION AT PLANE SURFACE © Minimum Length of plane Mirror ‘© Images Formed in a Pair of Mirrors In case of reflection at plane surface Such as plane mirror: ¢ Relation between F and A of a Spherical Mirror 1. Reflected ray suffers deviation of§ = (180° — 2), with ror ore and sfegnient respect to the incident ray, Consider the figure shown. Here, ‘© Nature and Position of Images for a Spherical Mirror 8= 180° (i +1) but ‘and if the object lies asymmetrically with 6 = 72°, then n= = s 2 360 |f >> is a fraction, number of images formed will be equal to the integral part. Number of images formed = 4 360 f= 70", then =~ = jen N= = 5A Number of images formed = 5 PP Corporate OMce: Aakash Tower 8; Pusa Road, New De rE, a Tower 8|Pusa Road, New Dalli-110005/ Ph 01147622466[sae NTE Obmmplnce haven Light : Reflection and Retraction When two mirors are kept parallel to each other, ie., (0 = 0°), then n = 260° _ 360° _ .. (infnite), so the 0 number of images of an object kept in between two parallel mirrors will be infinite Two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle of 75° The ray undergo total deviation of (ty 210° (2) 105° t % (@) 150° @ 75" : A ray of light is incident on one of the miors. | “The minimum height of a plane mirror to enable a boy of height 4 feet to see his full image is (1) 6 feet = @ 4 feet 4 (3) 3 feet (4) 2 feet i : ip The number of images formed of a bulb 60° is (1) 2 Q6 @ 4 4) 5 ‘Aman runs towards. mirror with a speed of 10 m/s. Then the speed of his image with respect to himself will be () 20 ms 2) 10 ms Placed between two plane mirrors inclined at an angle of i g (ip (we (oz ‘(be su) RELATION BETWI F AND R OF Let us consider a concave mirror of small aperture, on which a ray is incident parallel and close to the principal axis. It passes through focus F, after reflection. Join CB. CB is normal to the mitror at B. ZABC = ZFBC W) (2 422) ZABC = an object placed beyond centre of curvature. A’B > Image of the object AB PB =u Distance of the object from pole (P) PB’ = v > Distance of the image from pole (P). PF =f Focal length of concave mirror. Mirror Formula Derivation In AABP and AA’B'P ZAPB = ZA'PB ZABP = ZA'BP So, AABP ~ AA’B'P (4i=2) (Each 90°) (AA corollary of AAA similarity theorem) oli) Similarly, AABC ~ AA’BC i)sign convention, PB = Si muezt ey 2f=V. 5 Pfu- w= w-2hv , BC = PB - PC, BC = PC - PB’ =, -2wv = 2fu- 2v = wettty By dividing both sides by uvf, we get Br 4 fevu This formula is called mirror formula, and is applicable for both concave and convex mirrors. It can also be applied for plane mirrors with f= e (infinity) 1 sors Oe on y= u'y v ie.,image is formed as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it Magnification in terms of v and f (Multiplying both sides by v) (Multiplying both sides by u) iam ‘Conperate Office : Aakash Tower, 8) Pusa Road, New Delhi110005, Ph.011-47623456 syNATURE AND POSITION OF IMAGES FOR A SPHERICAL MIRROR therefore ven if @ pat of he miro obstucn 4. As every part of a mirror forms a complete image, image will be formed, but intensity of the image will be reduced. 2. Foran extended object If the image formed by a single mirror Is erect it Is al In this situation, if the size of the image is (Smaller than the object, mirror is convex. TI imet4 ORMPEGIRE th’ real depth of tank Ty > Fefractive index of the water Example 2 : AA printed page is kept pressed by a glass slab (n, = 1.5) of thickness 6.0 om. By what amount will the printed letters appear to be shied when viewed from the top of the slab normally? Solution : Thickness: 6.0.om, n, = 1.5 = 20cm Example A fish in water sees an object 24 cm above the surface of water. What is the apparent height of the object noticed by fish? { Take n ( Solution : BAe en rerecave nce of wes. wa «=? Note that in this case light rays travel from air to water. Se perart of object: = Refractive index of air w.r.t water 3 A = Apparent height of object = 5% 24 cm = 320m (BORN Cororate Once : Aakash Tower 8, Pusa Road, New Deh-110005, Pr01+-47623466Example 4 In a vessel of depth 21 cm, upto what height the water should be filled so that now it appears 10 be jay a i itvewed tom the tp? (Take ny = 4) ‘ Solution > Let the vessel is filed with water upto height x when it appears to be exactly half fled, when viewed tr, top. % iie., the depth of the vessel below the water surface seems to be the same as its height above it Actual depth of water Apparent depth in water =~, patie 423 = (21-x)4 = 3x = 21-x = 21 4= 7K = x= 120m LENS FORMULA In the given figure, formation of a real and inverted image is shown. Using sign convention we can write (a) Object distance = OA (b) Image distance = OA’ = +v (©) Focal length = OF, = +f principal A axis 'As right angled triangles AOAB and SOA’B’ are similar, AB Av. 0 Lens AB -u Similarly, from the right angled triangles AF,OC and AFA‘B, \Fp_tv-f a [oc oc OF Ff @ I AB! oC Comparing equation (i) and equation (i), we get ty vot = -w+ut Dividing both sides by wfMAGNIFICATION PRODUCED BY A LENS. ‘Magnification produced by a lens (Lens formula) (Muttiplying both sides by v) (Multiplying both sides by u) APPLICATION IN DAILY LIFE Laser : It is a special source of light of only one pure colour (or wavelength). You can't break up laser light into other colours.EPA usr zmemcan aan aa It is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. ()_Itcan be focused to a very small spot and can shine for long distances without spreading o Ut ve oy, (unlike a flash light which spreads out a lot) (i) They are highly energetic! Some lasers can cut through thick metals (and lasers of smaitey 1... are used in some types of surgery). en, (i) They can be used for communication. They can also send information through long threads of optical fibres. A single laser can send thousands of phone conversations through a fibre at the 4° tin Lasers focus light Optical fibre helps Bs us communicate lls (W) Grocery scanners use them to check prices (very common at shopping malls) Grocery scanners use lasers to check prices re also used to make 3-D pictures called holograms (work is gf They can make holograms. They 2 me on Peis holograms, so someday, we may have amazing 3-D TV pictures). Bik 16 "A light ray passes through different media of refractive indices May Ms 28 shown below. If ABisf/8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456aes” Subjective Type Questions 1 What will be the angle through which reflected ray will rotate, if the incident ray is kept fixed and mirror is rotated through an angle 0? If an object is placed between two plane mirrors held at 30°, how many images will be formed? plane What should be the minimum height of a mirror to enable a person of height 6 feet fo see his full image in it? By how much distan the surface in a liquid be shifted when observ liquid? ‘A small ink dot on a P through a glass slab o} refractive index 1.5. By what height appear to be raised? The depth of a tank filed with a liquid is 2d. The apparent depth is 60% of that of real depth. What is the refractive index of the liquid wart. air? Derive the relation between focal length f, magnification m and object distance u for a concave mirror. ‘A thin lens forms image of intensity /. If the central part of the lens of diameter half the diameter of lens is black polished, then what will be the intensity of image formed by the remaining part? A plane mirror is placed at a distance 12.5 cm from focus of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 20 om. Find where an object can be placed between the two mirrors, so that the first image in both the ‘mirrors coincide. .ce, a coin at a depth h below (refractive index n) appear to ed from top, outside the aper is viewed normally f thickness 10 cm and would the dot 11. Explain why does @ swimming Poot ag, 4 Shallower than it actually #6. Obtain an expr, for the normal displacement of an object img, in water. . R for convex ming Deduce the expression fF When an object is placed at a distance of 12. from a convex mirror, the magnification pro, is ; Where should the object be placed ty a magnification of 3? ‘A ray of light falls at an angle of incidence 13. a transparent rectangular glass slab of thickns ‘and refractive index ‘n. Show that emer ray is parallel to the incident ray. . 44. In the given figure, length of the object AB = cm. Find the nature and position of the final ima and also its length. Assume that each lens i: thin lens. 16.66 De we 33D 15, Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image of the same size as the object plac front of a converging lens. Using ray diag express the relation between u, v and f fo lens, kash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456