“社会工作创新：新发展阶段的理论

与实践”国际会议论文摘要集

Proceedings of
International Conference on
“Social Work Innovation:
Theory and Practice in the
New Development Stage”

2023 年 11 月 24-25 日，中国 北京

24-25 November 2023, Beijing, China
主办单位
Organisers

北京大学社会学系
Department of Sociology, Peking University
香港理工大学应用社会科学系
Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
北京大学-香港理工大学中国社会工作研究中心
Peking University – The Hong Kong Polytechnic University China Social Work
Research Centre
香港理工大学应用社会科学系中国及全球发展网络
China and Global Development Network, Department of Applied Social
Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

协办单位
Co-organiser

中国社会工作教育协会
China Association for Social Work Education

赞助单位
Sponsors

思源基金会（中国香港）
Si Yuan Foundation（Hong Kong, China）
择善基金会（中国香港）
Ze Shan Foundation（Hong Kong, China）
 目录 Contents1
平行论坛（一）社会工作教育创新 1..................................................................................... 1
PARALLEL SESSION I: INNOVATION AND SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION #1 ............ 1
Development of Research-based Instructional Material for Bachelor of Science in Social Work (BSSW)
Students in Cotabato State University, Southern Philippines................................................................ 1
When Social Work Met Radio: Insights from Online Social Work Internship ...................................... 3
HIV/Aids Knowledge and Attitudes towards PLWH among Social Workers and Social Work Students
in Kyrgyzstan ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Online Learning, Social Support, and Depression among Chinese Social Work Students .................... 7
Social Work Education in the Philippines: Challenges and Innovations in the New Normal ................ 8
Enhancing the Collective Psychological Ownership of Young Adult Social Workers in Chinese
Organizational Contexts: A Recognition Perspective ........................................................................... 9

平行论坛（二）科技创新与社会工作.................................................................................. 11
PARALLEL SESSION II: TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION AND SOCIAL WORK
PRACTICE .............................................................................................................................. 11
The Mode, Effect and Challenges of Intelligent Home Care Service .................................................. 11
Exploring the Integration of Mobile Applications in Geriatric Mental Health among Older Adults:
Novel Perspectives and Prospective Impacts on Social Work Practice ............................................... 12
Internet Impacts on Parent-child Communication in Vietnamese Urban Families .............................. 14
A Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Review on Social Work in the Digital Era .......................... 15
Effectiveness of Peer-to-peer Social Support for Patients who Receive Opioid Agonist Treatment in
Belarus ................................................................................................................................................ 16
In Life-course Perspective to Analyse the Influence on the Older Workers under Transformative
Technology in China ........................................................................................................................... 18

平行论坛（三）社会工作发展创新 1................................................................................... 20
PARALLEL SESSION III: INNOVATION IN SOCIAL WORK DEVELOPMENT #1 ...... 20
Stereotypes of Older Adults and Anxiety about Ageing among Adults in Rural Vietnam: Current
Situation and Implications for Social Work Profession....................................................................... 20
What Has Been Done for Social Workers’ Self-care Practice? A Systematic Review of Interventions
............................................................................................................................................................ 23
Enhancing Self-Management and Social Support for Elderly Patients with Chronic Diseases: A Social
Work Intervention in Guizhou, China ................................................................................................. 25
Promoting Children’s Participation in Urban Regeneration: an Practical Education Program in Beijing,
China................................................................................................................................................... 27
Intervention in the Mutual Help Behavior among Family Caregivers of Chinese Patients with Cancer:
A Qualitative Exploration of a Social Work Innovation...................................................................... 29
Green Social Worker: A Path to the Brighter Future ........................................................................... 31
Group Work Experience with Adolescents Engaged in Cigarette-smoking and Liquor-drinking:
Accounts of Change in Individual Behavior and Motivation of Participants through Guided Group
Process ................................................................................................................................................ 34

平行论坛（四）社会发展创新.............................................................................................. 35
PARALLEL SESSION IV: INNOVATION IN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ........................ 35
Assessing the DSWD Assisted Sustainable Livelihood Projects in Cagwait, Surigao del Sur............ 35

1 按发言次序排列
In order of speeches
 Community Organizing: an Approach to Women Economic Empowerment in the Municipality of
Saguiaran, Lanao Del Sur, Philippines................................................................................................ 36
Multidimensionality and Flexibility of Women Empowerment in Rural China: a Case Study of the
Feminist Social Work Practices in Dong Ethnic Minority Village ...................................................... 37
The Economic Dimension of Developmental Social Work and Application of Community Economy
Theory as its Analytical Framework ................................................................................................... 38
Asset Based Architectural Design as Alternative Social Development in Rural Community- a Study of
Henan ZhouShan Village ‘House of Dream’ ....................................................................................... 40
Striking a Balance: Analysing Corporate Welfare and Corporate Social Responsibility Practices of
Transnational Corporations in Ethiopian and their Implications for Local Community Development 42
Climate Change and Social Work Intervention: How Theory of Change Support Indigenous Practices
............................................................................................................................................................ 44

平行论坛（五）社会工作教育创新 2................................................................................... 46
PARALLEL SESSION V: INNOVATION AND SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION #2 ......... 46
Space-time Dislocation and two-way Construction: the Theoretical Dimension of Chinese Social Work
Localization ........................................................................................................................................ 46
Organization-based Learning: The Practical Logic of Knowledge Production in Action Research in
Social Work......................................................................................................................................... 48
Exploration of Non-Formal Education Pathways in Social Organizations in China: An Action Research
Case Study on the Z Training Programme at Institution Y in City X .................................................. 50
What Makes Knowledge Transformation Possible? --Action Research on Practice-Based Teaching in
Social Work Practice Courses ............................................................................................................. 52
Cultivating the Power of Life: Transforming Student Subjectivity in the Perspective of Emancipatory
Pedagogy: Action Research on Social Work Education ...................................................................... 53
Passerby: Constructing the Professional Portrait of Social Workers from the Perspective of
“Representation” Based on In-depth Interviews with 20 Senior Social Workers ................................ 54

平行论坛（六）社会工作发展创新 2................................................................................... 57
PARALLEL SESSION VI: INNOVATION IN SOCIAL WORK DEVELOPMENT #2 ...... 57
Study on Social Workers’ Participation in Community Correction from the Perspective of Cross-strait
Comparison ......................................................................................................................................... 57
A Study of Alternative Traumatization among Young Medical Social Workers--The Case of Tianjin
Cancer Hospital................................................................................................................................... 60
The Chinese Communist Party’s Social Construction in Xinjiang during the Anti-Japanese War and Its
Inspiration towards Today’s Frontier Social Work .............................................................................. 61
Intervention Study of “Reading + Game” Therapy to Alleviate Children’s Fear of Medical Treatment
............................................................................................................................................................ 63
Non-basic Public Service Productisation: the New Development of Local Social Work Service ....... 65
Content Analysis of Medical and Nursing Combination Policies from the Perspective of Policy Tools--
Taking Jinan City Policy Text as an Example. .................................................................................... 67

平行论坛（七）社会政策创新.............................................................................................. 68
PARALLEL SESSION VII: SOCIAL POLICY INNOVATION ........................................... 68
Baan Mankong Project: Transforming Lives through Social Policy Innovation in Bangkok Canal
Housing, Thailand............................................................................................................................... 68
What Have Been Done and What to Do for Left-behind Children in Mainland China: A Scoping Review
of the Intervention Programs............................................................................................................... 69
Real or Rhetoric? Social Organizations in Urban Redevelopment. Cases from Shanghai .................. 71
Beyond Hierarchies: A Comparative Study of Transformational Leadership and Workplace Social
Capital on Employee Performance Outcomes..................................................................................... 73
Features of Social Work with People Living with HIV in Kyrgyzstan ................................................ 75
 Put Workers First: A Social Work Exploration on “Life-Vocation” Skill Empowerment of Women in the
Service Industry .................................................................................................................................. 77

平行论坛（八）社会工作发展创新 3................................................................................... 79
PARALLEL SESSION VIII: INNOVATION IN SOCIAL WORK DEVELOPMENT #3 ... 79
Retaining Frontline Care Staff in Long Term Care: The Role of Resident Aggression, Burnout, and
Fatigue ................................................................................................................................................ 79
The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-based Intervention for Chinese Caregivers of Frail Older Adults: A
Randomized Controlled Trial.............................................................................................................. 81
The Practice of a Mentoring Service for Children of Incarcerated Parents in Mainland China: A
Contextualized Experience ................................................................................................................. 83
Navigating the Development of Social Work with Genetics: A Scoping Review and Narrative Synthesis
............................................................................................................................................................ 85
An Interpretive Phenomenological Study on the Experiences of Victim-Survivors in Convicting Human
Traffickers in Region XI ..................................................................................................................... 86
Listening to Indigenous Voices in Philippine Social Work Education and Practice ............................ 89
 平行论坛（一）社会工作教育创新 1
PARALLEL SESSION I: INNOVATION AND SOCIAL WORK
EDUCATION #1

Development of Research-based Instructional Material for Bachelor of Science in Social

Work (BSSW) Students in Cotabato State University, Southern Philippines

Marwisa S. SEDIK-SALAM
Department of Social Work, Cotabato State University

Abstract: Teachers teaching BSSW courses have been faced with inadequacy of ready
materials. Further, social work educators are faced with the challenge of ensuring that students
from diverse backgrounds are provided and have access to appropriate educational materials.
At Cotabato State University, BSSW teachers find it difficult because of the limited available
resources, and there is a need for training on its application for effective use. With the provision
of necessary educational materials, few research-based instructional materials are available for
the BS Social Work students. Studies on the development of instructional materials focused
only on general education and not has been thoroughly conducted in the context of social work.

The main objective of this study was to design and develop instructional material to supplement
more effective instruction and maximize the learning experience of the BS Social Work
students in the pursuit of producing equipped and competent social workers in different work
settings.

Utilising the quantitative approach, this study initially developed a module in Social Work
Practice for BSSW students in Cotabato State University, Philippines. The study employed
descriptive-developmental educational research focused on designing, developing and
evaluating the instructional material. Three phases were undergone in this study. First, begin
with an inventory of the existing instructional materials and determine the most needed
instructional material appropriate for the learning environment of the BS Social Work students.
Second, the goal was to design and develop the instructional material through the forming of
BSSW TWG, who agreed on setting the objectives, selecting and organising topics, selecting
and organising the learning experience, assess and evaluate so that it can be reviewed and
validated by the five experts namely: 1 from Commission on Higher Education Specialist in
the BSSW; 2 Associate Professors of BSSW and 2 Direct Practitioner of the social work
profession. Comments and suggestions based on the experts’ results were integrated into the
module. Afterwards, reliability/pilot testing was conducted among the twenty-five-year BSSW
students. Third, the finished instructional material will be fully developed, produced and can
be utilised by the students in the university.

Results showed that the initially designed and developed module was very much acceptable
based on the content validation of the experts. The expert validators strongly agreed that the
content of the module met the required standards in terms of its adequacy, coherence,
appropriateness, and usefulness. Additionally, the students who were enrolled in the BSSW
course rated the module as very much acceptable. In conclusion, the module follows
differentiated instruction and encourages independent learning. The learning materials were
aligned to the competencies required in the Outcomes-Based Education impost in the
Commission on Higher Education in the Philippines.

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The validated module is hopefully recommended for use as a supplemental instructional tool
for the BS Social Work course at the university. This study will be of great help as an empirical
basis in strengthening the overall efforts of the BSSW program in enhancing and developing
the instructional materials for the BSSW students. The initially developed module was
anchored on the Successive Approximation Model, looking to develop a more rapid
instructional design model and may serve as future guides through the process of creating
effective educational materials for other courses in the university.

Keywords: development; research-based; instructional material; BSSW students; acceptable;

Cotabato State University; Philippines

2
When Social Work Met Radio: Insights from Online Social Work Internship

Kai ZHUab, Shan LIb

a
Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University;
b
Department of Social Work, Zhejiang Normal University

Abstract: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the “Tong Xin House” school social work
station conducted online social work internship programmes while the university was under
segregation control. The internship programmes comprised “Tong Xin FM” emotional radio,
online study rooms and a platform for exchanging and sharing living and medical supplies.
There were six sessions of Tong Xin FM, with six interns acting as radio anchors. Tong Xin
FM encourages its listeners to dedicate songs to their loved ones, share their stories and
emotions during the pandemic, and express their longing to meet those whom they cannot see
presently. To participate, listeners can utilise WeChat or email submissions, as well as live
streaming connections. Pop-up messages in the live streaming room enable interaction with the
anchors.

This study examines the impact of “Tong Xin FM” emotional radio on social work online
internships during the pandemic, focusing on reflections and insights. The research delves into
the organisation and implementation of online internship programmes, the benefits and
reflections of online internships, and innovation approaches in social work education. Through
interviews with six interns and reviewing one supervisor’s reflection notes, this study
investigated the interns’ understanding of social work internship and their experience of online
services. Additionally, the feasibility and scope of social work practice during the epidemic
were discussed.

The research’s findings reveal that the interns viewed the Tong Xin FM emotional radio as an
innovative aspect of their social work internship, and it successfully met their internship
expectations and goals. Additionally, the interns conducted a needs assessment, designed,
prepared, implemented, and evaluated the radio practice in a brief period. Such comprehensive
work has imparted in them enhanced social work practice skills and resilience. Thirdly, the use
of emotional radio proves more appropriate for fledgling social workers to hone their listening,
empathy, and clarification skills compared to traditional face-to-face casework. Nevertheless,
radio service deployment may give rise to ethical dilemmas such as privacy and confidentiality,
boundaries, and self-exposure. Fourth, internship supervision allows interns to address
personal growth, their relationships with internship peers, and their reflections on professional
values and skills. Fifth, online internships offer a convenient solution regarding time and
location. However, managing internships presents significant challenges, including the absence
of online service training before internships, imprecise tracking of internship duration, and
difficulties in evaluating the efficacy of online services.

All in all, despite the numerous challenges encountered by the online internship programme, it
is imperative to acknowledge the interns’ and supervisors’ enthusiasm and their affirmative
response to the service users’ requirements amidst the epidemic. With the onset of the digital
social work period, online internships constitute a novel approach to keeping up with
contemporary trends. Moreover, during crises or outbreaks, online services possess extensive
service capacity. It is essential to depart from traditional in-person services and develop
innovative approaches. Social work educators should learn with their students and acclimate
to using information and communication technologies (ICT) to provide services. Social work
education must keep up with the times, acknowledge the ethical challenges posed by online

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services, engage with new technologies critically, and prioritise the creation and utilisation of
practical knowledge guided by social work values.

Keywords: social work internship; online services; social work education innovation

4
HIV/Aids Knowledge and Attitudes towards PLWH among Social Workers and Social
Work Students in Kyrgyzstan

SHAILOOBEK KYZY Aisuluua, Ulla PAPEb

a
Department of Social Work and Practical Psychology, Bishkek State University;
b
Faculty of Health and Social Work, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences

Abstract: Since the beginning of the epidemic, social workers have played crucial roles in the
response to HIV/Aids (Henrickson 2017). They have developed targeted interventions for
HIV/Aids prevention, set up educational programmes and information campaigns and
contributed to the response at a more structural level by developing policy recommendations
and improving the quality of service delivery. Social workers have been particularly important
in addressing the needs of people living with HIV (PLWH) and overcoming HIV-related stigma
and discrimination.

However, despite their key roles in the response to the epidemic, HIV/Aids knowledge among
social workers and other caregivers has remained low. Social work courses only cover the topic
marginally, which means that students are hardly prepared for the field of work (Labra et al.
2021). This especially holds true for transition countries, such as Kyrgyzstan, where the
development of social work as an academic discipline and professional field of work is still
developing. Sufficient knowledge about HIV/AIDS and intervention strategies is a necessary
prerequisite for the development and implementation of social services PLWH and enables the
dissemination of anti-stigmatization approaches.

This study examines the level of information about HIV/Aids and the attitudes towards PLWH
among professional social workers and social work students in the Central Asian Republic of
Kyrgyzstan.

The study applies a mixed-methods design, consisting of (1) a survey on HIV/Aids knowledge
and attitudes among social workers (146) and social work students (153), (2) in-depth
interviews with social workers (15) and caregivers involved in targeted HIV/Aids interventions,
and (3) a document analysis of educational regulations regarding the inclusion of the issue of
HIV/Aids in social work-study programmes.

The results of the study revealed a certain lack of knowledge about the problem of HIV/AIDS
and the presence of a low level of social tolerance towards PLWH, which dictates the need to
increase the level of awareness of social workers and students about HIV. It turned out that
both students and practising social workers lack knowledge about normative legal acts and
social services provided to PLWH. However, within the walls of the university, social work
students do not receive the necessary theoretical and practical training to work in the field of
AIDS prevention, which requires an interdisciplinary approach.

So, we can conclude that understanding the problem and awareness of HIV are important
factors in reducing stigmatization towards PLWH. It is necessary to raise the issue not only of
including the topic or discipline about HIV/AIDS in the training programs of social workers
but also the development and implementation of a highly specialized training program in social
work with key population, which is aimed at developing a set of necessary professional
competencies for a social worker.

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Keywords: HIV/AIDS; HIV knowledge; practicing social workers; student social workers;
stigmatization; attitudes towards PLWH; professional competence of a social worker; State
Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education

References:
Henrickson, M. ed. 2017. “Getting to Zero. Global Social Work Responds to HIV.” A joint
publication of the International Association of Schools of Social Work and UNAIDS.
Massey University Press, New Zealand.
https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/Global-social-work-responds-to-
HIV_en.pdf

Labra, O., A. Ependa, I. Chamblas, G. Gingras-Lacroix, A. Antoniadis, C. Biston, M.

Mukeshimana, and M.-È. Giroux. 2021. “HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes among
Social Work Students: A Comparative Study.” International Social Work 66 (4): 1030-
1044. https://doi.org/10.1177/00208728211004676

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Online Learning, Social Support, and Depression among Chinese Social Work Students

Xiaotao WANGa, Hao WANGb

a
School of Social Development, Nanjing Normal University;
b
School of Social Sciences, Nanjing University

Abstract: This study examines the influence of online learning on the mental well-being of
Chinese social work students, with a specific focus on depression, and explores the role of
social support in mitigating its effects. Online education has emerged as a significant
innovation in social work education in China, driven by advancements in Internet and mobile
technology. The COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated the adoption of online learning as
the primary mode of instruction for social work programs. While online learning offers
flexibility and continuity of education during the pandemic, concerns have arisen regarding its
potential negative impact on students’ mental health, particularly in relation to depression.
Understanding the complex relationship between online learning, social support, and
depression is crucial for developing effective strategies to support the well-being of Chinese
social work students. Previous studies have highlighted the advantages and challenges of online
learning in social work education. However, limited research has specifically examined the
potential negative effects of online learning on students’ mental health, particularly in terms of
depression. This study aims to contribute to the existing literature by exploring the factors that
influence this relationship, with a specific focus on social support as a potential protective
factor. This study employed a survey design to collect data from undergraduate and graduate
social work students in Chinese universities in 2022. The survey incorporated measures of
online learning experiences, satisfaction levels, social support, and depression scores.
Statistical analyses were conducted to examine the associations between these variables and
shed light on the impact of online learning on students’ mental health. The findings of this
study provide valuable insights into the relationship between online learning, social support,
and depression among Chinese social work students. Firstly, online learning was found to have
the potential to increase the risk of depression. While the number of online courses taken did
not show a significant effect on depression scores, low satisfaction with online learning was
significantly associated with higher levels of depression. These results underscore the
importance of enhancing students’ satisfaction with online learning to mitigate the risk of
depression. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrated the significant role of social support from
family and friends in buffering the negative effects of online learning on depression. This
highlights the importance of incorporating social support mechanisms into online social work
education. By fostering a supportive environment, students can better navigate the challenges
of online learning and maintain their mental well-being. In conclusion, this study contributes
to our understanding of the impact of online learning on the mental health of Chinese social
work students, particularly in relation to depression. To address these concerns, it is crucial to
improve the quality of online education and enhance students’ satisfaction with the online
learning experience. Additionally, online social work programs should prioritize the provision
of social support to students, recognizing the importance of a supportive network beyond the
academic realm. By adopting a comprehensive approach that encompasses both academic
excellence and social support, online social work education in China can effectively promote
students’ mental well-being and overall success.

Keywords: online learning; satisfaction; social support; depression; Chinese social work
students

7
Social Work Education in the Philippines: Challenges and Innovations in the New
Normal

Epifania Melba L. MANAPOL

Social Work Department, Ateneo de Davao University

Abstract: Social work, as defined, is a practice-based profession and an academic discipline

that promotes social change and development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and
liberation of people. Principles of social justice, human rights, collective responsibility, and
respect for diversities are central to social work (International Federation of Social Workers
2014). As a dynamic profession, social work has imbibed a long tradition of innovations.
Changing social problems always demand new and novel approaches and services. Working
with people with multi-dimensional problems requires new competencies.

The “New Normal” encapsulates the complex interplay of global events, technological
advancements, and changing societal dynamics that have redefined the way we live, work, and
interact. For social workers, this paradigm shift has implications for the populations they serve,
the methods they employ, and the issues they address. Given this shift, social work education
needs to review and recalibrate the way future social workers are trained and prepared for their
roles. Schools need to ensure that the curriculum focuses on innovative and transformative
strategies to develop the skills and knowledge as well as adaptability required to excel in a
rapidly changing social work landscape.

This paper describes the experiences of innovation adopted and used by selected schools of
social work in the Philippines during the new normal (post-pandemic). The study’s design is
descriptive and qualitative in approach, particularly the case study method. Three schools of
social work were selected for the study.

Findings revealed that the traditional social work competencies, which included skills in direct
client engagement, case management, and community advocacy, now need to be
complemented with new skills to thrive in the New Normal, such as technological literacy,
cultural competence, adaptability and flexibility. To address these challenges, schools of Social
Work resorted to the following innovations: Technology enhanced learning, experiential
learning, and service learning in SW field education; global and cultural/indigenous
perspectives; and interdisciplinary training. Recommendations include conducting a study on
what the current needs are in the practice settings to ensure that SW education is responsive to
these needs. An industry-academic collaboration is also recommended. There is also a need to
strengthen research skills and evidence-based practice in social work education to enable
students to make informed decisions, contribute to the field’s knowledge base, and deliver
interventions with proven effectiveness.

The study is significant to social work education as it provides insights into the need for
innovative strategies to ensure responsiveness of curriculum and programs.

Keywords: challenges; new normal; social work education; innovations

References:
International Federation of Social Workers. 2014. “Global Definition of Social Work.”
https://www.ifsw.org/what-is-social-work/global-definition-of-social-work/

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Enhancing the Collective Psychological Ownership of Young Adult Social Workers in
Chinese Organizational Contexts: A Recognition Perspective

Sabrina Xuebing SU
Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract: Collective psychological ownership (CPO) refers to the shared sense among co-
workers that they collectively own their organisation, emphasising shared decision-making and
overcoming shared hardship (Su and Ng 2019; Su, Wong and Ng 2021). Compared to their
senior counterparts, young adult social workers hold a relatively disadvantaged position at
work, making their collective psychological ownership (CPO) towards employer organisations
a critical concern (Su and Wong 2023). This concern is particularly pronounced in light of
escalating uncertainties and heightened service demands in a rapidly evolving world (Su, Wong,
and Liang 2023). Recognition theory, developed by Axel Honneth, emphasises an “I-in-We”
notion and provides a valuable framework for analysing organisational behaviours and career
development, taking into account both interpersonal and structural factors (Honneth 1995;
Honneth 2012; Renger et al. 2017; Su, Wong, and Liang 2022). This theory has gained
increasing recognition and has been applied in studies exploring changes in social work
practice (McLaughlin 2024; Houston 2016) and youth development (Renger and Reese 2017;
Su and Wong 2022). In this study, qualitative methods, including interviews and focus groups,
were employed to examine the application of recognition theory in understanding the collective
psychological ownership (CPO) experienced by young adult social workers in organisational
contexts.

A purposive sampling approach was employed to select participants for this study from the
pool of young adult social workers aged 21-29 who had previously participated in a
questionnaire survey conducted in Hong Kong. All participants reported their levels of
collective psychological ownership (CPO) and the sizes of their respective organisations. A
sample of 29 social workers aged 23-29 participated in this study, with sixteen participants
taking part in semi-structured individual interviews and thirteen participants joining focus
groups. For the individual interviews, participants were categorised based on their reported
CPO scores below or above the median levels. Additionally, the participants for the focus
groups were specifically organised according to the sizes of their respective employer
organisations, including categories such as large, small, and medium-sized organisations.
Thematic analysis was utilised to thoroughly examine 19 transcripts collected from both
individual interviews and focus groups. The individual interviews aimed to elicit in-depth
personal experiences and perspectives on CPO, recognition, misrecognition, and the perceived
relationship between (mis)recognition and CPO. On the other hand, the focus groups facilitated
group discussions, immediate feedback, and collective reflection on the relationship between
(mis)recognition and CPO in social service organisations and the social work profession as a
whole. The focus groups also discussed the influences of contextual factors in relation to the
power of recognition and misrecognition on CPO and identified promising recognition-based
measures to enhance social workers’ CPO. Throughout the analysis process, a rigorous audit
trial was conducted to ensure the trustworthiness of the findings by analysing verbatim quotes
in Chinese and cross-checking the translated verbatim quotes in English.

The findings of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the interplay between
(mis)recognition and collective psychological ownership (CPO) and offer valuable insights into
the application of combining recognition theory and ownership theory in organizational

9
management. The study provides insights into the development of recognition-based human
resources strategies in Chinese organizational contexts, aiming to enhance young adult social
workers’ CPO and promote sustainable organisational development within the social work
profession. These findings have important implications for organizational practices and
interventions that foster a sense of ownership, improve service quality, and support the
professional development of young adult social workers.

Keywords: recognition; misrecognition; social worker; collective psychological ownership;

organisational development

References:
Honneth, A. 1995. The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Honneth, A. 2012. The I in We: Studies in the Theory of Recognition. Cambridge: Polity.
Houston, S. 2016. “Empowering the ‘Shamed’ Self: Recognition and Critical Social Work.”
Journal of Social Work 16 (1): 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017314566789
McLaughlin, K. 2014. “Recognising Social Work: The Influence of the Politics of
Recognition on Social Work.” Practice 26 (5): 299–312.
Renger, D., and G. Reese. 2017. “From Equality-based Respect to Environmental Activism:
Antecedents and Consequences of Global Identity: Respect and Global Identity.”
Political Psychology 38 (5): 867–879. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12382.
Renger, D., S. Renger, M. Miché, and B. Simon. 2017. “A Social Recognition Approach to
Autonomy: The Role of Equality-based Respect.” Personality and Social Psychology
Bulletin 43 (4): 479-492. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216688212
Su, X., and S.-M. Ng. 2019. “Development and Validation of the Collective Psychological
Ownership Scale in Organizational Contexts.” International Social Work 62 (5): 1431–
1443. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872818767483
Su, X., and V. Wong. 2022. “A Recognition-Based Study of Frustrations, Risks, and
Navigation in Career Transition Among Educationally Disadvantaged Young Women.”
Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. Advanced online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-022-00874-0
Su, X., and V. Wong. 2023. “The Effects of Decent Work and Social Support on Enhancing
Collective Psychological Ownership Amongst Young Adult Social Workers.” The
British Journal of Social Work. Advanced online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcad123
Su, X., V. Wong, and K. Liang. 2021. “The Indirect Effect of Autonomy on Job Satisfaction
through Collective Psychological Ownership: The Case of Social Workers in China.”
Current Psychology 42 (11): 8805-8815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02194-5
Su, X., V. Wong, and K. Liang. 2022. “Validating the Decent Work Scale Incorporated with
a Social Recognition Component among Young Adult Social Workers.” Frontiers in
Psychology 13: 985664. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.985664
Su, X., V. Wong, and K. Liang. 2023. “Effects of Contextual Constraints, Work Volition, and
Career Adaptability on Decent Work Conditions among Young Adult Social Workers:
A Moderated Mediation Model.” International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 28
(1): 2245451. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2023.2245451

10
 平行论坛（二）科技创新与社会工作
PARALLEL SESSION II: TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION AND
SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE

The Mode, Effect and Challenges of Intelligent Home Care Service

Jianling LIANGa, Cuishi ZHANb, Ruie HUANGb

a
Social Work Department, Wuyi University;
b
Ever-love Social Service

Abstract: With the aggravation of the ageing trend in China, the ageing problem may evolve
into a social problem, and the intelligent home care service has become one of the effective
ways to solve the ageing problem in China. Safety connection service is a kind of providing
home care service for the elderly through telephone, which belongs to the intelligent home care
service. The safety connection service has more than 25,000 service users and offers more than
1260,000 services to the elderly people in Guangdong province. This paper analyses the service
data of safety connection service in the past six months and conducts in-depth interviews with
30 service users. Through this research, we discover the effectiveness of the safety connection
service as follows: 1. Rapid response to service that can make the elderly and their families
feel a sense of security. 2. The function of emergency contact with family members and medical
institutions is to reassure the elderly and their family members. 3. The distribution of daily
necessities and their preferential prices can facilitate the living standard of the elderly. 4. The
supervision function of the platform can ensure service quality.5. “Cooperation mode of online
platform plus offline home care service” can effectively meet the home care needs of the elderly.
The deficiencies are as follows: 1. The elderly adaptability of terminal machines still needs to
be strengthened; 2. Elderly users in rural areas have few service resources, making it difficult
to match appropriate services.3. The payment system of the service platform still needs to be
improved. 4. It is difficult for the elderly with hearing impairment to apply. 5. The health
management function of online platforms needs to be strengthened. 6. Need to provide more
specific guidelines for the platform for those areas where the elderly are urged to use the service.

In the smart home care service, it is necessary to ensure the rapid response of the service, the
effective resource linkage, and the preferential price of daily necessities. In addition, teaching
the elderly users to use the facilities, strengthening the elderly care service resources in rural
areas, and improving the adaptability of the terminal equipment is also the key to the service.

Innovation and significance of the study: 1. Nowadays, research about intelligent home care
services only focuses on concepts and models, and there is a lack of concrete data. This research
can extract the service model from the mathematical data. 2. Most of the existing research is
on the use of smart devices rather than smart home care services. This research starts with the
real platform operational data and understands the effectiveness and deficiency of the service
from the perspective of the service user. 3. This research can give a live example of the
intelligent home care service.

Keywords: intelligent home care service; safety connection service; eldercare; China; social
work innovation

11
Exploring the Integration of Mobile Applications in Geriatric Mental Health among
Older Adults: Novel Perspectives and Prospective Impacts on Social Work Practice

Alex Siu Wing CHANa, Mark LACHMANNbc, Hok Bun KUa, Anelise Gregis ESTIVALETde,
Elsie YANa
a
Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University;
b
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto;
c
Medical Affairs, Sinai Health, Hennick Bridgepoint Hospital;
d
Faculty of Education, University of Brasilia;
e
College of Education, Stanford University

Abstract: The global ageing population presents a pressing need for innovative strategies to
address mental health challenges among older adults. This study delves into the intersection of
mobile applications and mental health for this demographic, introducing a ground-breaking
perspective that integrates technology into the domain of social work practice. Through an
extensive review of existing literature, the research scrutinizes the potential advantages and
obstacles linked to using mobile applications in fostering mental well-being among older
individuals. A central focus of the study is the exploration of how social workers can adapt and
incorporate these technologies into their practices to augment client outcomes. By discerning
the present landscape and identifying knowledge gaps, the research not only provides valuable
insights into the current state of affairs but also paves the way for understanding the future
implications of integrating mobile applications into social work interventions for older adults.

The study sheds light on the evolving role of social workers as technology becomes an integral
part of mental health interventions. It underscores the importance of recognising the unique
challenges and opportunities that arise when introducing mobile applications into the context
of geriatric mental health.

The research engaged N=1789 participants aged 50 and above, sourced through the U.S.
General Social Survey (GSS), forming a diverse sample across backgrounds and demographics.
Participants completed a survey detailing daily mobile app usage, demographics, and mental
health status. Data collection spanned 2020 to 2021, emphasising confidentiality and
anonymity. The study employed three analytical approaches: descriptive statistical analysis,
correlation analysis, and regression analysis to scrutinise the impact of mobile app use on the
mental health of older adults. A questionnaire gathered data on the sample’s mobile app use,
mental health, and demographic variables, encompassing gender, age, income, and living
arrangements. The central variables were mobile app usage and mental health, with mental
health measured through a Likert scale, which is an established method in psychological
research, referencing pertinent international studies.

The results indicate that, on average, participants in the study spent approximately 2.967 hours
per day using mobile applications. The standard deviation of 2.039 suggests a considerable
degree of variability in the reported daily hours of mobile app usage among the participants. In
terms of mental health, the mean value was 2.801, reflecting the average score on the mental
health variable. The standard deviation of 1.471 indicates the extent of variability or dispersion
in mental health scores among the participants. A lower standard deviation suggests less
variability around the mean, while a higher standard deviation implies greater variability in
mental health scores within the sample. These descriptive statistics provide a baseline
understanding of the central tendency and variability in both mobile application use and mental
health variables among the study participants.

12
This study pioneers a novel integration of mobile applications into social work practice for
addressing mental health challenges in the ageing population. Exploring the evolving role of
social workers and identifying current gaps lays the foundation for innovative, technology-
driven interventions with significant implications for advancing geriatric mental health care.

The findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of the ways in which technology can be
leveraged to support mental health in the ageing population. This research serves as a
cornerstone for future investigations and holds the potential to inform the development of
evidence-based interventions in social work practice. Ultimately, it strives to bridge the gap
between technological advancements and the well-being of older adults, laying the groundwork
for more effective and tailored approaches to address mental health concerns in this
demographic.

Keywords: mental health; healthy ageing; mobile application use; social work practice;
technology; older adults

13
Internet Impacts on Parent-child Communication in Vietnamese Urban Families

NGUYEN Thi Thai Lan, DANG Kim Khanh Ly, MAI Tuyet Hanh, NGO Kim Huong
Faculty of Sociology, VNU University of Social Sciences and Humanities

Abstract: The dramatic development of the Internet and its application in communication has
dramatically influenced families and family communication worldwide and in developing
countries in Asia like Vietnam. Since officially joining the network in November 1997, the
Internet has become popular, and the usage rate has increased significantly in Vietnam. With
72% of Vietnamese households using the Internet since recently, families and their
communication have been significantly influenced, particularly in its traditional culture of
parent-child communication. This paper presents a survey of 464 parent-child dyads, in three
big cities across Vietnam (Hanoi, Danang and Hochminh City). The results demonstrate how
the parents and their children use and perceive communication influenced by the technology
from their voices. Noticeably, despite the old way of top-down or hierarchy in a relationship
in traditional homes, parent-child communication is moving towards a more equal and open
manner in addition to some gaps in understanding and respecting each other’s emotions and
perspectives. The positive and negative impacts of the Internet on their communication are
acknowledged. The study advocates for a change from homes with communication rules in
Internet use to creating a professional system that supports parents and children in dealing with
generational gaps and cultural conflicts.

Keywords: Internet; impact; parent-child communication; urban families; Vietnam

14
A Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Review on Social Work in the Digital Era

Peng WU, Hok Bun KU

Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract: In recent years, digital-related media and technologies have changed the way people
live and interact with each other. Publications on digital transformation have increased
dramatically, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic further accelerates digital
transformation in different areas. In terms of social work, which is based on human research
and practice, is also seeking to engage in digital transformation, such as the systematic use of
video calls to interact with service users, the utilisation of big data and digital archiving, etc.
Although there is a lack of systematic understanding of social work towards digital
transformation or what should be understood and developed as a hybrid, anticipatory and
flexible practice in the future, even the relationship between the concepts of ‘virtual social
work’ and ‘digital social work’ has not yet been clarified, social work scholars have discussed
the issues of social work related to ‘digital’ from the perspective of basic theory, ethics,
research methods, education, and practice, while it is still sporadic and sparse. This study aims
to critically analyse the potential new opportunities and challenges of combining social work
and digital technology and clarify new concepts discussed in academia by providing a
comprehensive map of the knowledge structure of social work in the digital era and also speak
about greater attention to digital technologies in social work practice.

This study examines the main topics of research in the literature, studying how social work
engages in digital transformation and aims to present a bibliometric analysis and future
research directions. With the search conducted on 25 September 2022, from an initial set of
118 papers taken from WoS and 144 from Scopus in the period from 2009 to 2022 under
systematic analysis, 68 papers were effectively analysed. The analysis includes the number,
types, focus, context, and theory, as well as classifications such as the detailed information of
most-cited publications and the leading authors, journals, countries, and institutional
affiliations.

The findings suggest that the engagement of social work and digital technology must take into
account the specific fields of action or the scenarios for the use, such as gerontological social
work and child protection, which might show reverse demand. The focus of training and
continuing education in social work should not only be on skills for digital literacies and
technological competence but also theoretical and ethical issues, such as the discussion of
Digital Dualism Theory, Actor Network Theory, and Theory of Responsibility by Hans Jonas,
etc. Furthermore, data protection and data rights will be facing new challenges. In addition,
mindless digital transformation of social work or rushing to engage with digital technologies
may create more exclusion for socio-economically disadvantaged groups and move away from
the initial goal of social work practice. This study also reveals empirical evidence of the
specific fields in which digital social work would be more efficient than face-to-face practice,
and how social work service delivery is changed by digital technologies needs to be further
studied in the future.

Keywords: social work; digital transformation; bibliometric analysis; systematic review

15
Effectiveness of Peer-to-peer Social Support for Patients who Receive Opioid Agonist
Treatment in Belarus

Uladzimir PIKIRENIA
Psychiatry Department, Inson R&D Center; Postdoc in project SOLID, Frankfurt University
of Applied Science

Abstract: Opioid agonist therapy (OAT) is the gold standard in the treatment of opioid use
disorder (Amato et al. 2005, Mattick et al. 2014). At the same time, it is known that after starting
therapy, patients often interrupt it, which leads to increased risks of overdose and other
consequences of street drug use (Mark and Parish 2019). Increasing adherence to OAT
becomes especially important given the ongoing opioid crisis. (Volkow and Blanco 2021). One
of the ways to increase the effectiveness of therapy is the introduction of social support
programs (Marsden et al. 2019). Below is an assessment of the effectiveness of the structured
peer social support program we have developed for patients receiving OAT (Pikirenia 2023).
Method. The evaluation design is a longitudinal observation of the progression of predefined
parameters within the participant cohort (retention in OAT, quality of life by WHOQOL-
BREF). Diagnostic tools, including structured interviews and periodic objective assessments,
were employed to gather data. Inclusion criteria encompassed patients actively engaged in
opioid agonist therapy and enrolled in social support programs. Retention in therapy was
assessed for the period from January 2020 to December 2022; the inclusion criteria for the
calculations were participation in social support and a previous treatment time of less than 6
months; the total number of eligible patients was 116 people. The assessment of changes in
quality of life was carried out among patients who underwent a re-assessment of quality of life
in 2022; their number was 186 people. A comparison of data for the significance of differences
was made using the Mann-Whitney test (Wilcoxon rank sum (W). Differences were considered
significant at p<0.005. Effect size as a measure of Wendt’s rank-biserial correlation (Kerby
2014). For statistical processing, we used the free package for biomedical statistics Jamovi
(‘Jamovi - Open Statistical Software for the Desktop and Cloud’ 2023). Result. The number of
clients reassessed in 2022 was 186. Their average age was 41.9 years (the youngest was 25
years old, and the oldest was 60). There are 74.2% men in the sample, which approximately
corresponds to the gender distribution of OAT patients in Belarus. The findings revealed that,
after a 6-month observation of patients who were included in p-2-p social support, the retention
rate within opioid agonist therapy stood at 87.07%. Among OAT patients who started social
support and stayed on social support for more than 90 days (n=83), after nine months of OAT
(6 months and three months for social support), 85.45% continued TOA, and when followed
for one year, 77% continued therapy, which is also significantly higher than country indicators,
especially considering that only those patients who are at the highest risk of discontinuation
from treatment are included in the follow-up. A subsequent evaluation of the quality of life
demonstrated a significant improvement of 6.17%, r-Wendt was 0.584, p<0.001. The increase
in quality of life among clients who remained in the support program after re-assessment (due
to the continued high risk of discontinuation from treatment) was 5.57%, r-Wendt 0.552,
p<0.001. Individuals who completed the social support program and reduced the risk of
treatment discontinuation to a low level exhibited a significant increase of 9.7% in their quality
of life, r- Wendt 0.719, p<0.001. Conclusion. The issue of expanding access and increasing the
effectiveness of opioid agonist therapy remains relevant both throughout the world and in
Belarus. To achieve better results in the pharmacological treatment of addiction, a
multidisciplinary approach is necessary. The developed approach to social support, carried out
by peer consultants, demonstrated high efficiency in two aspects. First, compared with the

16
standard approach, it resulted in a significant increase in the proportion of patients remaining
in treatment over the long term. Second, this method resulted in improved quality of life in
people suffering from opioid use disorder and receiving opioid agonist therapy. Thus, the use
of social support by peer consultants makes it possible to achieve significant success both in
the duration of therapy and in improving the quality of life of patients suffering from opioid
addiction and receiving opioid agonist therapy.

Keywords: opioid agonist therapy; social support; harm reduction; opioid use disorder;
substance use disorders; quality of life

References:
Amato, L., M. Davoli, C. A. Perucci, M. Ferri, F. Faggiano, and R. P. Mattick. 2005. “An
Overview of Systematic Reviews of the Effectiveness of Opiate Maintenance Therapies:
Available Evidence to Inform Clinical Practice and Research.” Journal of Substance
Abuse Treatment 28 (4): 321–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2005.02.007
Jamovi - Open Statistical Software for the Desktop and Cloud. 2023.
https://www.jamovi.org/.
Kerby, D. S. 2014. “The Simple Difference Formula: An Approach to Teaching
Nonparametric Correlation.” Comprehensive Psychology 3: 11.IT.3.1.
https://doi.org/10.2466/11.it.3.1
Mark, T. L., and W. Parish. 2019. “Opioid Medication Discontinuation and Risk of Adverse
Opioid-Related Health Care Events.” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 103: 58–
63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2019.05.001
Marsden, J., G. Stillwell, K. James, J. Shearer, S. Byford, J. Hellier, M. Kelleher, J. Kelly, C.
Murphy, and L. Mitcheson. 2019. “Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness of an Adjunctive
Personalised Psychosocial Intervention in Treatment-Resistant Maintenance Opioid
Agonist Therapy: A Pragmatic, Open-Label, Randomised Controlled Trial.” The Lancet
Psychiatry 6 (5): 391–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30097-5
Mattick, R. P., C. Breen, J. Kimber, and M. Davoli. 2014. “Buprenorphine Maintenance
versus Placebo or Methadone Maintenance for Opioid Dependence.” Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd002207.pub4
Pikirenia, U. 2023. “Guideline for Peer-to-peer Workers with Opioid Use Disorder who
Receive OAT’. doi:10.17605/osf.io/bxrgk https://osf.io/236zy
Volkow, N. D., and C. Blanco. 2020. “The Changing Opioid Crisis: Development,
Challenges and Opportunities.” Molecular Psychiatry 26 (1): 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-0661-4

17
In Life-course Perspective to Analyse the Influence on the Older Workers under
Transformative Technology in China

Jingqiang ZENG, Taishu XIE, Jiyu JIA, Kun TIAN, Shijie GUO
Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract: Workplaces are empowered by transformative technology, which can improve the
efficiency and effectiveness of the work. However, in terms of some cohorts, such as the group
of older workers, transformative technology probably makes the work more challenging. Older
workers may be less skilful in using technical tools or digital methods, which will have a
negative impact on their employment and continuing work. It also means that they have to
retire earlier. This phenomenon will lead to a clash with the implementation of extended
working life. (Hudomiet and Willis 2022). Extended working life, the common meaning of it,
is someone becoming eligible for a pension at a later age. (Ní Léime 2020) The rapid ageing
of the population is happening globally and resulting in significant socioeconomic challenges
all over the world. In order to respond to the challenges of an ageing population, governments
around the world are advocating continued employment and delayed retirement. So, extending
working life is extensively promoted nowadays and adopted by governments as a set of
necessary policies (Fleischmann 2020). However, on the other hand, transformative
technologies will also be considered to have the potential to empower older workers to work
better. For example, several kinds of technologies are developed to overcome physical
obstacles; some are used to reduce labour intensity and reduce work risks. In this aspect,
transformative technology can support older workers and be helpful in extending working lives.
(Nagarajan and Sixsmith 2023) Considering these different situations, continuous research is
needed to explore the current situation and future direction of older workers under
transformative technologies. We often use the life-course research method to analyse how the
client develops over time. The systematic literature review also reflects that many authors use
this method to research how older workers develop from work to retirement or from pre-
retirement to continual working, which is useful to capture the transition. Few scholars, except
Marshall, propose using courses to research older workers in workplaces under transformative
technology. (Marshall 2011) Life-course is the sequences of plot and temporal. Ricoeur
proposed the concept of temporality, which linked up to future time (Ricoeur 1980), and
Pickering linked it to the past time (Pickering 2010). Temporality plays an important role in
identifying the life events and turning points, which enable the target participants to present
their lived experience related to intended outcomes in the future and the space of past
experience. Human lives are narrated from the construction of life events connecting (Gabriel,
2001). Ricoeur raised narrative life courses, which are not simply about stories in the past but
rather in the future, which trigger a significant impact on choices of every possible future and
decision-making at present (Ricoeur 1980). Based on the clear research method, we consider
that transformative technology in the workplace will not change what life events the workers
will meet. However, technology may have a significant effect on how life events affect older
workers’ living and working state and affect the decision to retire or continue working.
Technology will change the stereotype of retirement life. It may also modify the working
condition or improve working ability. This research may reveal that gender, age, and
educational background are the main factors that affect the influence of transformative
technology (Medeleanu 2020). This research will have significant implications. It will guide
future research to analyse different facts of older workers under transformative technology. For
example, how do older workers adapt to a digitalised workplace, who are the winners and losers
of this trend, and will it change the retirement plan?

18
Keywords: older workers; extended working life; life-course; transformative technology

References:
Fleischmann, M., and T. van den Broek. 2020. “Netherlands.” In Extended Working Life
Policies: International Gender and Health Perspectives, edited by A. Ní Léime, J. Ogg,
M. Rašticová, D. Street, C. Krekula, M. Bédiová, and I. Madero-Cabib, 341-349.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40985-2_26
Hudomiet, P., and R. J. Willis. 2022 “Computerization, Obsolescence, and the Length of
Working Life.” Labor Economics 77: 102005.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102005
Imgram, H. 2001. “Storytelling in Organizations – Facts, Fictions and Fantasies.” Review of
Storytelling in Organizations – Facts, Fictions and Fantasies, by Y. Gabriel.
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 13 (1): 47–48.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm.2001.13.1.47.2
Marshall, V. W. 2011. “A Life Course Perspective on Information Technology Work.”
Journal of Applied Gerontology 30 (2): 185–198.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464810367791
Medeleanu, C. “Extended Working Life Policies: International Gender and Health
Perspectives.” Review of Extended Working Life Policies: International Gender and
Health Perspectives, edited by A. Ní Léime, J. Ogg, M. Rašticová, D. Street, C.
Krekula, M. Bédiová, and I. Madero-Cabib. Scientific Annals of "Alexandru Ioan Cuza"
University of Iasi. (New Series) Sociology and Social Work Section XIII-th 13 (1): 158-
161. https://doi.org/10.47743/asas-2020-1-604
Nagarajan, N. R., and A. Sixsmith. 2023. “Policy Initiatives to Address the Challenges of an
Older Population in the Workforce.” Ageing International 48 (1): 41–77.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-021-09442-w
Ní Léime, Á., Ogg, J., Rašticová, M., Street, D., Krekula, C., Bédiová, M., and Madero-
Cabib, I., ed. 2020. Extended Working Life Policies: International Gender and Health
Perspectives, 515. Cham: Springer Nature.
Ricoeur, P. 1980. “Narrative Time.” Critical Inquiry 7 (1): 169–190.
https://doi.org/10.1086/448093

19
 平行论坛（三）社会工作发展创新 1
PARALLEL SESSION III: INNOVATION IN SOCIAL WORK
DEVELOPMENT #1

Stereotypes of Older Adults and Anxiety about Ageing among Adults in Rural Vietnam:
Current Situation and Implications for Social Work Profession

NGUYEN Trang Thu

Faculty of Sociology, VNU University of Social Sciences and Humanities

Abstract: Rationale and significance of the study: Ageism has been spreading around the
world, challenging social development and equity in many countries (McConatha et al. 2003;
Sağel-Çeti̇ ner and Harlak 2022). Ageism refers to stereotypes and prejudice against people in
a specific age group, especially older adults. Ageism toward older adults discriminates against
them in the community and workplace (Sağel-Çeti̇ ner and Harlak, 2022). To mitigate ageism,
it is important to understand the public perception of older adults and their anxiety about ageing
(Donizetti 2019; Sağel-Çeti̇ ner and Harlak 2022). Ageing anxiety among adults is also found
to be an important predictor of their attitude and behaviours towards older adults, as well as in
predicting the adjustment of a person to his/her own ageing process (Lasher and Faulkender
1993).

Vietnam is one of the fastest ageing countries in the world (General Statistics Office & United
Nations Population Fund 2016), yet the knowledge gaps in ageism among the public remain
significant. Very little is known about Vietnamese adults’ perception, knowledge, and attitude
towards older adults, as well as their anxiety about ageing and its associated factors.

Objectives: This study aims to explore the perception of older adults among Vietnamese people
living in rural areas and examine their anxiety about ageing and its associated factors.

Methods: Community residents aged from 18 to 59 were recruited using a purposive sampling
method. A total of 322 eligible participants completed face-to-face, semi-structured interviews.
Research assistants conducted interviews with a survey consisting of both close-ended
questions and open-ended questions to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Qualitative
data extracted from open-ended questions about participants’ definition of ‘older adults’ were
transferred verbatim from the printed surveys to an Excel file for coding using the qualitative
software NVIVO12 to search for key themes reflecting perceptions of participants on older
adults. Quantitative data were analysed using the software StataIC16.

Results: The qualitative results from open-ended questions show that ‘older adults’ were
perceived and described with overwhelmingly negative characteristics regarding their
appearance (wrinkles, grey hair), physical and cognitive health conditions (weak, frail,
confused), capacity (incapable of working), and personality and behavioural characteristics
(being difficult and irritable).

Regarding the quantitative data, participants’ ageing anxiety was reported at a relatively high
level (M = 54.86; SD = 8.63). Two models of multivariate linear regression were performed on
ageing anxiety. In Model 1, only key predictors were included, and they explained 17.12% of

20
the variance of anxiety about ageing. Participants who communicated with more older adults
daily (β = -0.18, SE = 0.09, p < 0.05), knew someone with dementia (β = -0.13, SE = 1.20, p <
0.05), and knew exactly which age was qualified to be considered older adults in Vietnam (β =
-0.16, SE = 1.01, p < 0.05) had less anxiety about ageing. Those who reported worrying a little
bit about getting dementia in the future (β = 0.21, SE = 1.44, p < 0.05) also had significantly
higher levels of ageing anxiety compared to those who did not worry about dementia at all.
Participants who expressed their worry about caring for someone with dementia in the future
at different levels all had significantly higher ageing anxiety than those who had no worry
about dementia care.

When covariates were added in Model 2, the adjusted R2 increased to 18.53% (∆R2 = 1.41%),
and key predictors (the average number of people aged 60 and above communicating with
every day, having a correct understanding of the qualified older adult age, worry about getting
dementia and caring for someone with dementia in the future) were still reported to be
significantly associated with anxiety about ageing. Only the predictor of knowing someone
with dementia was no longer a significant predictor.

Implications: Stereotypes and prejudice about older adults, as well as anxiety about ageing, are
critical issues among Vietnamese adults. Social work scholars and practitioners need to take
action in research, education, and practice. Related studies should be conducted in the future
with the leading role of gerontological social work researchers, and study results should be
incorporated into training programs to better prepare social work students to identify and
address ageism in the community and other contexts. Social workers should work closely with
commune-level associations, such as the Older Adults Association, Farmers Association, and
Women Associations, to develop and implement culturally tailored educational programs and
media campaigns to address ageist stereotypes and ageing anxiety in the community.

Innovation of the study: This study is innovative in its topic, design, and approaches. This is
one of the first studies that incorporate both qualitative and quantitative approaches in
examining a relatively new topic on public perception of and attitude towards older adults, as
well as anxiety about ageing among Vietnamese adults in rural areas, which is often known for
being limited in resources and public understanding about age-related issues.

Keywords: ageing; older adults; public perception; stereotype; ageism; Vietnam

References
Donizzetti, A. R. 2019. “Ageism in an Aging Society: The Role of Knowledge, Anxiety
about Aging, and Stereotypes in Young People and Adults.” International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health 16 (8): 1329.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081329
General Statistics Office & United Nations Population Fund. 2016. “Vietnam Population
Projection 2014 - 2049.” Vietnam News Agency Publishing House.
Lasher, K. P., and P. J. Faulkender. 1993. “Measurement of Aging Anxiety: Development of
the Anxiety about Aging Scale.” International Journal of Aging & Human Development
37 (4): 247–259. https://doi.org/10.2190/1U69-9AU2-V6LH-9Y1L
McConatha, J. T., F. Schnell, K. Volkwein, L. Riley, and E. Leach. 2003. “Attitudes toward
Aging: A Comparative Analysis of Young Adults from the United States and Germany.”
International Journal of Aging & Human Development 57 (3): 203–215.
https://doi.org/10.2190/K8Q8-5549-0Y4K-UGG0

21
Sağel-Çeti̇ ner, E., and H. Harlak. 2022. “Undergraduates’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Anxiety
About Aging, and Interest in Working with Older Adults: The Role of Participation in a
Course on Aging.” Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 25 (4): 568–78.
https://doi.org/10.31086/tjgeri.2022.315

22
What Has Been Done for Social Workers’ Self-care Practice? A Systematic Review of
Interventions

Miao JIAN, Miao WANG, Yingfei DU, Hao YAN

Department of Social Work and Social Policy, Nankai University

Abstract: Social work is viewed as a crucial profession in managing risks for individuals and
society to improve mental health services and health outcomes for people with profound and
enduring social needs (Allen 2014). Its client-centred orientation requires social work
practitioners to build healthy, warm, and trustful relationships with clients in response to their
needs (Grant, Kinman, and Alexander 2014; Bent-Goodley 2018). Improving well-being is a
critical issue in maintaining social workers’ professionalism. Based on the belief in
encouraging individuals to be responsible for their own health, the practical meaning of self-
care started to be valued in the late 20th century and received more attention among healthcare
professionals (Riegel et al. 2021). Despite the fact that self-care is consistently recognised and
suggested to be implemented for social workers’ well-being, few studies have examined its
effectiveness. This study conducted a systematic review to understand the implemented self-
care interventions to improve social workers’ well-being. This paper searched five databases
in total for empirical studies on interventions that were conducted to improve the well-being
of social workers. A total of three electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed,
ProQuest, and one database aggregator EBSCOhost were selected to search English literature.
Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) was employed to search Chinese literature,
the most widely used and comprehensive database in Chinese academia (Wang et al. 2019). A
total of 2969, including 2882 English and 87 Chinese language articles, were identified through
keyword search. Fourteen studies meeting inclusion criteria selected from 4 English and 1
Chinese database were finally reviewed. The results indicated that there was an increasing trend
of conducting self-care interventions for social work professionals in recent years in a wide
scope of global areas. Through a systematic review, this study supported the effectiveness of
self-care interventions in a variety of mental health outcomes for social workers. Most
reviewed articles in our research were employed and published in developed countries.
Mindfulness modality was found to be mainly utilised and found to be effective. School-based
educational curricula and training programs with social work students as main service
recipients at the campus were the majority among the reviewed studies. This review also found
that the changes in strategies after 2020 enlightened the possibility of online intervention in the
future. The findings in this systematic review called for more self-care services provisions to
social work practitioners globally, and experiences learned from the current interventions also
informed self-care services in the future.

Keywords: social worker; self-care; intervention; systematic review; well-being

References:
Allen, R. 2014. “The Role of the Social Worker in Adult Mental Health Services.” London:
The College of Social Work.
Bent-Goodley, T. B. 2018. “Being Intentional about Self-care for Social Workers.” Social
Work 63 (1): 5-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swx058
Grant, L., G. Kinman, and K. Alexander. 2014. “What’s All This Talk about Emotion?
Developing Emotional Intelligence in Social Work Students.” Social Work Education 33
(7): 874–889. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2014.891012
Riegel, B., S. B. Dunbar, D. Fitzsimons, K. E. Freeland, C. S. Lee, S. Middleton, A.
Stromberg, E. Vellone, D. E. Webber, and T. Jaarsma. 2021. “Self-care Research:

23
 Where are We Now? Where are We Going?” International Journal of Nursing Studies
116: 103402.
Wang, M., B. G. Victor, J. S. Hong, S. Wu, J. Huang, H. Luan, and P. E. Perron. 2019. “A
Scoping Review of Interventions to Promote Health and Well-being of Left-behind
Children in Mainland China.” The British Journal of Social Work 50 (5): 1419-1439.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcz116

24
Enhancing Self-Management and Social Support for Elderly Patients with Chronic
Diseases: A Social Work Intervention in Guizhou, China

Kun TIAN
Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract: In recent years, the escalating trend of ageing has become a prominent issue globally,
with chronic diseases emerging as principal threats to the health and well-being of the elderly
population. Particularly in China, a significant portion, over two-thirds of individuals aged 60
and above, are grappling with chronic diseases. This alarming statistic underscores the pressing
need to bolster the treatment and management strategies for chronic diseases in the elderly
demographic. The pivotal role of effective control measures and patient self-management
cannot be overstated in the pursuit of fostering healthy longevity. Moreover, social work has
emerged as a crucial player in augmenting the self-management awareness and capabilities of
elderly patients afflicted with chronic diseases.

This comprehensive study zeroes in on community J in Guizhou Province, China, offering a

profound exploration of the triad of major challenges encountered by elderly patients with
chronic diseases in this locale: a deficiency in self-health management awareness, inadequate
self-management capabilities and a nascent social support system. Utilizing a diverse research
methodology, the researchers embarked on implementing social work intervention services.
This approach facilitated a profound understanding of the patient’s self-management needs,
employing both group and individual casework methods to bolster their self-management
prowess. The intervention strategies encompassed a multifaceted approach, including
imparting education on disease knowledge, providing guidance on self-examination techniques,
offering counsel on maintaining a balanced diet and engaging in regular physical activity, and
fostering training in interpersonal communication skills. These strategies were meticulously
crafted with the objective of kindling the patients’ zeal for self-management. In a bid to sustain
the momentum generated through these interventions, the researchers instituted a support group,
thereby ensuring a continual platform for communication and health education even in the
absence of social workers in the community.

The results of this study were gleaned through rigorous, in-depth interviews and observations,
which unveiled significant improvements in the patients post-intervention. Notably, there was
an elevation in self-management awareness and a robust enhancement of social networks. The
patients articulated a newfound comprehension of their ailments, coupled with acquired skills
to coexist harmoniously with their conditions, fostering a better quality of life. In terms of
research innovation, this study introduces a fresh approach to managing chronic diseases in
elderly individuals living in urban communities in China. By incorporating social work and
drawing from various disciplines, it presents a new perspective on community-based
management. This approach emphasizes the effectiveness of implementing well-rounded
intervention strategies directly at the community level, paving the way for more focused and
community-oriented solutions for managing chronic diseases in the elderly population.
This study holds tangible significance in enhancing the quality of life for the elderly in China,
particularly in the realm of social work practices. It acts as a practical guide for further research
and community-based initiatives, offering grounded insights into the real-world needs of
elderly patients with chronic diseases. Fostering a deeper, more realistic understanding of self-
management requirements encourages the development of actionable intervention strategies
that are both nuanced and effective. Furthermore, this study highlights the transformative
power of community-focused strategies in tackling chronic diseases, emphasising the critical

25
role of multi-disciplinary collaboration. This approach not only marks a significant
advancement in creating a cooperative and adaptive healthcare ecosystem in China but also
plays a pivotal role in enhancing the overall quality of healthcare for the elderly. By bringing
various experts together, it facilitates a more holistic approach to healthcare, ensuring that
elderly individuals receive comprehensive support that caters to all aspects of their well-being.

Keywords: chronic disease management in the elderly; social work intervention; self-health
management; disease knowledge education; community service

26
Promoting Children’s Participation in Urban Regeneration: an Practical Education
Program in Beijing, China

Yuna MA
Department of Social Work, China Youth University for Political Science

Abstract: The concept of urban regeneration is developed from urban renewal, which
originated from the Western urban renewal movement. With more than half a century of
continuous development and exploration, the philosophy of urban renewal has undergone a
transformation from objectivism to humanism, from pushdown reconstruction to gradual and
cautious renewal, from simple material level to comprehensive renewal, and from land
renovation and upgrading to overall regional revitalidation, entering a completely new stage of
“urban regeneration”. The theoretical research on urban renewal in China started in the early
stages of reform and opening up, especially in the early 1990s when China’s urbanisation
construction entered a rapid development period. The increase in stock gradually replaced
large-scale incremental development, and the stock space in urban built-up areas became the
focus of urban renewal. The “Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of
China on Formulating the 14th Five Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development
and the 2035 Long Range Goals” clearly states that “implementing urban renewal actions” and
“promoting new urbanization centred on people”, which have pointed out the direction for
China’s urban renewal work. In China’s urban renewal, the old residential areas formed by the
natural development of a large number of cities have become an urgent problem to be solved.

Traditional large-scale demolition and renovation have been demonstrated to cause irreparable
damage to cities. As a response, much research and practice has started to explore the
participatory method, which focuses on the relationship between residents and community
development from the perspective of “human settlement”. It has achieved success in many
developing countries and provided important references for China’s current urban area
regeneration. Beijing, as the capital and mega city of China, has begun to implement the
“Beijing Urban Master Plan (2016-2035)” since September 2017. This document requires all
districts, counties, and pilot streets in Beijing to implement the concept of “people’s city and
people’s construction” and to attempt to adopt a “participatory design” to involve community
residents in the process of public space regeneration at their doorstep.

Children are an important stakeholder in current urban regeneration. However, it has not
received sufficient attention in existing research and practice. One of the main challenges
confronted by children in modern society is their exclusion in research and practice agenda for
problems relevant to their own lives, which typically pose great threats to children’s
development and cause potential damage to social change and equity. This research
experimented with a participatory design framework and developed a community-based and
child-centred education model in a Chinese urban context. The practical educational model
engages children in a participatory, cooperative, and appreciative learning process and
empowers them to promote community regeneration with the values of publicity, altruism, and
sustainability. Applying action research, this program engaged practitioners in extended ways
of knowing in educational activities, through which to develop their critical knowing and
reflective actions to urban regeneration. All the programmes were conducted in disciplinary
dialogues among social workers, children, teachers, designers, community members, and
government officials. This research contributed to generating useful insight for social work
intervention to promote sustainable social development and children’s development, as well as
providing lessons about action research as a method for social workers to engage in.

27
Keywords: participatory design; urban regeneration; children’s development; practical
education; action research

28
Intervention in the Mutual Help Behavior among Family Caregivers of Chinese Patients
with Cancer: A Qualitative Exploration of a Social Work Innovation

Xinrui LIUa, Liu LIUb

a
The Johns Hopkins University-Nanjing University Center for Chinese and American Studies;
b
School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University

Abstract: Chinese cancer patients are usually cared for by their family members, even when
they are hospitalised for treatment. These family caregivers need to take on a variety of
responsibilities during hospitalisation (Ashrafian et al. 2018), but help and support from formal
institutions are not always available (Jones et al. 2018). It is, therefore, common for them to
help each other. Social workers in Chinese hospitals have noticed this particular phenomenon,
and instead of directly helping caregivers in need, they tend to provide indirect services by
supporting their mutual help circles. While there is a large body of research on interventions to
improve the lives of patients and their caregivers (Oechsle et al. 2020; Spatuzzi et al. 2019),
there is a paucity of research on mutual help behaviours. Based on semi-structured interviews
with 20 family caregivers and four social workers, this study explores the types of current
mutual help behaviours among family caregivers and what social workers have done and plan
to do about this issue.

Findings show that mutual help among family caregivers includes the exchange of goods,
assistance with routine care tasks, information sharing, and mutual emotional support. The
innovative practices of social workers include two parts: creating connections among
caregivers and reducing negative impacts on each other. The former involves looking up
patients’ basic conditions in the medical record system and learning about each caregiver’s
personality, wants, and needs through daily communication. Social workers then match the
needy caregivers with those who can offer help. What is on the to-do list is communication
throughout the inpatient area.

Social workers also have been working on reducing negative impacts between caregivers.
There are some misunderstandings among various family caregivers about how to take care of
patients and handle formalities during hospitalisation, which may lead them to fail to provide
proper care to patients or waste too much time on unnecessary things. Social workers have
been trying to reduce misunderstandings by providing timely supplements to help providers
and recipients have doubts, helping them master efficient ways of performing tasks and
spreading basic medical knowledge to the public through regular activities. They plan to collect
wrong information and disseminate correct information to a more targeted group, which has
not been realised due to some practical limitations. Another unwanted effect is that one
caregiver’s bad mood would influence other caregivers. To avoid this, the social workers pay
close attention to the communication among caregivers and conduct case or group work when
necessary. Some work of this kind has been done at present, and it is expected that more
specific and effective interventions will be carried out in the future.

This research provides some suggestions for improving the above-mentioned innovative social
work practice in the hospital. First, the effects of current interventions need to be evaluated in
a more scientific way. In addition, the criterion of zone division among social workers should
be changed from the location to the types of cancer that the patients have so that it is more
convenient for the social workers to improve communication among different patients and their
caregivers. Hopefully, this study can encourage more research on mutual help behavior of
cancer patients’ caregivers and come up with more effective way to improve the process.

29
Keywords: cancer patients; caregivers; mutual help among caregivers; social work innovative
practice; innovative intervention in medical social work

References:
Feizollahzadeh, Hossein, S. Ashrafian, A. Rahmani, and A. Davoodi. 2018. “The Unmet
Needs of the Family Caregivers of Patients with Cancer Visiting a Referral Hospital in
Iran.” Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing 5 (3): 342-352.
https://doi.org/10.4103/apjon.apjon_7_18
Jones, B., J. Currin-Mcculloch, W. Pelletier, V. Sardi-Brown, P. Brown, and L. Wiener.
2018. “Psychosocial Standards of Care for Children with Cancer and Their Families: A
National Survey of Pediatric Oncology Social Workers.” Social Work in Health Care 57
(4): 221–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2018.1441212
Oechsle, K., A. Ullrich, G. Marx, G. Benze, F. Wowretzko, Y. Zhang, L.-M. Dickel, et al.
2019. “Prevalence and Predictors of Distress, Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of
Life in Bereaved Family Caregivers of Patients with Advanced Cancer.” American
Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 37 (3): 201–213.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909119872755
Spatuzzi, R., M. V. Giulietti, M, Ricciuti, F. Merico, P. Fabbietti, L. Raucci, D. Bilancia, C.
Cormio, and A. Vespa. 2018. “Exploring the Associations between Spiritual Well-
Being, Burden, and Quality of Life in Family Caregivers of Cancer Patients.”
Palliative and Supportive Care 17 (3): 294–299.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s1478951518000160

30
Green Social Worker: A Path to the Brighter Future

Dini ADRIANIa, Muhammad Ilham FAHMIb

a
Development Studies, Chiang Mai University;
b
Social Services of East Java Province

Abstract: The 21st century is characterised as a century of openness to the development of the
times, which includes the process of information, thought, lifestyle, technology, and even
industry globally. One of the consequences is that environmental crises have occurred in the
world in the 21st century - not only natural disasters but man-made disasters that lead to
industrialisation processes that ignore nature are also considered to be the biggest contributors
to the environmental crisis (Dominelli 2014, 339). As a result, the exploitation of natural
resources from the industrialisation process has polluted water, air, soil, and endangered
biological species, including plants, animals, and humans. Humans are in a symbiotic
relationship with the environment; they are intertwined with each other, yet human impacts on
ecosystems often put both the environment and humans at great risk and create a global ecology
(Powers et al. 2018, 74). Besides the potential to cause socio-economic problems, ecological
problems cause political conflicts. Therefore, the ecological crisis is considered a complex
issue that requires a global, interdisciplinary, and community-based response (Schmitz 2012,
6).

The specific impact of the dangers of the ecological crisis is that vulnerable communities
become increasingly marginalised and the focus of attention for environmental justice efforts
(Dominelli 2012). The emergence of the green social worker represents a dynamic response to
the complex challenges of our time, where environmental crisis and social inequality intersect.
It is rooted in the principles of social work and environmental stewardship. Green social
workers emerge as a ray of hope for a brighter, more sustainable future. Green social workers
are ready to advocate for environmental justice, empower communities, and build resilience in
the face of ecological challenges. By combining their social and environmental expertise, the
profession offers a promising path to a brighter future where environmental well-being and
social justice are intertwined. Their advocacy, education, crisis response, and interdisciplinary
collaboration promise to contribute to a more sustainable world for current and future
generations. The specific impact of the dangers of the ecological crisis is that vulnerable
communities become increasingly marginalised and the focus of attention for environmental
justice efforts (Dominelli 2012). The emergence of the green social worker represents a
dynamic response to the complex challenges of our time, where environmental crisis and social
inequality intersect. It is rooted in the principles of social work and environmental stewardship.
Green social workers emerge as a ray of hope for a brighter, more sustainable future. Green
social workers are ready to advocate for environmental justice, empower communities, and
build resilience in the face of ecological challenges. By combining their social and
environmental expertise, the profession offers a promising path to a brighter future where
environmental well-being and social justice are intertwined. Their advocacy, education, crisis
response, and interdisciplinary collaboration promise to contribute to a more sustainable world
for current and future generations.

This study uses a qualitative method of literature review, which involves reading, researching,
analysing, evaluating, and summarising the scientific literature related to green social worker
practice. A comprehensive review of the existing literature on green social workers, including
scholarly articles, reports, and case studies, formed the basis of this study. The articles and
literature reviewed came from online and journal sources. The relevant data collected was then

31
analysed and synthesised. This study, in particular, uses semi-systematic reviews or narrative
summaries that are better suited for subjects that have been conceptualised differently and
investigated by several research groups in various fields. (Synder 2019).

This study revealed that green social workers play an essential role in advocating for the
environment. In his research, Bullard (2000) coined the term ‘environmental racism’ to draw
attention to how environmental degradation affects disadvantaged communities differently.
The unequal burden borne by African and American communities is also expressed by the term.
The disproportionate burden of environmental degradation resulting from industrialisation is
harmful to their well-being and health, keeping them in low-paying jobs that are directly linked
to the environment. Thus, as defined by Ungar (2002), environmental justice is an attempt to
protect the environment in social work. She argues that the boundaries and distinctions that
misrepresent the usual relationship between social workers and clients need to be removed.
Furthermore, she intends to use this relationship to create a more equitable and less hierarchical
approach. She also states that a holistic social and ecological response to systems-based
ecological contexts provides a better understanding of the power of social workers in their
dealings with those they work with (484-485).

At the same time, Dominelli (2014) argues that social workers may help create new models of
socioeconomic development by advocating for environmental justice and organising and
mobilising local groups to address community needs without endangering the environment.
(339). Specifically, green social work is a new emerging paradigm in addressing social
problems and combating the negative impact on the environment by the mass consumption of
industrial society. In short, this approach recognises the important role of social workers in
issues of environmental injustice and sustainable community development. The social impact
of industrialisation on the environment exacerbates the model, power dynamics, consumerism,
and the implementation of neoliberal policies and unequal distribution of resources, making
this approach necessary (Laro and Moises 2022, 5). In IFSW-IASSW, social workers are
specifically defined as intermediaries between the points where individuals connect with their
environment. Green social workers, as a profession that will pave the way to a brighter future,
are considered to be able to overcome inequalities in social structures, such as unequal
distribution of resources, understand the interdependence of individuals who are globally
interconnected and promote strong community relations (Ritchie 2010, 109). Green social
worker practice requires social workers to incorporate concepts about the environment,
especially the physical environment, in understanding the problems of individuals, groups, and
communities in a more complex manner.

The innovation of this study is in the synthesis of social work principles and approaches with
environmental concerns, offering a new holistic framework to address contemporary global
challenges that occur at the intersection of environmental sustainability and social justice for
people. Green social workers highlight the involvement of all people to create fair treatment
for everyone. Thus, by advocacy, the prevention of marginalised communities from being
disproportionately affected by environmental issues is ensured by green social workers. Green
social workers provide a holistic and transformative approach to address the complex
challenges that occur in today’s development. Green social workers advocate for the future of
people and the planet so that they can develop together in harmony.

In the context of the increasingly complex challenges faced by the world today, the study of
green social workers can pave the way for a brighter future. This study emphasises the
importance of green social workers in shaping a just and sustainable future. Through

32
advocating for environmental justice and building community resilience, green social workers
contribute to a brighter future, where environmental well-being and social justice are
intertwined and inseparable elements. More broadly, green social workers offer a
transformative and innovative path towards a more sustainable and compassionate future for
generations to come.

Keywords: green social workers; environmental advocacy; sustainability; innovation; social

justice

References:
Bullard, R. 2000. Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality, 3rd ed.
Boulder, CO: Westview.
Dominelli, L. 2014. “Promoting Environmental Justice through Green Social Work Practice:
a Key Challenge for Practitioners and Educators.” International Social Work 57 (4):
338-345. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872814524968
Laro, A. L., and M. C. Torrentira. 2022. “The Practice of Green Social Work in the Context
of Protected Areas in the Philippines: Input for Curriculum Development.” American
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research 6 (6): 284-291.
Powers, M. C., J. Willett, J. Mathias, and A. Hayward. 2018. “Green Social Work for
Environmental Justice.” Chap. 6 In The Routledge Handbook of Green Social Work, 74–
84. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315183213-7
Ritchie, J. D. 2010. “The Relevance of the Natural Environment to Social Work: A
Comparison of Fields that Consider the Natural Environment in Social Problems.” MA
Thesis. Smith College.
Schmitz, C. L., T. Matyók, L. M. Sloan, and C. James. 2012. “The Relationship between
Social Work and Environmental Sustainability: Implications for Interdisciplinary
Practice.” International Journal of Social Welfare 21 (3): 278-286.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2397.2011.00855.x
Ungar, M. 2002. “A Deeper, More Social-ecological Social Work Practice.” Social Service
Review 76 (3): 480-497. https://doi.org/10.1086/341185

33
Group Work Experience with Adolescents Engaged in Cigarette-smoking and Liquor-
drinking: Accounts of Change in Individual Behavior and Motivation of Participants
through Guided Group Process

Sheen Casie L. MONTILA

Department of Social Work, Mindanao State University

Abstract: The article presents the results of guided group processes using the group as a
medium to effect change in the individual behaviour of seven adolescents in the age range of
15 to 17 years old. Group work has been identified as one effective method to effect change in
individuals, in groups as a whole and as an instrument to make a group an agent of change in
communities. In a 3-month duration with a total of 16 sessions, modifications in perspectives
and behaviour of the group participants have been recorded based on narratives, results in
session post-evaluation, and most importantly, actual observations through visitation to their
individual family. The group composition, individual-focused and group-focused assessments,
specific session designs with appropriate program media, responsible agencies and persons
tapped for each session, and individual-focused and group-focused evaluation are included in
this article, and narratives from progress notes are presented in this article. The guided group
sessions were designed to facilitate interaction and healthy communication patterns among
participants, which is fundamental in achieving group cohesion. Program media were specially
selected to facilitate the ideal group processes needed for the achievement of specific objectives
and the overall goal of the group work experience. Collaboration with government agencies
and local government units of the participants’ locality, specifically in a rural area in the
southern part of the Philippines, is also highlighted in this article to elaborate on the
significance of the active involvement of concerned stakeholders in promoting child and youth
welfare. The roles of the senior BSSW student interns in the implementation of the group work
interventions and the direct supervision of the faculty member as a method supervisor, the
primary author of this article, are explicitly presented as well. The overall purpose of this
document is to provide evidence that group work as a method can be an effective intervention
for a wide range of clients only if it is deliberately planned, supervised, and supported by the
implementing agency and other stakeholders.

Keywords: group work; group experience; adolescents; supervision; interventions

34
 平行论坛（四）社会发展创新
PARALLEL SESSION IV: INNOVATION IN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Assessing the DSWD Assisted Sustainable Livelihood Projects in Cagwait, Surigao del
Sur

Edna T. TUBILAN
Social Work Department, Mindanao State University

Abstract: The main thrust of this study is to assess the Sustainable Livelihood Projects in terms
of the livelihood capitals/assets of the SLP participant beneficiaries in Cagwait, Surigao del
Sur, specifically their poverty vulnerability level before and during the SLP operations and the
effect of SLP projects on livelihood capitals along human, social, economic, physical and
natural capital. Based on the effect assessment results, implications were also drawn to chart
the sustainability potentials of the SLP projects in the municipality. Building on the Sustainable
Development Paradigm and the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach as the macro and meso-
micro framework of the study, an explanatory sequential evaluation design was used where
data were obtained through mixed methods using a researcher-made survey questionnaire and
Key Informant Interview and Archival method. Data analysis involved the use of descriptive
statistics to ascertain levels of vulnerability alongside analysis of variance and t-test to
determine significant differences. The study revealed that SLP participant beneficiaries were
significantly highly vulnerable to poverty at the initial stage of the project operation,
particularly in the physical, economic, and natural capitals. On the other hand, SLP projects
have also achieved insignificant average increases in mean scores across capitals, suggesting
that SLP projects can contribute to reducing poverty vulnerability in the community. With
respect to their human and social capitals, however, participant beneficiaries were moderately
vulnerable. Lastly, implications to the sustainability of the SLP projects indicate that the
economic effectiveness of SLP projects and the beneficiaries may be considered too far away
from their goal of achieving the socio-economic well-being of the participant beneficiaries.

Keywords: sustainable development; sustainable livelihood programmes (SLPs); poverty

vulnerability level; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); livelihood

35
Community Organizing: an Approach to Women Economic Empowerment in the
Municipality of Saguiaran, Lanao Del Sur, Philippines

Edna J. MIRA-ATO, Aisah G. MINUKON, Raima S. DIMAAMPAO

Department of Community Development, Mindanao State University

Abstract: Community Organising is one of the profound methods of Social Work in the
Philippines.

In the quest for sustainability, the inclusive recognition of development actors, particularly the
women sectors, is equally important in pursuing equitable and sustainable development.
However, their efforts are often unacknowledged, particularly in the realms of economics and
peace resolution.

The study used participatory action research aimed at assessing the current situation of turmeric
producers in the Municipality of Saguiaran Lanao del Sur and the formation of a people’s
organisation to ensure maximum people’s participation while, at the same time, providing a
venue through which people’s organisation can link up with other groups and sectors. A
combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used in the interpretation and analysis
of data. In addition, the community organising process employed in establishing the people’s
organisation was developed by Manalili, Ferrer, and the Community Organizers Multiversity.

The data collected from key informant interviews, observations and surveys were presented
during a community assembly to validate the information. The results of the study revealed
that a significant proportion of Turmeric producers are married women between the ages of
forty-five and fifty-four. The income level of these women is comparatively lower, and they
originate from households characterised by a higher number of family members, averaging five,
with a majority of household members being female. Moreover, all family members were
involved in turmeric production with a farm size of 1 to 10 hectares. Notably, the problems
encountered by these turmeric producers included a scarcity of machinery and tools, as well as
a limited understanding of techniques for creating various turmeric-based products,
diversification of crops and lack of trainings.

The outcome of the study was the formation of the Saguiaran Turmeric Organization, with
three hundred forty-three (343) members, of whom the majority were women. They have
formulated their vision and policies as written in the constitution and by-laws and created
committees such as education, peace and grievance, and operation and maintenance
committees. Leaders were capacitated in leadership, financial management and conflict
management. Furthermore, they developed a 1-year organisational plan that serves as a
framework for the execution of members’ tasks to achieve their goals. Based on the determined
outcome, the research process of understanding the lived experiences and implementing
community initiatives and responses plays a crucial role in the process of conscientizing
women, leading them to willingly initiate and participate in establishing the Saguiran Turmeric
Organization. Therefore, the findings of this study demonstrate that involving women in a
structured organisation and providing assistance for their involvement in turmeric production
positively impacts improving economic conditions and promoting awareness of peace and
sustainable community development initiatives.

Keywords: community organising; economic empowerment formation; people’s organisation;

turmeric producers; women

36
Multidimensionality and Flexibility of Women Empowerment in Rural China: a Case
Study of the Feminist Social Work Practices in Dong Ethnic Minority Village

Jinling ZHOU
Department of Sociology and Social Work, Sun Yat-sen University

Abstract: This paper tries to clarify the theoretical origin and basic paradigm of feminist social
work by sorting out the multi-gender perspectives and positions in feminism and explaining
how feminism could guide social workers’ practices through examples of feminist social work
practice in a Dong Ethnic Minority village. The article believes that feminist social work
follows the value of women foremost and the action orientation of women empowerment. The
diversity and development of its theoretical basis determines the multidimensionality of
women empowerment, mainly including a separated or integrative gender stance, independent
or embedded power mechanism, one-way (subject-object) or two-way (subject-subject)
empowerment direction.

Action research focuses on changes in the action process and the empowerment of action
participants. Although the social work project in Longhu Village has experienced many
changes in staff and the continuous adjustment of action strategies, we always adhere to the
women-oriented gender stance and the action orientation of women empowerment,
continuously promoting women’s social position by transforming family care and housework
the private sector to community services and public affairs the public sector. Although the
process has experienced many twists and turns and periodic “failures”, it has increasingly
promoted women’s empowerment at the individual, group, organisation, family, community
and social levels. Women from the beginning in the village, the lack of public space and public
participation way of right state, to the first construction of the women’s activity centre, their
voice was ignored and vetoed; women’s groups were rejected from actively participating in the
museum building, through the museum management team involved in village public decision-
making, and promoting the construction of elderly women fire building, embedded existing
power organization, and even actively resolve the dispute in the village public affairs, dominant
village public decision-making, the practice of the villagers self-service course, give us many
reflection and enlightenment.

Feminist social work practices in Longhu Village have proved that there is no universal action
strategy for women empowerment; it is diversified and diversified and realised with practice
and time. What’s more, the local cultural contest and overall social relations of women matters,
the realisation of women empowerment not only improves the gender situation of women, but
also improves the well-being of children, the elderly and other groups. Last but not least, social
workers could play a very important role in individual, family, groups, organisations and
community level of women empowerment. For example, social workers could help apply for
financial support from the civil affairs departments, enabling women to construct the Women
Activity Center. They could also link Ed Foundation funding to support women, the elderly,
and teenagers in building the Cultural Museum. This fully proves the necessity of social work
in rural community service and also provides a direct strategy and method reference for social
work to intervene in rural communities. Rural Revitalization should rely on a team of
professional social workers who continuously empower the women and other village backbone
to implement community mutual assistance and self-service.

Keywords: feminism; social work; women empowerment; multidimensionality; flexibility

37
The Economic Dimension of Developmental Social Work and Application of Community
Economy Theory as its Analytical Framework

Yufei Hea, Fang Fub, Longyue Xiaoc

a
Department of Social Work, Huazhong Agricultural University;
b
Department of Social Work, Fudan University;
c
Department of Social Work, Huazhong Agricultural University

Abstract: Developmental social work has attracted many Chinese scholars’ attention recently
and has become a concept integrating social innovation with social work. However, the
definition of developmental social work is still ambiguous. On the basis of explaining the
importance of the economic dimension, this paper divides developmental social work into
three categories: Practices directly related to production, consumption, exchange, distribution,
etc.; practices directly improving the economic capabilities of individuals (such as working
skills, etc.), and practices promoting human capital by improving personal nutrition and health
and social capital within a community.

Gibson-Graham’s community economy theory can be extended as an analytical framework

for the first type of practice. The four dimensions of the original theory, including necessity,
commons, surplus and consumption, can be used to analyse the calculation process of working
hours and labour wages, the categories and settings of the commons, the distribution principle
of economic output and its rationality, and the consumption demand and consumption concept
of people.

Using the framework, this paper analyses a case from a mountainous area in South China and
extracts the strategy of developmental social work practice: While it has the dual social-
economic attribute, it adheres to the principles of empowerment and cultural adaptability in
the decision-making process. This paper also reveals the tension within the practice: difficulty
motivating the working enthusiasm, group individualism and structural restriction from the
macro-environment.

This paper, on the basis of clarifying what developmental social work is, constructs an
analytical framework for the economic dimension of developmental social work and shows
how to use this framework for empirical analysis. At the same time, it also reveals the tension
in the practice of developmental social work, which makes up for the inadequacy of empirical
and critical research in the existing literature.

Keywords: developmental social work; economic dimension; community economy; Gibson-

Graham; case study

发展型社会工作中的经济向度及社区经济理论作为其分析框架的应用

何宇飞 a、付芳 b、肖龙玥 c

38
a
华中农业大学社会工作系﹔
b
复旦大学社会工作系﹔

c
华中农业大学社会工作系

摘要：发展型社会工作在近年来受到中国学者的关注，并成为社会创新与社会工作相结合的热
点领域。然而目前发展型社会工作的定义具有一定的模糊性。本文在阐释经济向度重要性的基
础上，将发展型社会工作分为三类：直接涉及生产、消费、交换、分配等环节的实践，旨在直
接提升个人经济能力（如劳动技能等）的实践，以及推动个人营养与健康水平方面的人力资本
和社区社会资本提升的实践。其中第一类实践在中国内地情境下开展得最为广泛。

Gibson-Graham 的社区经济理论可以延展成为第一类实践的分析框架。原有理论中的”必需
品”“公地”“剩余”“消费”四个维度可以分别用以分析相关实践的工时和工资的确定及其
挑战、公共生产资源的类型和设置、经济产出的分配原则及其合理性、服务对象的消费需求和
消费观。

利用这一分析框架，本文分析了来自华南山区的某个案例，提炼出发展型社会工作实践的策略
特点：一是具备经济-社会双重属性；二是在决策过程中坚持赋能和文化适应性的原则。同时
揭示了发展型社会工作实践中关于劳动积极性、群体个人主义和宏观环境限制等方面的张力。

本文的意义在于：在进一步理清何谓发展型社会工作的基础上，为发展型社会工作的经济向度
构建了一个分析框架，并展示了如何利用这一框架进行经验性分析。同时也揭示了发展型社会
工作实践过程中的张力，弥补了现有发展型社会工作缺少经验性和批判性研究的不足。

关键词：发展型社会工作；经济向度；社区经济；Gibson-Graham；案例研究

39
Asset Based Architectural Design as Alternative Social Development in Rural
Community- a Study of Henan ZhouShan Village ‘House of Dream’

Chelsea Hei CHAN, Peter HASDELL

School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract: The increased urbanisation has increased the need for community development in
rural areas. While urban land is in short supply, rural land waste is serious, with a continuous
loss of rural population, resulting in a vicious circle of economic poverty, environmental
poverty and cultural loss. They lack basic social provisions such as basic healthcare, education
and facilities, and there are few development opportunities and choices (Su et al. 2018).
Governments have launched various kinds of mega-construction projects focusing on physical
building and economic development over the past decades in rural communities. The ambitious
top-down construction emphasises “speed”, “efficiency”, and “economic growth”. Modern
trendy settlements are built for local people to buy and move into without taking into account
the local context. At the community level, people were dissatisfied, and some were resistant to
government intervention because the planning neglected their core concerns- livelihoods,
values and cultures (Ting and Chen 2012; Ku and Dominelli 2018). Good intentions may
sometimes have harmful effects if using a wrong approach (Corbett and Fikkert 2009). After
expending enormous human and financial resources, we may break down the community’s
own capacity for problem-solving and diminish the community’s social and cultural value.
Consequently, the people of vulnerable communities come to believe that their well-being
depends on others (Kretzmann and McKnight 1993; Turner-Lee and Pinkett 2004; Khadka
2012). Traditional needs-based, top-down, outside approach encourages both the providers and
recipients to bypass local resources and create dependency (Turner-Lee and Pinkett 2004).
Faced with such challenges in our built environment, researchers may need to look for
interdisciplinary cooperation for alternative social development; seeking a more locally driven
development and empowering approach in rural vulnerable communities is of paramount
importance. More often, people in vulnerable community are not only lack of material
resources, there are also social needs that often being neglected like sense of self-worth, social
relationship, local culture value, stewardship (Corbett and Fikkert 2009). Asset based
community development (ABCD) is commonly used in social work field that looks at people
and the community from a strengths perspective. Rather than focusing on what a community
lacks, asset based approach seeks to identify and capitalize on the tangible and intangible assets
available to a community (Kretzmann and McKnight 1993a; Green and Haines 2001; Mathie
and Cunningham 2003; Sanoff 1999; Arefi 2004b, 2004a, 2008). What if the ABCD approach
is adopted in architectural design and construction, would it provide an alternative social
development for rural revitalization? How could it be applied and what social outcome could
be achieved?

This research explores how asset-based architectural design could be adopted in rural
community development and what social outcomes could be achieved, using the House of
Dream project in ZhouShan Village as a case study. The study consists of qualitative research
by collecting stories of the asset-based architectural building process in the project to analyse
what and how social outcomes could be achieved. It also involves quantitative research to
compare material outcomes, including cost and CO2 production, with the traditional building
approach. The significance of the research is to highlight the importance of social aspects in
architectural intervention, including social cohesion, capacity building, and cultural value, as
citizen power and verify that they can be activated by the alternative asset-based building

40
approach by linking local human capability and material in the architectural formation process,
without scarifying too much or even obtaining an improvement in material outcome. It provides
guidelines and principles for social workers, designers, local organisations or governments for
future development projects for rural communities and encourages interdisciplinary
collaboration. Cutting through professional boundaries helps foster an attitude conducive to
change, capacity building, and knowledge partnership (Arefi, 2008). It could also inspire a new
network or system thinking in social development, and it recognises every material and human
can contribute to the community's wellbeing.

Keywords: asset based architectural design, alternative social development, rural community,
sustainable development, interdisciplinary research

References:
Arefi, M. 2004a. “An Asset-based Approach to Policymaking: Revisiting the History of
Urban Planning and Neighborhood Change in Cincinnati’s West End.” Cities 21 (6):
491–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2004.08.003
Arefi, M. 2004b. “Starting: Los Angeles Neighborhood Initiative.” Cityscape 7 (1): 5–22.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X03022004005
Arefi, M. 2008. “Asset-based Approaches to Community Development: An Asset-based
Approach to Capacity-Building.” UN-Habitat. https://unhabitat.org/asset-based-
approach-to-community-development-and-capacity-building
Corbett, S., and Fikkert, B. ed. 2009. When Helping Hurts: How to Alleviate Poverty Without
Hurting the Poor . . . and Yourself. Chicago: Moody.
Green, G. P., and A. Haines. 2001. Asset Building & Community Development. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Khadka, R. 2012. “Switching Gears: From Needs to Assets Based Approach to Community
Development in Nepal.” OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development 11
(3): 81–88. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2047887
Kretzmann, J. P., and J. L. McKnight. 1993. Building Communities from the Inside Out: A
Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing a Community’s Assets. Chicago, IL.: The Asset-
Based Community Development Institute, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern
University.
Ku, H. B., and L. Dominelli. 2018. “Not Only Eating Together: Space and Green Social
Work Intervention in a Hazard-Affected Area in Ya’an, Sichuan of China.” British
Journal of Social Work 48 (5): 1409–1431. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcx071
Mathie, A., and G. Cunningham. 2003. “From Clients to Citizens: Asset-based Community
Development as a Strategy for Community-driven Development.” Development in
Practice 13(5): 474–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/0961452032000125857
Sanoff, H. 2000. Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning. New York, NY:
John Wiley & Sons.
Su, T., et al. 2018. Xiangtuzaizao: xiangcunzhenxing shijian yu tansuo [Rural
Redevelopment: Practice and Exploration of Rural Revitalization]. Beijing: China
Architecture & Building Press.
Ting, W.-F., and H. Chen. 2012. “The Alternative Model of Development: The Practice of
Community Economy in Disaster-stricken Sichuan.” China Journal of Social Work 5
(1): 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/17525098.2012.658609
Turner-Lee, N. E., and R. D. Pinkett. 2004. “An Asset-Based Approach to Community
Building and Community Technology.” Chap. 12 In Community Practice in the Network
Society: Local Action/Global Interaction, 170–185. London: Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203643730

41
Striking a Balance: Analysing Corporate Welfare and Corporate Social Responsibility
Practices of Transnational Corporations in Ethiopian and their Implications for Local
Community Development

Yetebarek Hizekeal ZEKAREAS

Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract: One of the most important types of non-state actors in existence today is
transnational corporations, which are for-profit companies operating in many nations. They
have a significant impact on the entire world, but especially on emerging nations like Ethiopia.
Transnational corporations intensified in Ethiopia following the post-2016 expansion of
publicly-owned industrial parks in the country. Industrial parks are specific areas within a
country’s borders that function under distinct economic regulations, typically influenced by
neoliberal economic principles. These regulations are designed to enhance the production
environment for industrial tenants by offering various benefits, commonly known as “corporate
welfare.” Some of the well-recorded corporate welfare includes providing companies with
facilities such as dedicated infrastructure, an integrated local transport network, and tailored
local regulations, including exemptions and incentives to alleviate structural bottlenecks in the
local production system and encourage local economic transformation (Rodríguez-Pose and
Hardy 2014). In contrast, however, it is noteworthy that there is a lack of explicit social
responsibility placed upon companies at the national level, hence granting corporations the
freedom to pursue their own interests. This has resulted in an unequal social dynamic in the
realm of production, wherein transnational firms hold a dominant position while local players
are left at a disadvantage. This research is interested in analysing how such an imbalance
between corporate welfare and corporate social responsibility affects local development in
Ethiopia by using transnational corporations operating in the Ethiopian Hawassa Industrial
Park as a case. Empirical data was gathered throughout the period spanning from November
2022 to August 2023 through the utilisation of in-depth interviews conducted with various
stakeholders, including company representatives, state officials, and workers’ representatives.
Focused group discussions with employees and members of the local community, as well as
non-participant field observation, support the interviews. Findings from field data indicate that
there is a discernible pattern of polarised socio-economic development occurring within the
park and its surroundings. This development is characterised by the exclusion of the local
community and exploitation of workers, while transnational firms are reaping the benefits of
the local economic boom. Indicators for the exclusion of the local community include the fact
that all inputs, except for labour, for apparel production, are imported, and all garments
produced are exported, mainly to the US market. Similarly, workers exploitation and their
miserable living situation is facilitated by their basic salary below USD 25 per month, ultra-
low wadge when compared to other garment exporting country in the world (Workers’ Rights
Consortium 2018, 3). As a coping strategy, workers and local community start to connect with
liberal capitalistic park economy through what Castells (2010) calls “pervasive connection”,
where garments informally extracted from the park and sold in a local market with a relatively
lower price. The study makes a recommendation for an alternative social development
paradigm for Ethiopia, considering the findings. The proposed paradigm redirects attention
away from profit-oriented multinational firms towards local stakeholders, with the aim of
promoting sustainable local development. It highlights the crucial middle actor role of the state
in developing institutions that can promote reciprocal relationships between the local
community and transnational corporations and shift the organisation of the economy from
redistribution to the pre-distribution of gains from corporations to local actors.

42
Keywords: transnational corporations; community development; corporate welfare; corporate
social responsibility; alternative social development; Hawassa; Ethiopia

References:
Castells, M. 2010. “Globalisation, Networking, Urbanisation: Reflections on the Spatial
Dynamics of the Information Age.” Urban Studies 47 (13): 2737-2745.
Rodríguez-Pose, A., and D. Hardy. 2014. Technology and Industrial Parks in Emerging
Countries: Panacea or Pipedream? Cham: Springer.
Worker Rights Consortium. 2018. “Ethiopia is a North Star.” Washington, DC.
https://www.workersrights.org/wp-
content/uploads/2019/03/Ethiopia_isa_North_Star_FINAL.pdf

43
Climate Change and Social Work Intervention: How Theory of Change Support
Indigenous Practices

ZHOU Tian, Candy

Department of Applied Social Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract: Climate change is an undeniable fact with a huge negative impact on all human
beings and our living environment. Dealing with climate change requires interdisciplinary
collaboration. Social work, though it is not regarded as a mainstream profession, is one of the
important aspects of responding to climate change-related disasters, especially in providing
psychosocial support and resilience building from individuals to communities. It is vital to
provide support for people, especially those living in disaster-prone areas and vulnerable
groups, to improve their capacity to manage climate risks. Alleviating climate-related injustice,
poverty, and vulnerability should be highly addressed. Rendering climate change is already a
matter of social justice, and we should reclaim environmental justice for all human beings. The
social work profession aims to improve the resilience of individuals, families, and communities
to face challenges.

In terms of disasters, social workers have been participating in responding to different kinds of
disasters for decades. Because of the devastating Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, social workers
in mainland China also have rich experience in responding to disasters. Climate change
triggered more extreme weather, which caused more unexpected natural disasters, especially
floods in mainland China. It is gratifying to know many social workers have been involved in
responding to floods in recent years; for example, the flood happened in Henan in 2021, and
the latest one in the northern part of China this year.

However, compared with international development sectors and other professions involved in
climate change mitigation, social work practice is always criticized by the academic world for
having less credibility and effectiveness. Meanwhile, many social work interventions did not
provide substantial evaluation to match programme outcomes. Thus, many significant
indigenous experiences and practices were submerged as time passed by.

Theory of Change (ToC) is not a stranger in the international developmental field, especially
issues related to climate change. However, not many social work interventions applied ToC in
programme design or evaluation. Toc, together with the logic model, is such a significant
approach for designing, monitoring, and evaluating programmes. The logic model is a powerful
program design approach that provides easy-understanding logic and demonstrates a linear
program development flow. Together with ToC, it will be more convincing to know the process
of how and why the outcome will be achieved.

Developing from program theory, ToC aims to figure out how and why an intervention works
as it holds the theory-based evaluation tradition. It is well known for its application in complex
interventions when facing many social and political changes. By linking objectives, strategies,
outcomes, and assumptions, ToC could draw a clear road map for setting up a strategic plan,
monitoring the process, and guiding action and implementation.

The aim of this paper is to introduce this approach to social workers in order to design
intervention programs with sustainable development and measurable outcomes responding to
climate change. This could provide a visible channel for social work practitioners to start the
dialogue with other fields in the climate change world, such as the development field or disaster

44
management systems. Hopefully, social workers could apply ToC and logic model in more
intervention programs to improve outcome effectiveness and achieve sustainability. This paper
will discuss what ToC is, why it is important in responding to climate change, and what the
best practices are in applying ToC in the development field. In addition, the author will apply
the logic model and ToC to evaluate a social work intervention program after the Henan Flood
in August of 2021 conducted by a group of social workers in mainland China. The case analysis
could demonstrate how ToC could benefit program design and evaluation and what is room for
improvement through the analysis of the ToC approach.

Keywords: climate change; disaster social work practice; theory of change; logic model;
environmental justice; social work evaluation

45
 平行论坛（五）社会工作教育创新 2
PARALLEL SESSION V: INNOVATION AND SOCIAL WORK
EDUCATION #2

Space-time Dislocation and two-way Construction: the Theoretical Dimension of Chinese

Social Work Localization
Hongxu LIU, Zengtao XU

Department of Sociology, Xizang Minzu University

Abstract: Social work arose from various social problems brought about by the transformation
of modern society. Demand-based professional social work has the colour of diagnosis and
treatment of social medicine. Social work of clinical significance focuses on technology and
then embraces psychological science and education and expands the frontiers in the paradigm
shift of basic social work, paying more attention to the complex social relations between
people and society. The reconstruction of Chinese social work is almost synchronised with the
construction tradition of Western social work. The macro vision of developmental social work
is more consistent with the context at that time. However, on the one hand, it is the natural
evolution of the technical route and its complementary theory generation logic. On the other
hand, it is inevitable that the theory is not followed and the method is cloned. The fundamental
reason is the dislocation of time and space: the order of development from intervention
technology to social relations has been reversed, the history and reality of the cultural field
have great heterogeneity, and the theories and techniques of imported products do not fit in
with the theories and practices of Chinese social work. For social work with Chinese society
as the background, to make a difference in the theoretical direction, the practical approach is
two-way construction: it should not only sort out along the producing vein of the practical
rationality of social work theory but also follow up the current development, that is, backwards
and forward in two directions in the dimension of time; It is also necessary to base on the
practical experience of production localisation in China’s historical and cultural soil and social
realistic conditions and rise to the practical wisdom of theoretical form, namely the two
directions of mutual learning between China and the West and local innovation in spatial
dimension.

Keywords: space-time dislocation; two-way construction; social work theory; localisation

时空错位与双向建构：社会工作本土化的理论向度

刘红旭、许增涛

西藏民族大学社会学教研室

46
摘要：社会工作产生于现代社会转型带来的种种社会问题，需求为本的专业社会工作颇具社会
医学的诊疗色彩。临床意义的社会工作专注于技术而先后拥抱心理科学和教育学，并在基变社
会工作的范式转换中开疆拓土，更加注重人与社会之间复杂的社会关系。中国社会工作恢复重
建几乎与西方社会工作的建构传统同步，发展性社会工作的宏观视野更符合当时的语境。然而，
一方面是自然演进的技术路线及其相辅相成的理论生成逻辑，一方面是学科体系照搬势必导致
的理论阙如与方法克隆。究其根本则是时空错位：干预技术到社会关系的发展顺序被倒置，文
化场域的历史和现实又具有很大的异质性，舶来品性质的理论和手法都与中国社会工作的理论
和实践不相适应。中国社会为底色的社会工作，要在理论向度有所作为，务实的做法是双向建
构：既要沿着社会工作理论实践理性的产生脉络进行梳理并同时跟进时下的发展，即时间维度
地向前回溯和向后延伸两个方向；也要立足于中国历史文化土壤和社会现实条件生产本土化实
践经验并上升为理论形态的实践智慧，即空间维度的中西互鉴和本土创新两个方向。

关键词：时空错位；双向建构；社会工作理论；本土化

47
Organization-based Learning: The Practical Logic of Knowledge Production in Action
Research in Social Work
Xihao WEI, Meiping FEI

School of Social and Public Administration, East China University of Science and
Technology
Abstract: The knowledge production of social work action research is not only conducive to
the high-quality advanced development of social work but also conducive to the development
of the process of Chinese-style modernisation. The concept of “organisation-based learning”
is put forward and based on the social work action research project of S City, the practical
logic of knowledge production of social work action research is explained, and its
characteristics and advantages are summarised. It can be found that the knowledge production
of social work action research belongs to the learning practice in the context of organisations.
This practical process is divided into four stages: “constructing research problems - forming
knowledge framework and acting - verification of knowledge application - knowledge
production”, which implies the participation, realisation of reflexivity and dialogue of actors.
The unfolding of this process depends on the dynamic organisational situation, which is
manifested in three aspects: stimulating goal recognition, highlighting value concepts, and
providing communication space. “Organisation-based learning” presents the initiative of the
subject and the synergy of the team and has the advantages of coping with the uncertainty of
practice and promoting the localisation of social work and knowledge innovation. The concept
of “organisation-based learning” reveals that “organisation” is a complementary theoretical
dimension for understanding the development of social work in China.

Keywords: social work; action research; knowledge production; organisation-based learning

有组织的学习：社会工作行动研究中知识生产的实践逻辑

魏玺昊、费梅苹

华东理工大学社会与公共管理学院

摘要：社会工作行动研究的知识生产，既有助于社会工作迈向高质量进阶式发展，也有助于中
国式现代化进程的展开。既往关于社会工作行动研究知识生产的探究或是关注学习行动，或是
关注组织情境，缺乏整合的叙事。为弥补这一不足，研究提出”有组织的学习”这一概念，并
基于 S 市社会工作行动研究项目，运用案例研究法，阐释社会工作行动研究知识生产的实践逻
辑，并总结其特点与优势。可以发现，社会工作行动研究的知识生产属于组织情境中的学习型
实践。这一实践过程分为”建构研究问题—形成知识框架并行动—知识应用的验证—知识生
产”四个阶段，蕴含着行动者的参与、实现反身性和对话。此一过程的展开依赖于促动性的组
织情境，表现在激发目标认同、凸显价值理念、提供交流空间三个方面。”有组织的学习”呈
现着主体的能动性和团队的协同性，具有应对实践不确定性以及推动社会工作本土化和知识创

48
新的优势。”有组织的学习”这一概念的提出，为社会工作行动研究的知识生产提供了一个整
合的分析框架，它不仅表明知识生产与实践者的行动和组织情境有关，还呈现了组织和学习行
动之间的具体关联。”有组织的学习”这一概念也揭示出，”组织”是理解中国社会工作发展
的补充性理论维度。。

关键词：社会工作；行动研究；知识生产；有组织的学习

49
Exploration of Non-Formal Education Pathways in Social Organizations in China: An
Action Research Case Study on the Z Training Programme at Institution Y in City X
Yang CAOa, Liqi HOUb
aDepartment of Sociology, Zhejiang University;
b
Department of Sociology, Peking University

Abstract: Since the re-establishment of the social work discipline, it has been dedicated to
addressing social issues arising from marketisation and urbanisation, making significant
contributions to improving people’s livelihoods and fostering social development. During the
transition into a new era, social work must ascend to a phase of high-quality development,
enhancing its capacity to respond to social challenges. This not only pertains to the
construction of comprehensive systems but also to the advancement at the operational level.
In this regard, the gradual enhancement of the social work personnel is of utmost importance.
Both formal and informal education have essential roles in fostering a knowledgeable,
organised, and highly skilled professional social work force. However, there is currently
limited research on non-formal education in social work, with insufficient understanding of
its distinctive approaches and potential benefits.

Through an action research approach, this study has been deeply involved in the Z training
programme offered by Institution Y in City X, collecting a significant amount of experiential
data. The research findings indicate that the Z programme is intrinsically connected to the
everyday lives of the general public, catering to the specific requirements of its service users
whilst closely adhering to policy guidelines. The Z programme responds to the requirements
of social governance, fosters facilitators who empower individuals to help themselves, and
proactively adjusts its practices based on real-world conditions, pioneering an innovative path
in non-formal social work education. Firstly, the Z programme integrates local social work
talent development objectives, curriculum design, pedagogical activities, and action research
with grassroots practices. By aligning with national strategies and industry trends, it fosters
practitioners who harmoniously blend passion with capability. Secondly, participants of the Z
programme, being “insiders”, utilise their personal experiences as research tools, enhancing
their understanding of the needs and challenges faced by service recipients, as well as the
systemic causes of public issues and social problems confronting these groups. Thirdly, as
individuals move from receiving services to providing services, they develop a greater
understanding of the values of social work and produce more efficient intervention approaches.
Based on these findings, this study suggests that non-formal social work education offered by
social organisations not only supplements formal education but also provides valuable insights
into the indigenisation of social work education.

Keywords: Social Work Education; Non-formal Education; Application-oriented Talent

Development; Practical Knowledge; Action Research

50
社会组织开展社会工作非学历教育的路径探索——一项关于 X 市 Y 机构 Z 培训项目的行动研
究

曹阳 a、侯力琪 b

a
浙江大学社会学系; b 北京大学社会学系

摘要：社会工作专业自重建以来，致力于解决市场化和城市化进程中的社会问题，为改善民生
和促进社会建设做出了积极贡献。进入新时代，社会工作需要迈向高质量发展阶段，提高其回
应社会问题的能力，这既涉及宏观制度建设，也涉及具体操作层面的推进。其中，社会工作人
才队伍的进阶发展是一个重要的着力点。为建设一支数量充足、结构合理、素质优良的社会工
作专业人才队伍，提升社会工作教育的整体质量，学历教育和非学历教育在其中均扮演着重要
角色。然而目前学界关于社会工作非学历教育的研究仍然有限，对于社会工作非学历教育发展
的独特方式与可能具有的优势认识尚显不足。

本研究以行动研究的方式，长期参与 X 市 Y 机构的 Z 培训项目，积累了较为丰富的经验材料。

研究发现，Z 项目扎根人民群众的日常生活，从服务对象的需求出发，同时紧跟政策导向，回
应社会治理需要，培养有助人自助能力的服务者，并根据现实条件积极调整自身实践方式，走
出了一条具有创新性的社会工作非学历教育探索之路。第一，Z 项目对本土社会工作人才的培
养目标、课程设置、教学活动、行动研究与本土实践高度结合，并尝试与国家战略和行业发展
趋势相对接，有助于培养情怀与能力兼具的实践者。第二，Z 项目的学员本身作为”局内人”，
以自身为研究工具，有助于增进对服务对象需求和困境的深度理解，以及对群体所面对的公共
议题和社会问题系统原因的认识。第三，Z 项目的学员从服务对象成长为服务者，有助于增进
对社会工作助人理念的认同以及更为有效的介入方式的产生与执行。基于以上发现，本研究尝
试指出，社会组织开展的社会工作非学历教育不仅是对学历教育的重要补充，而且对于思考社
会工作教育的本土化发展路径有一定的启发意义。

关键词：社会工作教育；非学历教育；应用型人才培养；实践知识；行动研究

51
What Makes Knowledge Transformation Possible? --Action Research on Practice-Based
Teaching in Social Work Practice Courses
Pei HONGa, Haoyu SHIb
a
Department of Social Work, Central China Normal University; bDepartment of Social Work,
East China University of Science and Technology
Abstract: Effectively transformation from the theoretical knowledge taught in class into
specific professional practice is an important issue facing social work education. Based on a
three-year educational action study conducted in China, this article explores how to promote
students to realise the transformation of theoretical knowledge into practical knowledge. The
findings suggest that the enhancement of beliefs, the accumulation of practical experience, and
the reconstruction of personal values are the concrete manifestations of students’ knowledge
transformation. Coping with practice challenges, reflecting on practice, discussing around
practice, and developing practice guidelines are the processes that students go through in their
knowledge transformation. This study describes how students realise knowledge
transformation and discusses the importance of establishing good relationships between
different subjects in the teaching situation to facilitate the transformation process.

Keywords: knowledge transformation; social work practice; practical teaching; educational

action research; transformative learning

知识转化何以可能？——社会工作实务课程实践性教学的行动研究

洪佩 a、时浩宇 b

a
华中师范大学社会工作系; b 华东理工大学社会工作系

摘要：如何使课堂传授的理论知识在具体专业实践中实现有效转化，是社会工作教育面临的重
要问题。本文基于一项连续三年开展的教育行动研究，围绕如何促进学生所学理论知识向实践
知识的转化进行探索。研究结果表明，信念的提升、实践经验的积累、个人价值的重构是学生
实现知识转化的具体表现。应对实践挑战、立足实践反思、围绕实践讨论、形成实践指南是学
生知识转化所经历的过程。本研究描述了学生如何实现知识转化，并讨论了在教学情境中建立
不同主体之间的良好关系对促进转化过程的重要性。

关键词：知识转化；社会工作实务；实践性教学；教育行动研究；转化学习

52
Cultivating the Power of Life: Transforming Student Subjectivity in the Perspective of
Emancipatory Pedagogy: Action Research on Social Work Education
Lei ZHANG
Department of Social Work, Wuyi University

Abstract: From the perspective of liberation pedagogy, this paper explores how social work
educators can make the curriculum field a space for practising freedom and democracy and
realizing the transformation of students’ subjectivity. By creating an environment for
subjective learning, students can experience having power and also liberating inherent learning
habits. To build an equal dialogue space and create freedom for students to see differences
and unite as mutual subjects in dialogue; to connect real-life experience to theory; help
students bridge the gap between theory and life; and catalyse the acquisition of knowledge.
Only after going through the above three stages can the goal of transforming students’
subjectivity be achieved, from the subject of silence and dependence to the subject of self-
identification and respect for differences, and then to the subject of critical reflection and
practice of professional values.

Keywords: liberation pedagogy; social work education; subjectivity; action research

耕耘生命的力量：解放教育学视角下的学生主体性转化——社会工作教育行动研究

张蕾

五邑大学社会工作系

摘要：文章在解放教育学的视角下探索社会工作教育者如何可以让课程的场域成为实践自由和
民主的空间，实现学生主体性的转化。通过营造主体性学习的环境，让学生经历权力的拥有与
固有学习习惯的解放；构建平等的对话空间，在对话中为学生创造看见差异与凝聚彼此的互为
主体的自由；连结真实生活经验与理论，帮助学生跨越理论与生活的鸿沟催化知识的生成。在
经历以上三阶段后才能抵达学生主体性转化的目标，从沉默、依赖的主体转化为自我认同、尊
重差异的主体，再到批判反思和实践专业价值观的主体。

关键词：解放教育学；社会工作教育；主体性；行动研究

53
Passerby: Constructing the Professional Portrait of Social Workers from the Perspective
of “Representation” Based on In-depth Interviews with 20 Senior Social Workers
Kunai GAN, Limei LIN, Wei LU

Department of Social Work, Xiamen University

Abstract: The construction of a local professional image of social work is of great significance
to the professionalisation of social work. In contrast to the previous literature, which
understands the local characteristics of professionalisation from the perspective of professional
identity and path, this paper explores the construction of the overall professional image of
social work from the perspective of “representation” in order to understand the current situation
of local social workers’ survival. Through in-depth interviews with 20 senior social workers
in Fujian Province on the professional image of social work, it is found that social work in
China presents a professional image of formal representatives who are settled but not
established, a portrayal of representatives who are sounding boards, symbolic representatives
who are lacking in faith, and substantive representatives who are not at their own disposal,
just like “passerby “at present. To address this situation, this study further discusses the
construction of the professional image of social workers from the perspective of
“representation”, in the hope that it can fully reflect the localised conceptual system of the
professional portrait of social workers, and inspire the development path of localised and
professionalised social work.

Keywords: representation; professional image; professionalism; social work; senior social

workers

过客：”代表”视角下社会工作者的职业画像构建——基于 20 名高级社会工作师的深度访谈

甘坤霭、林立楣、卢玮

厦门大学社会工作系

摘要：社会工作本土职业形象的构筑对于社会工作的职业化具有重要意义。区别于过往文献从
职业身份、路径等角度理解职业化的本土特征，本文探索从”代表”视角构建出社会工作的整
体职业形象，以此理解本土社工的生存现状。通过对福建省 20 名高级社工师开展关于社会工
作职业形象的深度访谈研究发现目前我国社会工作呈现出安身不立命的形式性代表、像传声筒
的描绘性代表、信仰缺失的象征性代表、身不由己的实质性代表如同”过客”一般的职业形象。
针对该现状，本研究进一步从”代表”视角对社会工作者职业形象构建进行讨论，希望能充分
反映社会工作者职业画像的本土化概念体系，对本土化、职业化的社会工作发展路径产生启发。

关键词：职业形象；代表；职业化；社会工作；高级社工师

54
Leisure as a Tool: Strengthening Social Workers and Empowering Service Users

Yaojian WU
Department of Social Work, Hong Kong Baptist University

Abstract: Leisure serves as a significant source of professional competence for social workers.
Carrying out leisure activities has become common in social work services, yet its impact
within the professional domain remains inadequately understood. This study aimed to explore
social workers’ experiences in utilising their expertise in leisure activities within social work
services. Through semi-structured, in-depth individual interviews with 21 social workers in
Guangdong, this study revealed that leisure activities were a vital means for social workers to
enhance their own and service users’ empowerment. On the one hand, for social workers,
engaging in leisure activities allowed them to cultivate personal hobbies and alleviate work
and life stress. Certain leisure activities possessed therapeutic qualities that contributed to the
self-healing of social workers. On the other hand, integrating leisure activities into their work
enabled social workers to enhance empathy and build relationships with service users.
Developmental or therapeutic leisure activities not only assisted service users in addressing
personal needs and challenges but also fostered their collective identity and encouraged their
community participation. The study suggests that leisure activities can serve as essential tools
for social workers in self-care, competence development, and empowering service users.
Embracing leisure activities in the workplace contributes to enhancing the professional
practice of strengths perspective, competence-based approach and long-term commitment.

Keywords: leisure; professional competence; social workers; strengths perspective;

empowerment; competence-based approach

兴趣为业：社会工作者自我关怀、能力发展和服务对象增能

吴耀健

香港浸会大学社会工作系

摘要：兴趣是社会工作者专业能力的重要来源。开展兴趣活动是常见的社会工作服务实践，但
其在专业领域内的影响尚未被充分理解。本研究目的是探索社工运用他们擅长的兴趣活动于专
业服务的经验。通过对广东 21 名社工的半结构个人深度访谈，本研究发现兴趣活动是社工运
用个人优势于自我和服务对象双重增能的工作形式。一方面，对社工而言，参与兴趣活动能够
让他们发展个人兴趣爱好，缓解工作和生活压力。某些兴趣活动具有治疗性质而有助于社工自
我疗愈。另一方面，兴趣活动的融入，能够增进社工与服务对象的同理和关系建立。具有发展
性或治疗性功能的兴趣活动不但能够帮助服务对象解决个人困扰和发展需求，还可以促进服务
对象的集体认同和社会参与。研究表明，兴趣活动可以成为社会工作者自我关怀、能力发展和
服务对象增能的重要工具，以兴趣为业有助于强化基于优势、能力为本和长期承诺的专业实践。

55
关键词：兴趣活动；专业能力；社会工作者；优势视角；增能；能力为本

56
 平行论坛（六）社会工作发展创新 2
PARALLEL SESSION VI: INNOVATION IN SOCIAL WORK
DEVELOPMENT #2

Study on Social Workers’ Participation in Community Correction from the Perspective

of Cross-strait Comparison
Qingxia CHENa, Yiyu WENGb
aPenalty Execution Department, Fujian Police College;
bSchool of Law, Xiamen University

Abstract: Due to factors such as different legal jurisdictions, judicial systems, and social work
environments, there are differences between the two sides in organising social workers to
participate in community correction work. By comparing and analysing the five aspects of
social workers’ service objects, participation mode, participation content, professionalism and
career security. Each side of the Taiwan Strait has its own regional characteristics, and
appropriate adjustments should be made based on local conditions and conditions to allow
differentiated development. In view of several major issues summarised, it is proposed to
improve the legal provisions related to community correction, reasonably set relevant job
responsibilities and qualifications, strengthen the training of judicial social work talents,
cultivate and develop civil society work service organisations, and establish a social work
supervision association.

Keywords: Social Worker; Community Correction; Mainland; Taiwan; Probation System

两岸比较视野下社会工作者参与社区矫正工作研究

陈清霞 a、翁翊瑀 b

a 福建警察学院刑罚执行系; b 厦门大学法学院

摘要：因不同的法域、司法体系以及社会工作环境等因素，两岸在组织社会工作者参与社区矫
正工作上存有差异。通过对比社会工作者的服务对象、参与模式、参与内容、专业性以及职业
保障这五个方面，并加以评析。两岸各有其地域特点，应结合当地情况与条件做适当调整，允
许差异化发展。针对归纳的几个主要问题，提出要完善社区矫正相关法律规定，合理设定相关
岗位职责及任职条件，加强司法社会工作人才的培养，培育与发展民间社会工作服务机构以及
成立社会工作督导协会

关键词：社会工作者；社区矫正；大陆；台湾；观护制度

57
Research on the Functional Orientation and Development Strategy of Social Work in
Petitioning from the Perspective of Collaborative Governance

Hui DIAOa, Weizhi CHENb

aDepartment of Social Work, Qingdao University of Science and Technology;
bSchool of Law, Qingdao University of Science and Technology

Abstract: Petition work is an important part of the Party’s mass work and an important
window for understanding social conditions and public opinions. Social work takes root at the
grassroots level, puts people first, and meets the people face to face with their hearts, examines
their feelings, interviews their opinions, and fully understands their thoughts and aspirations.
It is also an important part of our work to reflect social conditions and public opinions in the
new era. Petitioning work and social work are not only consistent in mass work but also have
the nature of rights assistance. Social work’s intervention in the field of petitioning is
conducive to the construction of a “petitioning work - mass work - social work” pattern. Under
the new situation, the establishment of the Central Social Work Department will coordinate
the management of letters and visits with social work, which is not only a major measure to
develop social work with Chinese characteristics, but also indicates that the social work of
letters and visits will usher in unprecedented development opportunities. Collaborative
governance is an important practice of innovation in China’s social governance. The key is to
mobilize forces from all sectors and bring together diverse and collaborative forces in social
governance. In recent years, collaborative governance has also been widely discussed in the
academic community. The research finds that the working mechanism of pluralistic
governance, multi-factor collaborative effort, multi-mechanism collaborative operation, and
multi-resource coordination and integration of social work for letters and visits is consistent
with the internal logical mechanism of collaborative governance for letters and visits work.
Based on this, from the perspective of collaborative governance, this paper explores and
studies the functional positioning and development strategies of social work for letters and
visits and concludes that the functional positioning of social work for letters and visits in the
new era can be summarized as follows: based on the requirements of the Party and the state
for letters and visits work; Coordinate the relationship and alleviate the contradiction; To
promote refined social governance; Four aspects, such as the professionalization of the
methods of petition work. The development strategy of social work should be consistent with
the values of social work and the guiding ideology of the work; Gradually construct the
theoretical framework of social work intervention; Develop the professional social work
petition field; Apply the four levels of professional methods of social work. This study applies
the theory of collaborative governance to the exploration of the functional positioning of social
work for letters and visits, focuses on how the internal mechanism of collaborative governance
is put into practice in the development of social work for letters and visits, and hopes to trigger
new ideas for social work for letters and visits to participate in social governance, provide
beneficial help for solving problems and coping with challenges in the work of letters and
visits, and expand the practical field of social work. Moreover, have a certain impact on
enriching the knowledge system of social work through letters and visits.

58
Keywords: cooperative governance; Petitioning social work; social governance; function;
development

协同治理视域下信访社会工作的功能定位与发展策略研究

刁慧 a、陈为智 b

a
青岛科技大学社会工作系、b 青岛科技大学法学院

摘要：信访工作是党的群众工作的重要组成部分，是了解社情民意的重要窗口，习近平总书记
指出信访是送上门来的群众工作。社会工作扎根基层，以人为本，与群众面对面、心贴心，察
民情、访民意，全面了解群众所思所盼，也是新时代反映社情民意信息工作的重要一环。信访
工作与社会工作不仅在群众工作上具有一致性，也兼具权利救助等性质，社会工作介入信访领
域有利于构建”信访工作—群众工作—社会工作”的大信访格局。在新形势下，中央社会工
作部的设立将信访治理与社会工作统筹在一起，既是发展中国特色社会工作事业的重大举措，
也预示着信访社会工作将迎来前所未有的发展机遇。协同治理是中国社会治理创新的重要实践，
其关键之举在于动员各方面的力量，汇聚起社会治理多元协同的合力。近年来，协同治理在学
术界也引起了广泛讨论，研究发现，信访社会工作主体多元化治理、多要素协同发力、多机制
协同运行、多方资源协调整合的工作机制与信访工作的协同治理内在逻辑机理相一致。基于此，
本文在协同治理视域下，对信访社会工作的功能定位与发展策略进行探索研究，将新时代信访
社会工作的功能定位归结为：立足于党和国家对信访工作的要求；协调关系，缓解矛盾；促进
社会治理精细化；信访工作的方法专业化等四个方面。信访社会工作发展策略则要从社会工作
价值观与信访工作的指导思想相契合；逐步构建信访社会工作干预的理论框架；发展专业社会
工作信访领域；运用信访社会工作专业方法四个层面去努力。本研究将协同治理理论应用于对
信访社会工作功能定位的探索，关注协同治理的内在机制如何在信访社会工作的发展中得到实
践，以期引发信访社会工作参与社会治理的新思路，对解决信访工作问题、应对信访工作挑战
提供有益助力，同时对拓展社会工作的实践领域，丰富信访社会工作的知识体系产生一定影响。

关键词：协同治理；信访社会工作；社会治理；功能；发展

59
A Study of Alternative Traumatization among Young Medical Social Workers--The Case
of Tianjin Cancer Hospital
Jing LI
School of Social Development, Tianjin University of Technology

Abstract: Medical social workers usually deal with patients in need of long-term
rehabilitation and emotional support. Since these patients usually involve problems such as
unbearable physical pain, financial constraints for treatment, broken families, weak social
support, multiple emotional difficulties, and even mental illnesses, medical social workers
may substitute their personal emotions for their own physical, psychological, and social
distress, which may result in vicarious traumatisation. Trauma. This study analyses the
factors affecting medical social workers’ vicarious trauma through in-depth interviews with
young medical social workers using qualitative research methods and proposes social work
intervention strategies, calling on all sectors of society to pay attention to the problem of
vicarious trauma of medical social workers, and to create a healthy and supportive working
environment for medical social workers, so as to realise the beautiful goal of “healing lives
with sincerity and influencing lives with life”. The aim is to create a healthy and supportive
working environment for medical social workers and to realise the beautiful vision of
“healing lives with sincerity and influencing lives with life”.

Keywords: medical social workers; vicarious traumatisation; influencing factors;

intervention strategies

青年医务社会工作者的替代性创伤研究——以天津市 z 医院为例

李静

天津理工大学社会发展学院

摘要：医务社会工作者通常处理一些需要长期康复及情绪支持的患者，由于这类患者通常涉及
生理痛苦难耐、治疗经费紧张、家庭支离破碎、社会支持薄弱、多重情感困境甚至演变成心理
疾病等问题，医务社会工作者可能会将个人情感代入而给自身的生理、心理和社会带来困扰，
进而产生替代性创伤。本研究通过深度访谈青年医务社会工作者运用质性研究法分析影响医务
社会工作者替代性创伤的影响因素，并提出了社会工作干预策略，呼吁社会各界应该关注医务
社工的替代性创伤问题，为医务社会工作者营造一个健康、支持的工作环境，实现”用真心疗
愈生命，用生命影响生命”的美好愿景。

关键词：医务社会工作者；替代性创伤；影响因素；干预策略

60
The Chinese Communist Party’s Social Construction in Xinjiang during the Anti-
Japanese War and Its Inspiration towards Today’s Frontier Social Work
Fangfei LIN, Xin CHEN

School of Political Science and Public Administration, Xinjiang University

Abstract: The history of social work in China’s northwest frontier can be traced back to the
1920s. Previous related research has mostly focused on three aspects, namely, the livelihood
policies implemented during the period of Yang Zengxin’s governance in Xinjiang, the
charitable assistance activities dominated by Western missionaries in Xinjiang during the
decade of 1920-1930, and Li Anzhai’s theory and practices related to frontier social work
around the 1940s. However, few studies have discussed the significance and influences of the
social practice in Xinjiang promoted by some Chinese Communists during the Anti-Japanese
War towards social work practice in China’s northwest frontier. Through presenting historical
materials, this article attempts to outline the trajectory of the Communist Party’s social
development practices, such as livelihood development, social education, and relief for
impoverished groups in Xinjiang from 1937 to 1942. We conclude that the social construction
conducted by these Chinese Communists coincides with the basic values of social work, and
the experiences also provide many useful insights for today’s Chinese social work in the north-
western frontier area. Revisiting these historical activities may inspire us that the development
of social work in the northwest frontier should not be confined to so-called professionalism
but may create closer interaction with national social development, such as rural revitalization
strategy. China’s frontier social work should explore its developmental path with the local
situation and contribute to the construction of the model of social work with Chinese
characteristics.

Keywords: frontier social work; CCP; Xinjiang

抗战时期中国共产党在新疆社会建设的实践及对当今西北边疆社会工作的启示

林芳菲、陈欣

新疆大学政治与公共管理学院

摘要：西北边疆社会工作的历史可以追溯到上世纪二三十年。以往相关研究多聚焦于对杨增新
主政时期的民生政策、西方传教士在新疆的慈善救助活动及李安宅边疆社会工作的设想及实践，
但较少研究聚焦抗战时期中国共产党人在新疆开展系列社会建设实践对于边疆地区社会工作的
影响及启示。本文通过整理相关历史资料，尝试勾勒出 1937-1942 年抗战期间，中国共产党人
在新疆开展的民生发展、社会教育及救济贫困群体等社会建设实践的轨迹。当时中国共产党人
开展各项社会建设活动与社会工作的基本价值观不谋而合，同时，又为我国边疆社会工作及民
族社会工作在理念及工作方法上提供了诸多有益的启示。重新检视这段历史，能够启发我们当

61
今西北边疆的社会工作不应拘泥于”专业主义”，而应与国家发展大格局有机且密切关联，并
积极探索符合本地特色的社会工作发展路径，进而在建构中国特色社会工作贡献西北力量。

关键词：边疆社会工作；中国共产党人；新疆

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Intervention Study of “Reading + Game” Therapy to Alleviate Children’s Fear of
Medical Treatment
Wanghui SUN, Mingjun LUO

School of Ethnology and Sociology, Yunnan University

Abstract: Medical fear is common among children in the process of medical treatment. This
study used a quasi-experimental design to investigate the feasibility of a reading therapy
combined with a play therapy model based on the theory of cognitive behavioural therapy to
alleviate children’s fear of medical treatment so as to construct an effective service programme
for social work intervention in children’s fear of medical treatment. A mixed research method
was used to select 18 children out of 120 respondents from X Hospital in Yunnan Province,
and they were randomly divided into an intervention group and a control group. The
intervention group was divided into two groups: the control group and the intervention group.
The intervention group implemented the “reading + game” therapy group intervention, while
the control group did not. It was found that before the intervention, there was no statistical
significance in the degree of medical fear, age, gender, education level, and age of the children
in the two groups (P > 0.05); after the intervention, the difference in the scores of the
intervention group was statistically significant (P< 0.05); and the post-test scores of the
intervention group were significantly lower compared with those of the control group, so the
effect of the intervention was obvious (P< 0.01). Therefore, based on the theory of cognitive-
behavioural therapy, “reading + game” therapy can effectively improve children’s fear of
medical treatment and improve children’s adherence to treatment. The “reading + game”
therapy has a certain degree of popularity and applicability.

Keywords: “reading + game” therapy; children with leukaemia; medical fear; social work

“阅读+游戏”疗法减缓患儿医疗恐惧的干预研究

孙旺辉、罗明军

云南大学民族学与社会学学院

摘要：患儿在诊疗过程中普遍存在医疗恐惧情绪。本研究采用准实验设计，探究基于认知行为
疗法理论的阅读疗法联合游戏治疗的模式减缓患儿医疗恐惧的可行性，从而构建一个社会工作
干预患儿医疗恐惧情绪的有效服务方案。运用混合研究方法选取云南省 X 医院 120 名调查对象
中 18 名患儿为研究对象，将其随机分为干预组和对照组。干预组实施”阅读+游戏”疗法的
小组干预，对照组不进行干预。结果发现，干预前两组患儿医疗恐惧程度、年龄、性别、文化
程度、病龄均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；干预后干预组得分差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；
且与对照组比较，干预组后测得分显著降低，干预效果明显（P＜0.01）。因此，基于认知行
为疗法理论的”阅读+游戏”疗法能够有效改善患儿医疗恐惧情绪，提高患儿治疗依从性。”
阅读+游戏”疗法的医疗恐惧干预方案具有一定的推广性和适用性。

63
关键词：”阅读+游戏”疗法；白血病患儿；医疗恐惧；社会工作

64
Non-basic Public Service Productisation: the New Development of Local Social Work
Service
Mengke XU
Department of Social Work and Social Policy, University of Chinese Academy of Social
Sciences
Abstract: Non-basic public services can be used as an incremental space for social work
services to seek development, and the production of the results objectively reflects the new
development of local social work services. The productisation of Social Work Services is
oriented to non-basic Public Service, and the process of transforming service into a product
is not simply streamlined but based on the needs of the service object, innovated and developed
according to certain processes and in the market, the use of product brand effect to promote
social work services, improve the visibility and recognition of social work.

Based on a non-basic public service, “Oral history record of migrant women workers”, this
paper explores the practice process of “Game Theatre”, a product developed by M social work
organisation with cross-border integration of applied theatre. “Game theatre” requires
participants to carry out real-life role-playing in a scene shuttle, including education, part-
time jobs, marriage, and birth. The foundation of the Playhouse as a non-essential public
service product is the oral history of the migrant women workers carried out by the M Social
Work Organization for ten years; in the process of putting the product to market, they pay
attention to the experience of the service object and optimise the product iteratively under the
guidance of the feedback of the service object.

Combined with the social work service process, the process of transforming a service into a
product should include arranging the service experience, cross-border integration
development, market testing, and product feedback optimisation. From the perspective of
energy enhancement, at the micro level, whether it is the pre-service process or the application
after product development, it is to activate and tap the potential of the service object. On the
macro level, the social advocacy effect of service products is remarkable, and the service effect
of social work has a more intuitive way of showing the influence of the Social Work Service
brand.

Not all non-basic public services can become a social work service product. Two dimensions
should be paid attention to in the process of Social Work non-basic public services production:
cross-border integration with value-based methods. Return to the aspect of “Society”, and pay
attention to empowerment.

Keywords: Social Work; non-basic Public Services; Game Theatre; service production;
localization

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非基本公共服务产品化：本土社工服务的新发展——以 M 社工机构游戏剧场为例

许梦珂

中国社会科学院大学社会工作与社会政策系

摘要：非基本公共服务可以作为社会工作服务的增量空间来寻求发展，将其产品化的成果客观
上体现了本土社工服务的新发展。社会工作服务的产品化是以非基本公共服务为面向，服务转
化为产品的过程并不是简单的流水线化，而是以服务对象的需求为本，依照一定的流程创新开
发，并在市场、社会上利用产品的品牌效应宣传社会工作服务，提高社会工作的知名度与认可
度。

本文探索了 M 社工机构以一项非基本公共服务”流动女工口述史记录”为基础，结合应用剧
场跨界融合开发的产品”游戏剧场”的实践过程。”游戏剧场”要求参与者进行切身实际的角
色扮演，在教育、打工、婚姻、生育四个场景中穿梭，以具有导引作用的选择题为载体开启每
一个阶段的人生剧情。游戏剧场作为一项非基本公共服务产品所需的服务基础正是 M 社工机
构十年如一日开展的流动女工口述史记录，在产品投放市场的过程中注重产品服务对象的体验
感，并且以服务对象的反馈为指导，对产品进行迭代优化，客观上达成打造社会工作服务产品
品牌的目的。

结合社会工作服务过程，一项服务转化为产品的过程应该包含：梳理服务基础、跨界融合开发、
投放市场测试、产品反馈优化。从增能的视角出发，微观层面上，不论是前期服务的过程还是
产品开发后的应用，都是对服务对象潜能的激活与挖掘；中观层面上，客观上起到了群体连接
与机构合作关系的建立；宏观层面上，服务产品的社会倡导效果显著，社会工作的服务效果有
了更直观的展现方式，社会工作服务品牌的影响力也初步形成。

不是所有的非基本公共服务都可以成为一项社会工作服务产品，社会工作非基本公共服务产品
化过程中要注意两个应循向度：与价值相合的方法进行跨界融合；回归”社会性”，以倡导、
赋能为取向。

关键词：社会工作；非基本公共服务；游戏剧场；服务产品化；本土化

66
Content Analysis of Medical and Nursing Combination Policies from the Perspective of
Policy Tools--Taking Jinan City Policy Text as an Example.
Jiaqi CHEN
School of Philosophy and Social Development, Shandong University

Abstract: Background: The level of development of China’s ageing causes has not yet been
fully adapted to the needs of combining medical care and old-age care for the rapidly growing
elderly population. Against this background, policy documents related to the combination of
medical and nursing care have been issued one after another in China. However, it is worth
thinking about the rationality of the policy of combining healthcare and elderly care. Existing
studies on the rationality of the combined healthcare and elderly care policy mostly focus on
the national level, and the rating dimensions are not rich enough. Methods: Taking the policy
tools as the basic perspective and constructing a three-dimensional analysis framework
including time and specific models of healthcare integration, the content analysis method was
used to analyse and evaluate the policy texts related to healthcare integration in Jinan. Results:
the use of policy tools has a trend of comprehensiveness and diversification, but there is still
room for more comprehensiveness and diversification; the use of policy tools is unevenly
distributed, and the policies are not targeted enough. Conclusion: the policy combining
healthcare and nourishment should be diversified and innovative in force, evenly distributed
and precise.

Keywords: healthy China; health care integration; policy tools

政策工具视角下医养结合政策内容分析

陈佳琦

山东大学哲学与社会发展学院

摘要：背景：中国老龄事业发展水平还没能完全适应老年人口快速增长的医疗与养老相结合的
需要。在这样的背景下，中国医养结合相关政策文件接连出台。然而，医养结合政策的合理性
值得思考。现有关于医养结合政策合理性的研究多集中于国家层面，且评级维度不够丰富。方
法：以政策工具为基本视角、构建包括时间和医养结合具体模式的三维分析框架，采用内容分
析法对济南市医养结合相关政策文本进行分析与评价。结果：政策工具的使用有全面化、多元
化趋势，但仍有更加全面化、多元化的空间；政策工具的使用分布不均；政策针对性不够。结
论：医养结合政策应当多元创新发力、均匀发力、精准发力。

关键词：健康中国；医养结合；政策工具

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 平行论坛（七）社会政策创新
PARALLEL SESSION VII: SOCIAL POLICY INNOVATION

Baan Mankong Project: Transforming Lives through Social Policy Innovation in

Bangkok Canal Housing, Thailand

Mahesh Pandurang CHOUGULE

Social Policy and Development, Thammasat University

Abstract: The “Baan Mankong Project,” realised in the unique context of Bangkok Canal
Housing in Thailand, stands as a beacon of social policy innovation in the relentless battle
against poverty. This research paper delves deep into the intricate tapestry of the Baan
Mankong Project within the specific backdrop of Bangkok’s canal communities, unravelling
its origins, dynamics, and transformative impact. Employing a holistic, interdisciplinary
approach, this study scrutinises the diverse spectrum of innovative policy interventions, from
community-driven housing initiatives to comprehensive urban development reforms
spearheaded by Community Organization Development Institutions (CODIs). Through
meticulous case studies and policy analysis, this research elucidates the fundamental drivers
that have propelled the Baan Mankong Project to success in the Bangkok canal communities
and examines the hurdles that have, at times, obstructed progress. Furthermore, it investigates
the pivotal role of participatory decision-making, bottom-up community mobilisation, cross-
sector collaboration, and evidence-based practices in shaping this pioneering approach to social
policy innovation. By shedding light on these vital components, this paper offers profound
insights into how the Baan Mankong Project, implemented in Bangkok’s canal housing,
illuminates the path towards sustainable poverty eradication and holistic community
development in this distinctive urban context.

Keywords: community development organisation institution; social policy innovation; canal

housing project poverty eradication; urban development

68
What Have Been Done and What to Do for Left-behind Children in Mainland China: A
Scoping Review of the Intervention Programs

Jia ZHUANG，Qiaobing WU
Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract: As the discussion of Chinese left-behind children (LBC) continues, intervention

programmes dedicated to this population increase and diversify. While reviews have
summarised intervention programs promoting LBC’s health and psychological well-being
(Cheng and Sun 2015; Wang, Victor, Hong et al. 2020; Wang, Sokol, Luan et al. 2020), there
is no synthesis depicting a comprehensive picture. This scoping review systematically
examines interventions tackling LBC’s various issues and identifies their design and foci. We
performed a systematic literature search to extract intervention studies from four English (i.e.,
Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, & PsycINFO) and one Chinese (i.e., CNKI) database. The
quality of the studies was assessed using the Mixed Methods Assessment Tool (MMAT). Two
main rounds of deductive coding were performed on Nvivo 12 plus to identify the design and
foci of the interventions. Thirty-four articles were identified for our final review. Twenty-six
were published in Chinese and eight in English.

Existing interventions have tackled multiple psychological, social, physical, developmental,

and sexual problems or needs of Chinese rural left-behind children. Among them, LBC’s
psychological well-being has drawn the most attention. A total of 19 studies targeted promoting
LBC’s mental health, psychological resilience, psycho-behavioural performance, suicide
ideation, and life satisfaction. The other four broad themes identified are social (e.g. rejection
sensitivity, interpersonal competence, and aggressive behaviour), physical (e.g. injury
cognition and malnutrition), developmental (e.g. language delay and academic performance),
and sexual. The majority of the reviewed studies performed a randomized controlled trial (N =
21), with six and seven studies adopting a Quasi-experimental and non-experimental design,
respectively. Quantitative evaluation is prevalent, with only one study applying a purely
qualitative evaluation. In addition, only two studies adopted validated interventions, while the
others were self-designed. Lastly, while studies published in or before 2020 (N = 23) often
applied group counselling and school educational programmes as the intervention modality,
more recent studies published after 2020 were more diverse and innovative in their intervention
programme (e.g. group art painting therapy; forgiveness intervention; and adventure
intervention).

The review results indicate several gaps in intervention studies for LBC. First, many existing
interventions have considered LBC’s psychological and social well-being, while little effort
has been paid to address their educational and intellectual development. LBC’s underprivileged
rural status locate them in a less advantaged situation regarding their human development
(Rozelle and Hell 2020). Their cognitive and educational growth deserve more innovative and
effective interventions. Further, while existing interventions are concerned with LBC’s
temporary needs, their long-term life planning, as well as their current self-efficacy and self-
concept driving their actions towards future self, were neglected. Studies (e.g. Bi and Oyserman
2015) have found that LBC attaches to the “left-behind” identity and is prone to a strong feeling
of fatalism. To break such negative self-perception and empower LBC’s to envision a positive
future necessitate interventions to build up their self-efficacy, self-concept, and possible self.
As for the intervention design, empirically validated interventions are recommended for future
studies for their verified efficacy and evidence-based standardized practice. In addition, a

69
qualitative evaluation should be considered because it might be more powerful in eliciting
realistic and viable solutions to improve the efficiency and reliability of the interventions from
the participants.

Keywords: left-behind children; rural China; intervention; scoping review; well-being

References:
Bi, C., and D. Oyserman. 2015. “Left behind or Moving Forward? Effects of Possible Selves
and Strategies to Attain Them among Rural Chinese Children.” Journal of Adolescence
44 (1): 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.08.004
Cheng, J., and Y.-H. Sun. 2014. “Depression and Anxiety among Left-behind Children in
China: A Systematic Review.” Child: Care, Health and Development 41 (4): 515–523.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12221
Rozelle, S., and N. Hell. 2020. Invisible China How the Urban-Rural Divide Threatens
China’s Rise. Chicago The University Of Chicago Press.
Wang, M., B. G. Victor, J. S. Hong, S. Wu, J. Huang, H. Luan, and B. E. Perron. 2020. “A
Scoping Review of Interventions to Promote Health and Well-Being of Left-behind
Children in Mainland China.” The British Journal of Social Work 50 (5): 1419-1439.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcz116
Wang, M., R. Sokol, H. Luan, B. E. Perron, B. G. Victor, and S. Wu. 2020. “Mental Health
Service Interventions for Left-behind Children in Mainland China: A Systematic
Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Children and Youth Services Review 117:
105304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105304

70
Real or Rhetoric? Social Organizations in Urban Redevelopment. Cases from Shanghai

Jiemei LUOab, Izzy Yi JIANc, Edwin H. W. CHANb, Weizhen CHENa

a
College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University;
b
Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University;
c
Happy Ageing Lab, School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Abstract: While urban redevelopment and regeneration have influenced social works, social
organisations focusing on urban redevelopment require more understanding and examination.
Incorporating the theory of social organization, social innovation, and urban redevelopment,
the study aims to develop a framework to examine the role of social organizations in urban
redevelopment, especially in the context of neighbourhood micro-regeneration in China.

Three social organisations that actively participated in urban redevelopment in Shanghai were
selected as study cases, namely Dayu (大鱼营造), Siye (四叶草堂), and Shequ (社趣更馨). They
are all exemplified as representative social organisations by related state departments, such as
Social Governance Innovation by the Shanghai Civil Affairs Bureau. From Nov 2019 to May
2023, the research team conducted 59 in-depth interviews, including crucial leaders, key
participants, and professionals, with the residents and visitors. The interviews range from
twenty minutes to five hours. We also conveyed naturalistic observations of activities in open
spaces and amenities and participative observations of cultural events.

Six dimensions of social organisations’ role in urban redevelopment were summarised from
the literature review, including environment quality improvement, opportunity for art and
entertainment, social conflicts and crime, place attachment and local identity, social interaction
and network, and social innovation and community empowerment.

The findings of the study revealed that social organisations in Shanghai’s urban redevelopment
play a vital role in improving environmental quality, providing art and entertainment
opportunities, and enhancing place attachment and local identity. Social organisations play an
essential role in providing neighbourhood public service facilities, such as elderly canteen,
open spaces, and artistic cultural events. These neighbourhood spaces and events contribute to
forming local identity and enhancing the place attachment of all users.

However, social organisations’ role in solving social conflicts, activating social interaction,
and social innovation remains limited and problematic. While social organisations play a
particular role in balancing opinions between diverse social groups and sectors, conflicts
remain in the regeneration process. Regarding social interaction and networks, an uneven
distribution of social capital is observed between key hosts and participants of community
events. Furthermore, most social interactions are inner–class interactions, and little intra–class
is documented. The social networks activated and formed by these social organisations were
concentrated among young professionals. These newly induced networks remain parallel with
existing social networks among (lower) working-class residents in the historic residential
districts. For social innovation and community empowerment, though social organisations are
trying their best to speak for residents, they are more like elite filters under the state and market
structure.

The background of three cases was also compared and analysed to help reveal in–depth
mechanisms that influence the contribution of social organisations in urban redevelopment.
Ironically, the ‘rhetoric’ social organisation (Shequ) that is sponsored by private interests has

71
a better relationship with residents than the ‘real’ one (Dayu) due to their high-quality
environmental maintenance and event management with solid economic support.

The study examined a rising type of social organisation in China, featuring activating practices
in urban redevelopment and regeneration. A framework with six dimensions was developed
and validated to understand and examine the role of social organisations in urban
redevelopment. The study extends the study of social organisations in urban redevelopment in
the context of China. It also provides valuable references for cities facing redevelopment that
seek to utilise social organisations. The opportunities and constraints identified in this study
will help to inform future social works in urban redevelopment and further contribute to
sustainable neighbourhood and urban development.

Keywords: social organisation; Urban redevelopment and regeneration; Social innovation;

Neighbourhood micro-regeneration; Community governance; Shanghai.

72
Beyond Hierarchies: A Comparative Study of Transformational Leadership and
Workplace Social Capital on Employee Performance Outcomes

Hui WANG, Huang ZHANG, Ling YANG

School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University

Abstract: The scholarly discourse on public sector leadership has undergone substantial
evolution in recent years. This intellectual shift was initially catalysed by Van Wart’s seminal
2003 review, which called for a more nuanced focus on leadership paradigms, specifically
within the public sector context (Van Wart 2003). Among various leadership styles,
Transformational leadership—defined by the leader’s capacity to inspire followers to achieve
organisational goals—has emerged as a particularly predominant area of scholarly interest
(Vogel and Masal 2015; Bass and Riggio 2006). However, recent critiques have questioned
this leader-centric framework, advocating for a more nuanced understanding that incorporates
other salient elements of organisational life. Notably, these elements include workplace social
capital as well as the broader organisational contextual factors that often go overlooked in
leadership studies (Pihl-Thingvad et al. 2022). Thus, despite the increasing sophistication in
the theoretical discourse surrounding public sector leadership, there remains an evident lacuna:
a comprehensive investigation into the intricate interplay between vertical leadership styles and
horizontal social relations has yet to be conducted, particularly within the specialised context
of public administration.

Set against this backdrop, this study aims to address the gaps in the existing literature by
scrutinising the impacts of transformational leadership and workplace social capital on
employee performance outcomes, specifically organisational citizenship behaviour and
professional discretion, within the public social service context. Organisational citizenship
behaviour is identified as discretionary work-related behaviour that contributes to
organisational effectiveness, and professional discretion is associated with the decision-making
power exercised by frontline social workers, both of which are pivotal in public sector
performance (Organ 1988; Podsakoff et al. 2000). Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
on survey data from 813 social workers in the Chinese public sector. This focus is particularly
salient given China’s unique socio-economic landscape, characterised by significant power
distances and an authoritarian style of leadership. Additionally, the burgeoning demand for
social welfare services in China provides a compelling backdrop against which to examine
these relational dynamics (Yang and Bao 2018). The analysis substantiates that both
transformational leadership and workplace social capital exert a positive influence on social
workers’ employee outcomes, albeit workplace social capital manifests a marginally more
potent impact. Furthermore, the research introduces organizational learning as a pivotal
contextual variable that moderates these relationships. These findings significantly enrich both
the literature on innovative management practices in social work and the human resource
development (HRD) discourse specific to social workers. They achieve this by providing a
nuanced understanding of how vertical (leader-follower) and horizontal (peer-to-peer)
relational dynamics collectively influence employee performance. Additionally, the study
underscores the criticality of contextual elements, such as an organizational learning culture,
in amplifying these relationships.

The present article offers two salient contributions to the extant scholarly landscape. Firstly, it
addresses a notable lacuna in the research by conducting a comparative analysis of the impacts
of both vertical and horizontal organisational dynamics on employee performance—an area
that remains underexplored, particularly in the context of the public sector. Secondly, the study

73
situates its inquiry within the distinctive framework of the Chinese public social service sector,
thereby affording a unique vantage point for understanding the intricate relationships among
transformational leadership, workplace social capital, and employee performance outcomes.
This latter contribution effectively extends the cultural and institutional boundaries of existing
academic discourse.

In summary, the study extends our understanding of how vertical and horizontal organisational
relationships, moderated by organisational learning, can shape employee performance
outcomes in the public sector. It holds particular relevance for public organisations that
prioritise learning and development and offers a nuanced perspective on leadership and social
capital within the unique public context for social workers.
Keywords: leadership; workplace social capital; organizational learning; social workers;
employee performance

References:
Bass, B. M., and R. E. Riggio. 2006. Transformational Leadership. 2nd ed. Mahwah, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Organ, D. W. 1988. Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome.
Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Pihl-Thingvad, S., V. Winter, M. S. Hansen, and J. Willems. 2022. “Relationships Matter:
How Workplace Social Capital Affects Absenteeism of Public Sector Employees.”
Public Management Review Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2022.2142652
Van Wart,. 2013. “Lessons from Leadership Theory and the Contemporary Challenges of
Leaders.” Public Administration Review 73 (4): 553–565.
Vogel, R., and D. Masal. 2015. “Public Leadership: A Review of the Literature and
Framework for Future Research.” Public Management Review 17 (8): 1165–1189.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2014.895031
Yang, S., and C. J. Bao. 2018. “China’s Social Assistance on Poverty Reduction Since
Reform and Opening-Up: Practices, Performance and Prospects.” Reform 298 (12): 112–
122.

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Features of Social Work with People Living with HIV in Kyrgyzstan

MUSAEVA Nurgul
Department of Social Work and Practical Psychology, Bishkek State University

Abstract: The situation of HIV infection in the Kyrgyz Republic, as well as around the world,
continues to become more complicated. According to the Republican Center for Control of
HIV, as of January 1, 2023, 12,231 HIV-positive people were officially registered in the
Kyrgyz Republic; 11,527 of them were citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic, and 704 were foreign
citizens.

In this context, social work is an extremely popular mechanism for reducing tension and
solving problems at the personal, group, and social levels. HIV-infected citizens belong to the
category of citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation.

The purpose of the study is to show the features of social work with PLHIV in Kyrgyzstan and
to determine its role in HIV prevention/AIDS.

Research methods: Literature review, analysis of materials and statistical data, regulatory
framework for the prevention of HIV/AIDS in Kyrgyzstan;

Survey of PLHIV among injecting drug users on assessment of social, psychological, legal,
economic, and medical needs of PLHIV;

Expert interview with specialists to study the social protection system and types of social
services and algorithms of social work with PLHIV

Sample of the study: PLHIV among injecting drug users and specialists providing social and
medical services to PLHIV.

Conditionally, social work in the field of HIV can be divided into four sectors:
1. Prevention of HIV infection among young people and the general population
(primary);
2. Prevention of HIV infection among the most vulnerable social groups (secondary);
3. Implementation of social support for PLHIV using the “Case management”
technology;
4. Protection of public interests in the field of HIV/AIDS.

Let’s take a closer look at social support, which is one of the main new technologies of modern
social work with PLHIV in Kyrgyzstan. This technology is widely used and very effective in
working with a vulnerable population category. Social support is aimed at reducing the degree
of behavioural risks in relation to HIV infection in clients from vulnerable groups who are in a
difficult life situation.

During the discussion of the topic, experts noted that the peculiarity of HIV infection is that
this disease has not only and not so much a medical aspect but also a pronounced social one.
For example, the growing number of people living with HIV for a long time raises the question
of their integration into society on a full and equal basis, which is impossible without
appropriate work with the population as a whole and with individual groups.

75
The efforts of social workers are also aimed at overcoming, first of all, the stigmatization of
HIV-positive people. Stigma acts as a barrier between HIV-infected people and other parts of
society; it is associated with a ban on certain types of relationships between people (including
in the sexual sphere), a restriction on certain types of roles for PLHIV (for example, the role of
mother).

For a more detailed disclosure of the features of social work with PLHIV and highlighting the
steps and actions of a social worker in the process of social support, we analysed regulatory
and legal documents in the field of protection of the rights of PLHIV, information sources
about the activities of organisations.

The effectiveness of outreach work and the introduction of Peer-to-Peer technology should be
noted. Social work is intensively carried out by outreach workers in the places where the target
group is most achievable. For social work on the street with injecting drug users and women
involved in the provision of sexual services, mobile points are most often used, in which
primary medical care, testing, psychological counselling, and preventive conversations are
provided, taking into account the individual characteristics of a person.

Kyrgyzstan is also witnessing the development of partnerships between state institutions and
non-governmental organisations, support for non-profit projects by executive bodies of state
power, as well as the acquisition of NGO services as part of the implementation of a state order.
It should also be noted that partnerships have been established between PLHIV clients and
employees, providing them with social services. This is the result of the systematic professional
development of medical and social workers and the development of a humanistic approach to
work. The role of social workers in Kyrgyzstan also lies in the context of changing public
opinion, the formation of tolerance for HIV-positive people in society, as well as the
mobilisation and activation of people involved in the problem.

The conducted research: literature analysis, interviews with experts, focus groups and
questionnaires among key population groups showed that social work needs well-organised
management, application of an integrated approach, systematic professional development of
social workers, and strengthening of interaction between all bodies responsible for HIV
prevention.

Keywords: social work; case management; people living with HIV; social support; social
stigma

76
Put Workers First: A Social Work Exploration on “Life-Vocation” Skill Empowerment
of Women in the Service Industry
Anna CHEN, Ting ZHAN

Department of Social Work, Central China Normal University

Abstract: Skill sociology regards skills as a social construct, and social work is one of the
diverse skill providers in the skills formation system. In the macroeconomic context where the
digital economy and modern service industry have deeply integrated and become the main
drivers of employment, this paper attempts, through empirical research, to identify practical
avenues within the field of occupational social work that respond to the demands of the times.
Starting from the concept of skills formation in skill sociology, this paper reviews the
complexity of different skill types in service work and the debate on task discretion.
Combining the literature on empowering women in the service industry, this paper establishes
an analytical framework. Using a case study of an occupational social work program providing
employment support to migrant young workers, it explores the mechanisms linking social
work’s development of “life-vocation” skills and the individual and collective empowerment
of women in the service industry. These mechanisms include collaboration in developing
complex vocational skills, re-utilising life skills, and establishing the labour community for
skill formation. The paper suggests that occupational social work should go beyond the
individualistic level of skill formation in the service industry, responding to issues of
vocational skill intensification and the marginalisation of life skills in the digital economy era
at the institutional levels, thus creating comprehensive social solutions to meet the employment
needs of service industry workers in the technological upgrading era.

Keywords: Life skills; vocational skills; skill empowerment; women in the service industry;
occupational social work

以劳动者为本：社会工作对服务业女性的”生活-职业”技能赋权

陈安娜、詹婷

华中师范大学社会工作系

摘要：技能社会学将技能视为一种社会建构，社会工作是技能形成体系中的多元化技能供给主
体之一。互联网与现代服务业深度融合成为吸纳就业的主导力量，为职业社会工作领域开拓了
实践空间。既有研究发现，在以女性为主要从业者的服务工作中，与有形的职业技能相比，无
形的生活技能更复杂、被赋予了更低的价值且自由裁量权更低，但劳动者也会运用自由裁量权
使用生活技能，以获得对劳动过程的控制权。通过一个历时两年的流动青年就业支持社会工作
项目，深入探究社会工作如何在技能知识学习和技能经验积累的连续过程中建构服务业女性的”
生活-职业”技能赋权机制。基于以劳动者为本的价值理念，社会工作建构了服务业女性的”
生活-职业”技能赋权三大机制，包括复杂职业技能协同发展机制、生活技能的再技能化机制

77
以及技能形成的劳动力共同体机制。职业社会工作的”生活-职业”技能赋权行动虽然对服务
业女性形成了个体和群体层面的赋权成效，但未能在组织制度层面抵抗技术升级与技术的男权
文化造成的服务业职业技能内卷化和生活技能边缘化问题。因此，职业社会工作应反思与超越
服务业女性技能赋权的个体主义层次，倡导组织制度层次的服务业女性技能赋权机制，推动以
劳动者为本、具备性别视角的服务业女性技能形成体系。

关键词：生活技能；职业技能；技能赋权；服务业女性；社会工作

78
 平行论坛（八）社会工作发展创新 3
PARALLEL SESSION VIII: INNOVATIONS IN SOCIAL WORK
DEVELOPMENT #3

Retaining Frontline Care Staff in Long Term Care: The Role of Resident Aggression,
Burnout, and Fatigue

Elsie YAN
Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract: The ageing global population has brought about a greater need for long-term care.
Staff shortages and high turnover rates, however, pose great challenges to long-term care
facilities. High turnover not only increases job stress and decreases the quality of care but also
increases labour costs due to additional training for new staff and the loss of productivity. To
better understand the situation and to enhance the retention rate, studies have examined the
factors associated with staff turnover in long-term care facilities. Prominent factors identified
in these studies include burnout, fatigue, neurotic personality, which is positively associated
with job stress and burnout, and self-efficacy, which is associated with work engagement.
Given the close day-to-day interactions between staff and residents, it is likely that residents’
characteristics and behaviours play significant roles in staff turnover intention. Among the
various hostile and resistive resident behaviours, resident aggression may be particularly
challenging to direct care workers. The present study examined the effects of aggression in
residents of long-term care facilities, burnout, and fatigue on staff turnover intention. The
findings will help managers to devise effective measures to retain staff.

Eight hundred nursing assistants were recruited from 70 long-term care facilities using
convenience sampling. The participants were individually interviewed and provided
information about their turnover intention, resident aggression witnessed and experienced, self-
efficacy, neuroticism, burnout, fatigue, and personal and facility characteristics.

Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that the size and organisational practices of
the long-term care facility were not associated with staff turnover intention. Staff who had
spent less time in the industry reported a higher level of turnover intention than those who had
spent a longer time in the industry (beta = -.09, p < .05). Both resident-to-resident aggression
and resident-to-staff aggression were prominent factors associated with a higher level of
turnover intention (beta = .24 and .09, p < .001 and .01, respectively). Participants who reported
burnout symptoms (beta = .06, p < .05) had high levels of acute fatigue and chronic fatigue and
low levels of inter-shift recovery (beta = .19, .09, and -.20; p < .001, .01, and .001, respectively)
and reported higher turnover intention than those who did not report such symptoms.

Staff turnover poses great challenges to staff, residents, and organisations. This study identified
important factors that may help support staff in long-term care facilities. Although the physical
environment of the facility was found to have minimal influence on turnover intention, various
measures may be taken to prevent staff turnover. Among the various factors analysed, resident
aggression was the most important factor associated with turnover intention. Thus, attempts to
retain staff in the industry should address resident aggression, which is detrimental to the
residents and adversely affects the staff. Measures should be taken to diminish resident
aggression. In many cases, resident aggression may represent unmet personal needs, and in

79
such cases, a client-centred approach with tailored care plans for individual residents would be
beneficial. Furthermore, programmes aimed at mitigating staff burnout and fatigue should be
promoted. Person-directed interventions targeted at improving staff skills can effectively
mitigate the effects of stressors by introducing effective coping skills. In-service training that
focuses on capacity building may improve staff’s attitudes, knowledge, and competence in
dementia care, and has the potential to mitigate job stress. A combination of these measures
may be a promising strategy for mitigating burnout and fatigue among nursing assistants. To
promote organisational productivity and improve the quality of work life, flexible schedules
should also be advocated.

Keywords: long term care; staff turnover; resident aggression; burnout; fatigue

80
The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-based Intervention for Chinese Caregivers of Frail
Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Zoe Jiwen ZHANG, Herman Hay Ming LO

Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract: Frailty refers to multiple syndromes of physical disabilities and accumulations of

deficits related to ageing (Lo et al., 2022). Individuals aged 65 to 69 have reported a prevalence
of frailty of 22%, which rapidly rises to 44% for individuals aged 85 years old or above
(Rockwood et al. 2011). Studies have reported that caregivers were more likely to perceive
caregiving burden and depression in the process of taking care of care recipients with severe
impairments. Besides, adult children experience family and role conflicts, which also increase
their caregiving burden and cause detrimental impacts on their mental health status (Mello et
al. 2017). In the face of the frailty of older adults, caregivers can adopt multiple coping
strategies, such as problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping, which has been
considered an important factor to be targeted in caregiver intervention (Carretero et al. 2009).

Mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) is an approach to let individuals focus on the present

moment with a non-judgmental attitude, which can be beneficial to help people gain new
awareness and insights into managing their caregiving distress and expressed emotions and
developing healthy coping skills (Kabat-Zinn 1991). Due to the limited studies explaining how
MBI creating changes in distress reaction in the context of caregiving in China, this study
aimed to conduct a clinical trial to examine the effectiveness of MBI on Chinese caregivers of
frail older adults, and also considered coping strategies of caregivers as mediators in affecting
outcomes of caregivers.

This study was designed to be a multi-site three-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT). The
effects of MBI were explored by comparing the effects of MBI (arm1) with the effects of an
ordinary psychoeducation (PSY, arm2) and treat-as-usual (arm3). We tested the results of
participants at pre-intervention (T0), post-intervention (T1), and 6-month follow-up (T2).

According to research aims, this study selected caregiver depression as the primary outcome
variable. The second outcome variables included caregiver burden, family conflicts, perceived
family functioning, anxiety, spiritual well-being, and conflicts between caregivers and care
recipients. Besides, coping strategies, self-efficacy, and experimental avoidance were adopted
as mediators.

Intent-to-treat analyses were conducted, and multiple imputation methods were used to address
the missing data. Both within-group and between-group effects were examined by using t-test,
repeated measures ANOVA, etc. Considering the baseline differences, this study controlled the
age and gender of caregivers and frailty scores in subsequent data analysis. The effect sizes
were analysed and interpreted according to Cohen's views (1988). Data analysis was conducted
by using SPSS version 23.0 and its PROCESS macro.

A total of 78 caregivers were recruited in the final sample, including 68 females and ten males,
with 67 of them aged 50 years old or above. The mean age of frail older adults was 85.31±9.97
years old. After randomization, 29 of the caregivers were assigned to MBI group, 32 to PSY
group, and 17 to the treat-as-usual group.

81
After preliminary analysis, caregivers in MBI group showed significant higher levels of family
relationships (t = -2.047, p = 0.047) and spiritual wellbeing (t =-2.329, p =0.025) compared
with the treat-as-usual group in the post-test. No significant differences were found between
MBI group and PSY group. In the follow-up test, caregivers in MBI group reported a
significant lower level of anxiety compared with PSY group (t = 2.143, p = 0.040), and a
marginal lower level of anxiety compared with the treat-as-usual group (t = 1.961, p = 0.060).
In Time × Group analysis, the score of coping strategies showed a marginally significant
medium effect size (d = 0.773, p = 0.061), indicating a steadily increase of the coping strategies
reported by caregivers in MBI group compared with the decreasing in other two groups across
three time points. No significant differences were reported by caregivers in MBI group in our
within-group analyses.

This study added evidence to the existing literature on the effectiveness of mindfulness-based
intervention in the context of Chinese caregivers of frail older people. According to the
preliminary results, this multi-site, three-arm, randomized controlled trial also provided
comparative results to confirm the benefits of MBI in facilitating family relationships, spiritual
well-being, anxiety symptoms, and coping strategies among caregivers. The low intensity and
proven improvements of the intervention can give directions for developing sustainable
treatment options for family caregivers, healthcare service providers, policymakers, and other
stakeholders (Lo et al., 2022).

In addition, further analysis will explore the mediating roles of coping strategies in MBI, which
facilitates the updating of the existing models of intergenerational caregiving in Chinese culture,
thus improving the family functioning and quality of life of Chinese informal caregivers.

Keywords: family caregivers; frail older adults; mindful-based intervention; randomized

controlled trial; Chinese intergenerational caregiving

References:
Carretero, S., J. Garcés, F. Ródenas, and V. Sanjosé. 2009. “The Informal Caregiver’s
Burden of Dependent People: Theory and Empirical Review.” Archives of Gerontology
and Geriatrics 49 (1): 74–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2008.05.004
Cohen, J. 1998. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Kabat-Zinn, J. 1991: Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to
Face Stress, Pain, and Illness. New York, N.Y: Delta.
Lo, H. H. M., A. Au, W. V. Cho, E. N. S. Lau, J. Y. H. Wong, S. Y. S. Wong, and J. W. K.
Yeung. 2022. “Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Caregivers of Frail Older Chinese
Adults: A Study Protocol.” International journal of Environmental Research and Public
Health 19 (9): 5447. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095447
Mello, J. d., J. Macq, T. Van Durme, S. Cès, N. Spruytte, C. Van Audenhove, and A.
Declercq. 2017. “The Determinants of Informal Caregivers’ Burden in the Care of Frail
Older Persons: a Dynamic and Role-Related Perspective.” Aging & Mental Health 21
(8): 838–843. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1168360
Rockwood, K., X. Song, and A. Mitnitski. 2011. “Changes in Relative Fitness and Frailty
Across the Adult Lifespan: Evidence from the Canadian National Population Health
Survey.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 183 (8): E487–E494.
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.101271

82
The Practice of a Mentoring Service for Children of Incarcerated Parents in Mainland
China: A Contextualized Experience

Chenlin LIAO
Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract: Children of incarcerated parents (COIP) is a marginalised group in Mainland China.

By the year 2005, the official number of CIPs had exceeded 600,000 in Mainland China (Zheng
et al. 2006, as cited in Xia and Lam, 2020). Along with the development of child welfare policy,
some COIPs are qualified recipients of child welfare, which greatly alleviates the financial
stress of their caregivers. Currently, the majority of social services working with COIP vary
from residential care, prison visit supports, and parental education. However, the emotional
needs of COIP are rarely taken note of.

Some practitioners realised that many COIPs are left behind with their grandparents, especially
in rural areas. Unlike commonly noticed left-behind children who can still maintain sustainable
contact with their parents via phone calls, occasional visits, and family reunions during
holidays, most COIPs are not able to have regular and sustainable contact with their parents.
Generally, many COIPs experience the adverse impact of the stigma that is associated with
parental incarceration (Bocknek et al. 2009). A study on CIOP shows that the mental health
status of this group is significantly worse, and they are more susceptible to negative social
interaction (Guo et al. 2013; Guo et al. 2021). When COIP’s actual caregivers (in many cases,
grandparents) are experiencing the challenges of ageing, ensuring COIPs have access to
sustainable emotional support is crucial.

In many countries and areas, mentoring programmes are provided for at-risk youth. A mentor
who offers social support can improve mentees’ behavioural outcomes (Hagen and Myers
2003). A meta-analysis study found (a) youth mentoring programs are effective for youth with
diverse backgrounds (Dubois et al. 2002). Although there is limited research on the impacts of
mentoring programs for COIP in Mainland China, mentoring programs in other countries for
COIP have proved to have positive outcomes that may mitigate some of the risks associated
with their adverse background (Laakso and Nygaard 2012) and the association between the
program and the result of improved positive self-cognitions, reduced internalising behaviour
problems, intentions to use substances and substance use (Stelter et al. 2023).

Inspired by the practices and research in some countries and areas, the group of practitioners
launched a mentoring service for the COIP that they work with in northwestern China. This
ongoing practice is significant due to the following features: first, the mentoring service
constitutes the trinity mode of casework, group work/camp activities, and mentoring service
for COIP; second, compared to the majority of short-term social services that are funded by
the civil administration system in Mainland China, this service aims at nurturing a sustainable
mentor-mentee relationship through voluntary commitment after agency-monitored/supported
service ends; third, the implementation of the service experienced multiple stages of designing,
implementing, tailoring, and re-implementation; these ongoing attempts embodies the “client-
centre” ethic and the value of knowledge that is produced by practitioners rather than
researchers. In the future, the evaluation of this service will provide perspectives on evaluation
methods for ongoing practice in the field. Hopefully, the features of this practice may shed
some light on designing and implementing similar services for youth in need in the context of
Mainland China.

83
Keywords: children of incarceration parents; mentoring service; down-to-top knowledge;
Mainland China

References:
Bocknek, E. L., J. Sanderson, and P. A. Britner IV. 2009. “Ambiguous Loss and
Posttraumatic Stress in School-Age Children of Prisoners.” Journal of Child and Family
Studies 18 (3): 323–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-008-9233-y
DuBois, D. L., B. E. Holloway, Jeffrey C. Valentine, and H. Cooper. 2002. “Effectiveness of
Mentoring Programs for Youth: A Meta-Analytic Review.” American Journal of
Community Psychology 30 (2): 157–197. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1014628810714
Guo, J., S. Chen, and Q. Zhou. “Jiating xianru kunjing dui ertong xinlijiankang de yingxiang
[Impact of Family Predicament on Children's Mental Health：The Case of Parental
Imprisonment].” Renkou yanjiu [Population Research] 45 (1): 114-128.
Guo, X., M. Yang, Y. Lu, T. Geng, and X. Zhang. 2013. “Xinliganyu dui fuxingrenyuan
weichengnianzinu xinlijiankang yingxiang de shijianyanjiu [Experimental Study on
Psychological Intervention of Mental Health among Prisoners’ Minor Children].”
Zhongguo ertongbaojian zazhi [Chinese Journal of Child Health Care] 9: 972-973.
Hagen, K. A., and B. J. Myers. 2003. “The Effect of Secrecy and Social Support on
Behavioral Problems in Children of Incarcerated Women.” Journal of Child and Family
Studies 12 (2): 229–242.
Laakso, J., and J. Nygaard. 2012. “Children of Incarcerated Parents: How a Mentoring
Program Can Make a Difference.” Social Work in Public Health 27 (1-2): 12–28.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2012.629892
Stelter, R. L., K. N. Stump, J. E. Rhodes, and J. B. Kupersmidt. 2023. “A Randomized
Controlled Trial of Enhanced Mentoring Program Practices for Children of Incarcerated
Caregivers: Assessing Impacts on Youth and Match Outcomes.” Journal of Community
Psychology 51 (8): 3216-3242. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.23017
Xia, L., and C.-m. Lam. 2018. “Where Is Home? The Lived Experiences of Chinese Children
after Their Parents Have Been Incarcerated.” Journal of Social Work Practice. Advance
online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650533.2018.1531836
Zheng, X. ed. 2006. Fuxingrenyuan weichengnianzinu xianzhuangdiaocha [A Survey of The
Children of Prisoners]. Beijing: The Law Press.

84
Navigating the Development of Social Work with Genetics: A Scoping Review and
Narrative Synthesis

Liling ZHU
Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University;
The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong

Abstract: With the rapid development in biomedicine, especially gene technology, the
discussion on the social worker’s role in the genetic setting is still not clearly defined. How
historically did social work as a professional respond to genetic biology development? What
is the relationship between different inheritance model and social work practice? What is the
specific social work field that needs to be further explored with the consideration of genetics?
A scoping review was conducted in order to summarise the relationship between social work
and genetics and further identify the field that is worth further exploration. Five databases were
selected, including Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, Embase and Airiti Library 華藝, with
limited results of 52 articles generated by searching. Finally, 22 articles were adopted by
narrative synthesis. The development of social work and genetics could be divided into three
periods, demonstrating that social work scholars have already discussed how genetic
technology development could affect their clients’ psychological and social aspects before
human genome projects. Different inheritance model including single gene, chromosome
aberration, Multifactorial traits and mutations are all discussed by social worker scholars and
practitioners on how the social welfare system could respond to the challenge it brings. The
social worker’s role in the genetic setting includes expanding potential service users,
appropriately referring them to genetic services, changing practice expectations, etc. Social
work as a profession that responds to the clinical application of genetic settings has already
been discussed for a long time. However, it is only maintained at a macro level. Studies on the
middle and micro levels should be conducted to explore how specifically the role that social
workers could play in helping clients with gene defects, which the link between the healthcare
system and the social welfare system could improve their performance to improve our client’s
quality of life.

Keywords: social work; genetics; inheritance; gene; scoping review

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An Interpretive Phenomenological Study on the Experiences of Victim-Survivors in
Convicting Human Traffickers in Region XI

Sheryl R. LOPEZa, Diana Carmella T. LIBRAb, Efren John P. SABADOc

a
Social Work Department, Ateneo de Davao University;
b
Economics Department, Ateneo de Davao University;
c
Sociology Department, Ateneo de Davao University

Abstract: The study is qualitative in paradigm, exploratory in design, and phenomenological

in methodology, utilising in-depth interviews as a means of data collection. Data collection
adhered to the principle of “trans-locality” given the limitations caused by the pandemic. The
study used in-depth interviews to gather accounts, stories, and narratives about the experiences
of the ten (10) victim-survivors in convicting human traffickers in the Davao Region. In the
identification of the respondents, (Department of Social Welfare and Development Reg XI
(DSWD) and the Department of Justice XI (DOJ) served as gatekeepers.

In the Philippines, despite the implementation of RA 9208 in 2003 to combat human trafficking,
women and children remain highly vulnerable; this situation persists despite two decades of
efforts under the Against Trafficking in Persons (ATIP) Law.

The Survivors of trafficking are pivotal in initiating legal action against traffickers. Their
willingness to share their experiences aids law enforcement investigations and prosecutions.
Studies have shown that survivor motivation, mainly to prevent further victimisation,
encourages active participation in legal proceedings. They become potent advocates for justice,
raising awareness and deterring traffickers.

Coordination between social services, legal aid, and law enforcement agencies is vital for
successful litigation of trafficking cases. Such collaboration alleviates survivors’ fears,
ensuring comprehensive support during the legal process and increasing the chances of
successful prosecution. (UNODC 2020)

Legal literacy is crucial for trafficking victims, helping them understand their rights and engage
effectively with the legal system. It empowers them to seek justice, while survivor-centred and
trauma-informed legal literacy training is essential (Qoiriah et al. 2021). Additionally, public
legal awareness aids in the prevention of trafficking.

Facilitating the litigation process in trafficking in persons (TIP) cases involves a multi-pronged
approach. Key mechanisms include the involvement of RIACAT XI Members, various
agencies and stakeholders like law enforcement, legal aid providers, social workers, and NGOs,
offering services such as legal representation and psychological support. Implementing a
victim-centred and trauma-informed approach minimises re-traumatisation and encourages
victim participation. As highlighted by research conducted by Ballucci and Stathakis (2022),
state agents who show empathy and provide client-centred and trauma-informed care support
to victim-survivors can help build their confidence and trust, leading to successful litigation
against traffickers.

Social responsibility is crucial in preventing re-victimisation during legal proceedings.

Furthermore, research has shown that when victims feel that participating in the legal process
will help prevent further victimisation, they are more likely to report their experiences and
cooperate with law enforcement. This can lead to a stronger case against the perpetrator, as

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well as to the prevention of future victimisation (Office of Justice Programs n.d.) A
multidisciplinary team comprising law enforcement, prosecutors, and social workers plays a
critical role in identifying and prosecuting TIP cases—their empathy and support influence
victim participation, fostering trust and successful litigation. Providing victims with safe
shelter, medical care, legal aid, and education is essential for their recovery and well-being.

Government-led initiatives like the Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking (IACAT) in the
Philippines and regional efforts, such as in Region XI, are vital in combatting TIP. These
agencies resolve cases, raise awareness, and provide training to prevent and address TIP
effectively.

Social support is fundamental in addressing human trafficking, aiding victims’ reintegration

into society and reducing their vulnerability. Another report by the International Labour
Organization (ILO) in 2017 highlighted the importance of social support in the successful
prosecution of trafficking cases. Awareness and community empowerment are crucial in
preventing trafficking, while support for victims’ rights and well-being is essential for their
recovery.

Motivation and willingness of TIP victims to engage in the litigation process are critical factors
for successful prosecution. Victims who lack motivation often drop out or settle prematurely,
reducing the success rate. Addressing victimisation’s emotional and psychological impact,
including feelings of guilt and indebtedness, is essential to ensure cooperation with law
enforcement and the legal process. According to a report by the United States Department of
State (USDOS) in 2021, the motivation of trafficking victims to seek justice can be enhanced
by providing comprehensive support services.

Bureaucratic rituals within the legal process can hinder the prosecution of TIP cases, causing
delays and barriers. Streamlined procedures and protocols are necessary to ensure efficient
handling of cases without compromising victims’ rights or the legal process’s integrity.
According to a report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in 2018,
the bureaucratic process is a significant barrier to the prosecution of trafficking cases.

Anthony Giddens’ theory (Giddens 1984; Archer 2007) of agency emphasises that individuals
have the capacity to make choices and take actions within the framework of social structures.
In the context of trafficking in persons (TIP) case litigation, exercising agency involves
survivors actively participating in legal proceedings. This can be facilitated through trust-
building with legal professionals, maintaining a positive outlook, and engaging in
comprehensive support programs. Involving survivors in program development and
implementation ensures their needs are met and aligns with Giddens’ emphasis on individual
agency in shaping circumstances.

The study recommends that the country Implement comprehensive education and awareness
campaigns, Develop and maintain comprehensive and accessible support systems for
trafficking victims with a focus on victim-centred and culturally sensitive services, and
Strengthen cooperation, collaboration, and coordination among different agencies and
stakeholders involved in anti-trafficking efforts. These recommendations collectively
contribute to a holistic and effective response to trafficking in persons, encompassing
prevention, victim support, legal measures, and international cooperation. This study was made
possible through the support of the University Research Council of the Ateneo de Davao
University.

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Keywords: trafficking in persons; victim-survivors; RIACAT XI; Philippines; Davao region;
modern day slavery; prosecution

References:
Ballucci, D., and F. Stathakis. 2022. “Re-Conceptualizing Success: Investigating Specialized
Units Responses to the Sexual Trafficking of Female Victim-Survivors.” Feminist
Criminology 17 (5): 661-683. https://doi.org/10.1177/15570851221114396
Giddens, A. 1984. “The Constitution of Society Outline of the Theory of Structuration.”
http://www.communicationcache.com/uploads/1/0/8/8/10887248/the_constitution_of_so
ciety.pdf
https://www.ovcttac.gov/taskforceguide/eguide/5-building-strong-cases/54-landing-a-
successful-prosecution/the-victim-as-a-witness/.
Margaret Scotford Archer. 2007. Making Our Way through the World: Human Reflexivity
and Social Mobility. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Office of Justice Programs- Office for Victims of Crime: Training and Technical Assistance
Center. n.d. “Causes and Effects of Human Trafficking.” The Victim as a Witness
(Human Trafficking Task Force E-Guide: Strengthening Collaboration).
Qoiriah, N., D. Pajarito, L. Lister, and C. Sumner. 2021. “Supporting Victims and Their
Right to Justice through Victim-Sensitive Courts.” ASEAN-Australia Counter
Trafficking. https://www.aseanact.org/story/victim-sensitive-courts/
U.S. Department of State. 2021. “Trafficking in Persons Report.”
https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/
UNODC. 2018. “Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2018.”
https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-
analysis/glotip/2018/GLOTiP_2018_BOOK_web_small.pdf
UNODC. 2020. “Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2020.”
https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-
analysis/tip/2021/GLOTiP_2020_15jan_web.pdf

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Listening to Indigenous Voices in Philippine Social Work Education and Practice

Leah Mae L. JABILLES

Social Work Department, Ateneo de Davao University

Abstract: This research highlights the voices and experiences of Indigenous leaders and
Indigenous social workers in the context of Philippine social work among Indigenous
communities. The study emphasised the diverse context and experiences of Indigenous leaders,
including Indigenous history, beliefs and practices vis a vis their experiences with social
workers, delivery of services and programmes. The voices of Indigenous social workers reflect
their experiences in applying social work theories and concepts while navigating their
Indigenous identity, beliefs and practices.

The literature revealed that Indigenous voices, paradigms and knowledge have been
marginalised and subjugated within the profession for the longest time (Gray et al. 2013, 25-
39) given the dominance of Western paradigms and models (Hart, 2009, 25-41). It also noted
that Indigenous models of helping in Philippine social work practice are limited. Despite the
long period of engagement with Indigenous Peoples’, such absence can be gleaned even in the
social work education and curriculum (Jabilles 2021, 13).

The study utilised an exploratory research design and employed Constructivist Grounded
theory that privileges the voices of Talaingod Manobos and Indigenous social workers in
sharing their perspectives, realities, and experiences. Constructivist Grounded theory requires
rigorous data collection and analytic processes (Morse et al. 2012, 13-22) in elucidating the
context and nature of the phenomenon and bringing forward the distinct voices of the
Indigenous leaders and Indigenous social workers in this study vis-à-vis navigating the
complexities of the social work profession. More importantly, the Constructivist Grounded
theory “recognises the importance of people as active research participants in shaping and
managing their lives” (Bainbridge et al. 2013, 276).

For the Talaingod Manobos Indigenous leaders, the following are the key findings: Indigenous
connection to Pantaron Range (Ancestral Land or Yutang Kabilin), Reiterating Self-
determination, Concretising Indigenous Way of Helping and Welfare, Manifesting Relations
through Rituals, Recalling experiences with Social Workers. These narratives present the
connection of Indigenous concepts to their Ancestral lands that links to their identity, self-
determination and how Indigenous knowledge and paradigms were developed from this
distinct relationship. The importance of solidarity is manifested by collectivity and community
responsibility. For example, the unique concept of Indigenous self-determination intersects
with the collective, wherein it highlights that everything is interconnected and interrelated and
that it challenges social workers to view this concept from “individual to collective self-
determination” (Jabilles 2021, 198).

For the Indigenous social workers, the key findings are Noting the Intersectionality of
Discrimination, Tasks of being an (Indigenous) Social Worker, needing more Lumad Social
Workers (Indigenous Social Workers) and Drawing out Personal Reflections. These narratives
reflect their distinct experiences of navigating these two worlds within the parameters and
limitations of Philippine social work, where colonial influences are deeply embedded and how
they negotiate their Indigenous identity, beliefs and value systems. Furthermore, the
participants intensely felt the impact of colonisation, marginalisation and discrimination.

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Through these findings, the importance of having a space for the Indigenous voices to be
recognised and acknowledged within the Philippine social work practice and education—
through the Indigenous practice framework that will guide social workers in their respectful
engagements with Indigenous peoples’ communities. This endeavour puts forward the
significant contribution of Indigenous knowledge and paradigms to Philippine social work
theory and practice and calls for the decolonising, culturally relevant and culturally sensitive
practice.

Keywords: Indigenous Peoples; Philippine social work education and practice

References:
Bainbridge, R., M. Whiteside, and J. Calman. 2012. “Being, Knowing, and Doing: A
Phronetic Approach to Constructing Grounded Theory with Aboriginal Australian partners.”
Qualitative Health Research 23 (2): 275-288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732312467853
Gray, M., J. Coates, M. Yellowbird, and T. Hetherington. ed. 2012. Decolonizing Social
Work, 25–39. Surrey: Ashgate.
Hart, M. A. 2010. “Indigenous Worldviews, Knowledge, and Research: The Development of
an Indigenous Research Paradigm.” Journal of Indigenous Voices in Social Work 1(1).
https://doi.org/10.26181/617766e38dab5
Jabilles, L. M. 2021. “Social Work from the South: A Talaingod Manobos Practice
Framework.” PhD thesis, 13 and 198. La Trobe.
Morse, J. M. 2012. “Sampling in Grounded Theory.” In The Sage Handbook of Grounded
Theory, edited by A. Bryant, and K. Charmaz. London: Sage.

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