Case: 1:23-cv-00230-DRC Doc #: 13 Filed: 02/07/24 Page: 1 of 33 PAGEID #: 160

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
WESTERN DIVISION

MICHAEL WASHINGTON,

Plaintiff,
Case No. 1:23-cv-230
v.
JUDGE DOUGLAS R. COLE
CITY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO, et
al.,

Defendants.

OPINION AND ORDER

Plaintiff Michael Washington is the former Fire Chief for the City of

Cincinnati. He has sued Defendant Sheryl Long, the City Manager of the City of

Cincinnati, in her individual and official capacities as well as Defendant City of

Cincinnati, Ohio (the City) asserting a handful of federal and state claims arising

from the firestorm surrounding his public termination from that role. Specifically,

Washington claims that (1) Defendants violated his state and federal due process

rights by failing to afford him pre-termination process and (2) Long’s public

statements and publications immediately following Washington’s termination

defamed him. (Am. Compl., Doc. 7, #71–77). Defendants now move to dismiss the

Amended Complaint in toto. They argue that the due process claims fail for lack of a

cognizable property interest, the declaratory judgment claim is duplicative of the due

process claims, Washington’s defamation claim fails to state a claim for relief, and

Long is immune from suit in her individual capacity. (Doc. 8, #85, 90).
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As explained further below, the Court concludes dismissal is unwarranted.

Washington has alleged a cognizable property interest in his employment under the

City’s charter, which made him removable only “for cause.” Thus, Washington’s due

process claims and attendant demand for declaratory relief premised on the due

process violations clear the 12(b)(6) hurdle. The Amended Complaint also plausibly

states a claim for defamation—but Washington can proceed to the merits of this claim

on only two of the allegedly defamatory statements he identifies in the Amended

Complaint. Finally, Long’s claims of immunity from suit in her individual capacity

fall short at this stage of the litigation.

Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss

for Failure to State a Claim (Doc. 8).

BACKGROUND1

From March 1993 until his termination on March 24, 2023, Washington served

as a member of the City of Cincinnati Fire Department in various roles. (Doc. 7 ¶¶ 7,

9, 27, #63–64, 67). As relevant here, Washington’s last position in the Department

was as Fire Chief—a position to which he was appointed in May 2021. (Id. ¶ 12, #64).

Washington remained in that position for almost two years, allegedly without

complaint, reprimand, discipline, or similar incidents on his record. (Id. ¶¶ 15, 19–

20, 26, #65–67). But in March 2023, Washington’s career went up in smoke. Allegedly

without warning, Long terminated Washington’s employment via a letter of

1 As this matter comes before the Court on a motion to dismiss, the Court must accept the
well-pleaded allegations as true. Bassett v. Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 528 F.3d 426, 430
(6th Cir. 2008). But in reporting the background here based on those allegations, the Court
reminds the reader that they are just that—allegations.

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termination that listed several charges against him.2 (Id. ¶ 27, #67). These charges

asserted that Washington’s termination was due to workplace culture problems, his

failure to be present at a high-rise fire in February 2023, his administration of officer

discipline, issues related to a newly acquired training center, and communication

problems with other city officials. (Id. ¶ 27, #67–68; Doc. 7-3, #81–82). Washington

alleges that in addition to being given no notice about any such issues with his tenure

prior to receiving the letter, he was not “given an opportunity to be heard” on the

charged matters. (Id. ¶ 28, #68). The same day, Long allegedly notified the Mayor

and the members of City Council that Washington was being terminated for cause

because of problems with the workplace environment, obeying orders, and fulfilling

his duties. (Id. ¶¶ 29–30, #68–69). Further inflaming Washington, Long made the

termination and reasons for her decision public via release of a written statement and

2 Washington appended the alleged termination letter to the Complaint, in which letter Long
asserts that she “ha[d] spoken to [Washington] regarding [his] performance several times,”
including of the issues prompting her to terminate his employ. (Doc. 7-3, #81). Because the
letter is expressly referenced in the Complaint and is relied on for the claims Washington
alleges—including claiming that the statements in the letter were actionable defamation,
(Doc. 7 ¶ 83, #76)—the Court may reference this letter even on a motion to dismiss. See
Anderson v. ABF Freight Sys., Inc., No. 1:23-cv-278, 2024 WL 51255, at *1 n.3 (S.D. Ohio Jan.
4, 2024). That said, Long’s statement in the letter that she had conferred with Washington
about the issues leading to his termination conflicts with his allegation that the termination
came without warning. But the Court has an obligation to “construe[] [pleadings] so as to do
justice,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(e), and to draw all reasonable inferences in favor of Washington at
this stage of the litigation, Bassett, 528 F.3d at 430. Considering that mandate, the Court
accepts as true Washington’s allegation that his termination came without warning and
treats, for the purposes of resolving Defendants’ motion to dismiss, Long’s assertion in the
termination letter to the contrary as inaccurately stating what transpired. Mediacom Se.
LLC v. BellSouth Telecomms., Inc., 672 F.3d 396, 399–400 (6th Cir. 2012) (holding that the
district court, in resolving a motion to dismiss, erroneously credited the version of disputed
facts as stated in a settlement agreement—“a self-serving document drafted by the
defendant”—that was incorporated by reference in the Complaint, instead of relying on the
contrary narrative provided by the plaintiff’s well-pleaded factual allegations).

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a television interview. (Id. ¶¶ 31–39, #69–70). Washington claims Long’s actions

painted him (allegedly wrongfully) as “a sexist [individual] who is unfit to lead the

Fire Department.” (Id. ¶¶ 39–41, #70).

So, on April 26, 2023, Washington sued the City, the Mayor, and Long, in her

official and individual capacities. (Doc. 1). Shortly after waiving service, Defendants

moved to dismiss. (Doc. 4). Exercising his right to amend his pleadings once as a

matter of course, Washington filed his Amended Complaint on July 21, 2023. (Doc.

7). In the Amended Complaint, Washington dropped all claims against the Mayor.

Instead, Washington raised four claims for relief: two due process claims, one under

the United States Constitution and the other under Ohio’s, against all Defendants

(Counts I, II);3 a claim for a declaratory judgment under Ohio Revised Code § 2721.01,

et seq., against the City and Long, only in her official capacity, (Count III); and a claim

for defamation against all Defendants (Count IV). (Doc. 7, #71–77).

On August 4, 2023, Defendants moved to dismiss the Amended Complaint.

(Doc. 8). They contend that (1) Washington did not have a cognizable property

interest in his position as Fire Chief, which means his due process and declaratory

3While the Court refers to these as “constitutional claims,” the claim relating to the United
States Constitution actually arises under § 1983, which creates the private cause of action
against a person who violates federal rights when acting under the color of state law.
Williams v. Parikh, No. 1:23-cv-167, 2023 WL 8824845, at *1 n.1 (S.D. Ohio Dec. 21, 2023).
Further, although Defendants did not raise the issue, the Court notes that Ohio’s
Constitution does not create a right of action for money damages, nor is there a state law
equivalent to § 1983. Autumn Care Ctr., Inc. v. Todd, 22 N.E.3d 1105, 1110 (Ohio Ct. App.
2014) (citation omitted). That the Due Course of Law Clause does not create an independent
cause of action does not necessarily foreclose injunctive or declaratory relief—only the latter
of which Washington requested in his Complaint, (Doc. 7, #77)—for violations of that
constitutional provision. Riverside v. State, 2014-Ohio-1974, ¶¶ 31–34 (2d Dist.); Olds v.
Klotz, 3 N.E.2d 371, 374 (Ohio 1936) (affirming the entry of injunctive relief enjoining the
enforcement of a local ordinance that violated the Due Course of Law Clause).

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judgment claims must fail; (2) his defamation claim fails to state a claim for relief;

and (3) to the extent that the claims are not otherwise dismissed, Long, when sued in

her individual capacity, is entitled to immunity from suit under state and federal law.

(Id. at #85). Washington opposed (Doc. 10), and Defendants replied (Doc. 11).

The matter is now ripe for the Court’s review.

LEGAL STANDARD

To survive a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6),

a “complaint must present sufficient facts to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible

on its face.’” Robbins v. New Cingular Wireless PCS, LLC, 854 F.3d 315, 319 (6th Cir.

2017) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim has

facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to

draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct

alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). In assessing plausibility, the

Court “construe[s] the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Bassett

v. Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 528 F.3d 426, 430 (6th Cir. 2008) (cleaned up). But

while well-pleaded allegations are accepted as true, they are just that—allegations.

When a court analyzes a motion to dismiss, it generally must confine its review

to the pleadings. Armengau v. Cline, 7 F. App’x 336, 343 (6th Cir. 2001). That said, a

court may take judicial notice of public records. Bassett, 528 F.3d at 430. And “when

a document is referred to in the pleadings and is integral to the claims, it may be

considered without converting a motion to dismiss into one for summary judgment.”

Com. Money Ctr., Inc. v. Ill. Union Ins. Co., 508 F.3d 327, 335–36 (6th Cir. 2007); Fed.

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R. Civ. P. 10(c). These “written instruments are records falling within a narrowly

defined class of legally significant documents on which a party’s action or defense is

based.” Anderson v. ABF Freight Sys., Inc., No. 1:23-cv-278, 2024 WL 51255, at *9

(S.D. Ohio Jan. 4, 2024) (cleaned up). “As a result, they often create or define legal

rights or obligations, or define or reflect a change in legal relationships.” Id. (cleaned

up). Even so, a court will not credit a document attached to a motion to dismiss that

is not integral to or referenced in the complaint, Bassett, 528 F.3d at 430, or is

otherwise unlike quintessential examples of written instruments—for example, when

the exhibit is unsigned and undated (i.e., lacks “self-verifying qualities”), CFPB v.

Fifth Third Bank, N.A., No. 1:21-cv-262, 2023 WL 7325956, at *3–*4 (S.D. Ohio Sept.

26, 2023).

LAW AND ANALYSIS

As a reminder, Washington’s Amended Complaint raises four claims for relief

(two due process claims, a claim for declaratory judgment, and a defamation claim)

against two defendants—the City and Long (in both her individual and official

capacities). Before diving in, a couple housekeeping items are in order.

First, an official capacity suit is the equivalent of a suit against the officer’s

employer. Williams v. Parikh, No. 1:23-cv-167, 2023 WL 8824845, at *5 (S.D. Ohio

Dec. 21, 2023). Thus, the official capacity claims against Long, the City Manager, are

effectively duplicative of the claims against the City. So the Amended Complaint

levels all four claims against the City—twice over (i.e., against the City itself and

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against Long in her official capacity).4 And it levels three claims (all but Count III

requesting a declaratory judgment) against Long in her individual capacity.

Second, Long claims entitlement to state and federal immunities with respect

to the claims leveled against her in her individual capacity. (Doc. 8, #101–02). But

that issue kicks in only if the Court finds that the applicable claim otherwise states

a viable claim for relief. Spencer v. Jordan, No. 1:22-cv-557, 2023 WL 8455141, at *4

n.7, *5 n.8 (S.D. Ohio Dec. 6, 2023). So the Court will first assess whether any claims

have a sufficient factual foundation in the Amended Complaint to state a claim for

relief and then, at the end, turn to the question of immunity for any remaining claims.

With that, analysis of the claims can commence.

A. Counts I and II – Washington’s Due Process Claims

Washington raises two due process claims—one under the Fourteenth

Amendment of the United States Constitution and one under the Due Course of Law

Clause found in Article 1, Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution. (Doc. 7, #71–74). But,

to the extent that Washington can seek relief for a violation of the Ohio Constitution,

see supra note 3, these two Counts essentially amount to one claim. Under Ohio law,

the legal analysis under the Due Course of Law Clause is “coextensive with the Due

Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.”

State v. Anderson, 68 N.E.3d 790, 794 (Ohio 2016). Per that standard, “[t]o state [a]

procedural due process claim, Plaintiff[] must establish three elements: (1) that [he]

4As for the claims against the City, Defendants do not argue that Long’s actions at issue in
this Complaint should not be imputed to the City itself. As a result, in its analysis in this
Opinion and Order, the Court treats the City as liable and responsible for Long’s actions
without opining on whether a challenge to that legal position would have merit.

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ha[s] a property interest protected by the Due Process Clause; (2) that [he] w[as]

deprived of this property interest; and (3) that the state did not afford [him] adequate

pre-deprivation procedural rights.”5 Cahoo v. SAS Analytics Inc., 912 F.3d 887, 900

(6th Cir. 2019). Defendants contend only that Washington cannot satisfy the first

prong of the analysis as an unclassified employee who has no property interest in his

continued employment as Fire Chief.6 (Doc. 8, #90).

The existence of property interests protected by the Due Process Clause is often

measured by reference to state law—after all, property is by default a creature of

state law in our constitutional structure. Savage v. City of Pontiac, 483 F. App’x 943,

946 (6th Cir. 2012). That said, state law is not the end-all-be-all of property interests,

as “whether a substantive interest created by the state rises to the level of a

constitutionally protected property interest is [nonetheless] a question of federal

constitutional law.” Id. (citation omitted) (emphasis added). “The hallmark of

5 Although Washington’s Amended Complaint makes off-hand references to a lack of

“meaningful post-deprivation process” that would permit him to challenge his termination,
(Doc. 7 ¶¶ 54, 66–67, #72–73), it contains no other non-conclusory allegations permitting the
Court to conclude that Washington meaningfully states a claim for violations of his due
process on account of Defendants’ denial of post-deprivation process. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678
(holding that for a complaint to state a claim for relief, plaintiff must allege “more than an
unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation”). Accordingly, the Court
deems the Complaint to have raised state and federal due process claims premised on
Defendants’ alleged deprivation of only pre-termination process.
6 It was wise for Defendants to limit their argument in that manner. Any argument that
Washington failed to allege that he was deprived of his alleged property interest or that he
was not afforded pre-deprivation procedural rights would be a non-starter. As to the former,
if Washington has a property interest in his position, firing him would constitute a
deprivation. (Doc. 7 ¶ 52, #72). And Washington alleges that he was given no pre-deprivation
notice or hearing (id. ¶ 53, #72)—thereby plausibly alleging a lack of adequate pre-
deprivation process to challenge Long’s termination decision. Cleveland Bd. of Ed. v.
Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 542 (1985) (“An essential principle of due process is that a
deprivation of … property be preceded by notice and opportunity for a hearing.” (cleaned up)).

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property [protected by the Due Process Clause] is an individual entitlement grounded

in state law, which cannot be removed except for cause.” Kaplan v. Univ. of Louisville,

10 F.4th 569, 578 (6th Cir. 2021) (citation omitted). Naturally, this means the Due

Process Clause protects property interests individuals acquire as “public employees

who can [] be fired [only] for cause.” Farhat v. Jopke, 370 F.3d 580, 595 (6th Cir.

2004); Kizer v. Shelby Cnty. Gov’t, 649 F.3d 462, 466 (6th Cir. 2011) (“[P]ublic

employees … not subject to removal at will … have a state-law-created,

constitutionally protectable property interest in maintaining their current

employment.”).

Under this caselaw, the proper question is whether the position of Cincinnati

Fire Chief constitutes a public employment position for which the officeholder, here

Washington, can be fired only for cause. Defendants’ problem is that the answer to

that question is clearly yes. The Charter of the City of Cincinnati—a matter of public

record of which the Court may take judicial notice, Fisher v. City of Cincinnati, 753

F. Supp. 681, 689 (S.D. Ohio 1990)—plainly states that “[a]fter the fire chief has

served six months, he or she shall be subject to removal only for cause[.]” Charter of

the City of Cincinnati, Art. V, § 6 (last amended Nov. 4, 2014), https://perma.cc/FVG9-

RF6A (emphasis added) (reproduced at (Doc. 7-1)). The Amended Complaint alleges

Washington was in his position for nearly two years from May 2021 until March 24,

2023. (Doc. 7 ¶¶ 12, 27, #64, 67). As a Fire Chief with more than six-months’ tenure,

Washington was entitled to the attendant for-cause-removal protections. And under

well-established caselaw, he therefore held a constitutionally protected property

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interest in his continued employment. Savage, 483 F. App’x at 946. As this is the only

challenge Defendants raise, their claim that Washington’s due process claims are

legally insufficient necessarily fail.

Defendants raise three arguments to the contrary. First, Defendants claim

that the Charter labels the Fire Chief as an “unclassified” employee, and that this

label is talismanic, thereby extinguishing any constitutional protections that may

otherwise arise due to the for-cause removal provision. (Doc. 8, #91–94). Second,

Defendants bewilderingly claim that the words “for cause” in the Charter do not

actually mean “for cause” removal—they claim that the term “speaks only to the

process to be afforded” and argue that the mere addition of that process cannot grant

Washington a property right in the position. (Doc. 11, #141–47). And third, citing

Prophett v. City of Cincinnati, No. 1:17-cv-699, 2018 WL 11473295, at *9 (S.D. Ohio

Aug. 3, 2018), they argue that this district court has already determined that the Fire

Chief is an at-will employee under the Charter. (Doc. 8, #92–94; Doc. 11, #143–44).

None of these arguments come close.

Start with the first argument, based on the “unclassified” label. Defendants

are correct that unclassified employees—a legal term of art in Fourteenth

Amendment jurisprudence meaning employees who are terminable at will—generally

do not obtain a property right in their continued employment because

(unsurprisingly) they may be terminated at any time for any reason. Kizer, 649 F.3d

at 466 (defining unclassified employees as those who are terminable at will and

collecting cases finding at-will employees lack a cognizable property interest

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protected by the Due Process Clause in their continued employment). And, yes, the

Charter describes the Fire Chief as an “unclassified civil service” position “exempt

from all competitive examination requirements.” (Charter, Art. V, § 6, Doc. 7-1, #79).

But importantly, it then goes on to state that after six months of service, the Fire

Chief position becomes terminable “only for cause” and details what constitutes cause

justifying termination. (Id. (emphasis added)). There is no more explicit way to

designate the Fire Chief position, when held beyond six months, as a classified (in

the legal-term-of-art sense of the word), for-cause-terminable position. And as

Washington was a Fire Chief entitled to for-cause removal, he possessed a cognizable

property right in his classified (in the legal-term-of-art sense) position protected by

the Due Process Clause.

Against that backdrop, the Charter’s reference to the position as “unclassified”

cannot overcome the fact that, as a matter of substance, the Fire Chief has “an

individual entitlement [to the position] grounded in state law, which cannot be

removed except for cause.” Kaplan, 10 F.4th at 578. As the Supreme Court has

recognized across many contexts, “we must be careful to consider the substance of the

rights state law provides, not merely the labels the State gives these rights or the

conclusions it draws from them. Such state law labels are irrelevant to the federal

question of which bundles of rights constitute property” for federal law purposes.

United States v. Craft, 535 U.S. 274, 279 (2002); cf. Tyler v. Hennepin Cnty., 598 U.S.

631, 638 (2023) (“The Takings Clause does not itself define property. For that, the

Court draws on existing rules or understandings about property rights. State law is

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one important source. But state law cannot be the only source. Otherwise, a State

could sidestep the Takings Clause by disavowing traditional property interests in

assets it wishes to appropriate.” (cleaned up)). Just the same here. The City’s use of

the “unclassified” label cannot overcome the core of Washington’s interest in being

Fire Chief, which “rises to the level of a constitutionally protected property interest.”

Savage, 483 F. App’x at 946. Simply, as a Fire Chief with an excess of six months of

service, he was a for-cause employee who merits due process protections. As a result,

all the cases Defendants cite finding no property interest in truly unclassified (i.e.,

at-will, not for-cause, positions) are inapplicable here.

What about Defendants’ assertion that “for cause” in the Charter “speaks only

to the process to be afforded” to an at-will employee? (Doc. 11, #144). This argument

is meritless. Again, Defendants are correct that merely promising process to an

employee does not create a property interest in one’s continued employment if the

employee remains terminable at will. McClain v. Nw. Cmty. Corr. Ctr. Jud. Corr. Bd.,

440 F.3d 320, 330 (6th Cir. 2006) (“Because McClain may be dismissed without cause,

she … lacks a property interest for federal procedural due process purposes,

notwithstanding the fact that state law provides her some procedural protection.”).

But that is not what the Charter does. The Fire Chief is terminable at will for the

first six months of his tenure. Once those six months pass, the Fire Chief becomes a

vested for-cause position. So, by the Charter’s own terms, Washington was converted

into a for-cause employee. For Defendants’ theory to withstand scrutiny, the Court

would need to pretend that language making the Fire Chief terminable “only for

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cause”—followed by a list of permissible reasons justifying that termination—does

not really mean terminable for cause. (Charter, Art. V, § 6, Doc. 7-1, #79). The Court

will not accede to the linguistic gymnastics needed to justify that reading.

That bring us to Defendants’ final argument that this district court has already

interpreted the Charter to mean that the Fire Chief was an at-will employee in

Prophett v. City of Cincinnati, 2018 WL 11473295, at *9. That is not what Prophett

says. Rather, Prophett involved a due process claim brought by a former Assistant

Fire Chief who, per the Charter, is terminable at-will and who does not expressly

obtain for-cause removal protections after six months. Id.; see generally (Charter, Art.

V, § 6, Doc. 7-1, #79).7

In sum, the City Charter gives Washington a vested, due-process-protected

property interest in his continued employment as Fire Chief. So Defendants’ sole

argument—that he lacks such an interest—fails. And, given the noted parity between

the federal and state due process protections, that means that Counts I and II of the

Amended Complaint both survive Defendants’ motion to dismiss.

B. Count III – Declaratory Judgment

Next, turn to Count III of Washington’s Amended Complaint, in which he

requests a declaratory judgment under Ohio Revised Code § 2721.01, et seq. finding

7Even if Prophett had held that a Cincinnati Fire Chief with more than six months of service
was an at-will employee, the Court would not be bound by that determination. Gilbert v. Nat’l
Emp. Benefit Cos., 466 F. Supp. 2d 928, 933 (N.D. Ohio 2006) (“Under stare decisis, a district
court in this circuit is bound only by opinions of the U.S. Supreme Court and the U.S. Court
of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, while other authority[,] [including decisions within the same
district court,] is advisory”). And considering the clarity with which the Charter establishes
Washington’s vested right in a for-cause employ after he satisfied the six-month service
requirement, the Court would reject out of hand any authority’s contrary interpretation.

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that he is terminable only for cause and that his termination was made without

proper cause. (Doc. 7, #74–75). Citing cases where the federal cause seeking

declaratory relief was bifurcated from an underlying civil action involving largely the

same claims,8 Defendants contend this claim should be dismissed because it is

already fully encapsulated by the due process claims. (Doc. 8, #94–96; see Doc. 11,

#155–56 (arguing that “there is no useful purpose” for the declaratory judgment

claim)). But Defendants misapprehend the value to Washington declaratory relief

may have even if Count III is premised on the same set of facts underlying the due

process claims raised in the Amended Complaint. Resolution of the due process claims

against Washington would resolve only what process was owed to Washington—not

whether he was properly terminated for cause. Doe v. Cummins, 662 F. App’x 437,

445–46 (6th Cir. 2016). And a declaration that Defendants lacked cause to terminate

Washington would serve an independent purpose. It would be an arrow in his quiver

tending to prove that he is entitled to compensatory, not just nominal, damages as

such a determination would undermine a potential defense that the claimed due

process violations wrought no harm because Washington’s termination was otherwise

properly justified. Turner v. City of Lebanon, 818 F.2d 31, No. 86-3149, 1987 WL

37383, at *3–*4 (6th Cir. May 14, 1987) (citing Cary v. Piphus, 435 U.S. 247 (1978),

for the proposition that if a suspension without a pre-suspension hearing is proven to

8 Defendants also cited Quicken Loans Inc. v. United States, in which the district court had
dismissed all other claims in the complaint and was deciding whether to exercise jurisdiction
over the sole remaining claim for declaratory relief. 152 F. Supp. 3d 938, 952–53 (E.D. Mich.
2015). But Quicken Loans is inapposite as the Court finds that Washington’s due process
claims survive dismissal, which means it need not assess whether Washington should be
permitted to maintain an action with only a claim for declaratory relief.

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be otherwise justified, the employee is entitled only to nominal damages); cf.

Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Flowers, 513 F.3d 546, 556–57 (6th Cir. 2008) (holding that a

party properly seeks declaratory relief when such relief would determine the legal or

contractual validity of one party’s actions with respect to the other). That suffices to

permit Washington to seek declaratory relief.

None of Defendants’ arguments for dismissal have merit. First, contrary to

Defendants’ suggestion, (Doc. 8, #96), there is clearly a concrete dispute supporting

jurisdiction over Count III of the Amended Complaint, just as there is a concrete

dispute over the due process claims. (See Doc. 7 ¶¶ 74–78, #75). Second, unlike cases

in which courts were wary of resolving a declaratory judgment claim bifurcated from

the rest of the dispute (usually in state court) given the risk of duplication of efforts,

see, e.g., AmSouth Bank v. Dale, 386 F.3d 763, 784–85 (6th Cir. 2004), here, the entire

dispute is contained in a single cause of action. As another court observed in a similar

context, “[b]ecause the declaratory judgment and [related] claims are based on the

same set of facts, it makes little sense to consider the [related] claim but decline to

hear the declaratory judgment claim.” Q Holding Co. v. Repco, Inc., No. 5:17-cv-445,

2017 WL 2226730, at *3 (N.D. Ohio May 22, 2017). Third, while Defendants contend

“there is no useful purpose in declaring whether there was cause for termination

when Washington had opportunity to demand a hearing and has not alleged that he

did so,” (Doc. 11, #156), that argument is premised on a disagreement with the well-

pleaded factual allegation that Washington “was [not] given an opportunity to be

heard … prior to his termination,” (Doc. 7 ¶ 28, #68). It therefore cannot be credited

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on a motion to dismiss. Fourth, for the same reasons stated above, Defendants’

arguments that dismissal is proper because Washington’s due process claims fail to

state claims for relief lack merit. (Doc. 11, #155; see also Doc. 8, #95). And finally,

Defendants’ last theory in favor of dismissal—that permitting the declaratory

judgment claim to proceed to the merits is the equivalent of entering judgment in

Plaintiff’s favor on that Count, (Doc. 11, #156 (arguing that the Court “would be

forced to [assess the merits of the claims] in the absence of a developed record[,]” so

“[t]here is no useful purpose in issuing a declaratory judgment at this juncture”))—

does not move the needle. The Court has merely found that the well-pleaded

allegations raise plausible due process claims—it has not determined that

Washington is actually entitled to relief (declaratory or otherwise). So Count III

survives dismissal.

C. Count IV – Defamation

On to Washington’s defamation claim. Under Ohio law, to state a claim for

defamation, Washington needs to allege sufficient factual details plausibly to suggest

that Defendants made “(1) a false statement of fact, (2) that was defamatory, (3) that

was published, (4) that the plaintiff suffered injury as a proximate result of the

publication, and (5) that the defendant acted with the requisite intent in publishing

the statement.” Green v. Mason, 504 F. Supp. 3d 813, 829 (S.D. Ohio 2020). Whether

the complained-of statements are actionable is a legal question for the Court to

decide. Id. Because Washington was Fire Chief—a public-facing governmental role—

and all the statements alleged to be defamatory related to his work in that role,

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Washington constitutes a public official for defamation purposes. Cf. Henry v. Collins,

380 U.S. 356, 357 (1965) (treating the Chief of Police as a “public official” in a

defamation action). For a public official, like Washington, to succeed on his

defamation claim, he must prove that the defamatory statements were made with

“actual malice.” N.Y. Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 279–80 (1964).

Washington’s Amended Complaint identifies several statements as

defamatory9: (1) Long’s termination letter, (2) Long’s memorandum to the Cincinnati

Mayor explaining her termination decision, (3) Defendants’ public statement about

Washington’s termination, and (4) Long’s television interview the same day

regarding Washington’s termination.10 (Doc. 7 ¶¶ 27, 30, 33, 36, #67–69; Docs. 7-3, 7-

9Contrary to Defendants’ claim, there is not a single allegation in the Complaint that directly
refers to a so-called “Charge Letter.” (Doc. 8, #97). So not only is the document (attached as
an exhibit to Defendants’ Motion) that purports to be that so-called “Charge Letter” not
properly considered at this stage of the litigation (it is unsigned, not on official letterhead,
and otherwise lacks “verifying attributes” akin to other valid written instruments that can
be considered even when they are outside the Complaint), Fifth Third Bank, 2023 WL
7325956, at *3–*4, but it also cannot reasonably be considered incorporated by reference in
the Complaint—let alone referenced at all. Bassett, 528 F.3d at 430.
10 As noted above, the Court may review the alleged actionable defamation itself whether or
not it is attached to the Complaint, so long as there is no reasonable dispute over the veracity
of the document itself. See supra note 2; Anderson, 2024 WL 51255, at *1 n.3. That means,
the Court may review the contents of Long’s termination letter (Doc. 7-3) and Long’s
memorandum to the Mayor (Doc. 7-4). Whether the Court may consider the exhibit attached
to Defendants’ Motion purporting to be the press release Washington alleges is defamatory
is a close question. The document is dated, has the City of Cincinnati’s logo, and looks like a
standard press release. (See Doc. 8-4, #115–16). But the Court could not find the statement
itself on the City’s website, as Defendants suggested, CFD Responsive Documents, City of
Cincinnati (last visited Jan. 23, 2024), https://perma.cc/2JMM-S9MX (stating that “th[e] page
is currently unavailable”), and Washington has not conceded that the exhibit Defendants cite
is in fact the statement to which he refers. Cf. Fifth Third Bank, 2023 WL 7325956, at *3–*4
(declining to consider a document attached as an exhibit filed in addition to the answer
because it “contain[ed] few verifying attributes” and risked “unfair surprise” to the plaintiff
who might wish to challenge the document by “supplement[ing] his … complaint with
rebuttal evidence”). All the same, the Court need not resolve that issue. That is because

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4). Defendants object that none of these statements constitute actional defamation

because they contend that (1) some of the statements constitute non-actionable

statements of opinion, (2) some lack sufficient factual context to assess whether they

are false or defamatory, and (3) Washington has not alleged actual malice.

For all four allegedly defamatory statements, publication is easily satisfied. All

the allegedly defamatory statements, whether posted on the City’s website or

reported via television interviews, were published to the public and to the Mayor via

several media formats. (Id. ¶¶ 29, 32–33, 35–36, #68–69). So that leaves whether the

statements were false, defamatory, injurious, and made with actual malice.

1. Falsity

Start with falsity. Under this prong of the defamation analysis, the Court must

assess whether the statement is one of fact or one of opinion. Mehta v. Ohio Univ.,

958 N.E.2d 598, 608 (Ohio Ct. App. 2011). This requires the Court to ask “whether a

reasonable reader will perceive the statement as a fact or an opinion,” id., and

requires the Court to assess “the specific language used, whether the statement is

Washington’s Complaint makes clear he objects to only one statement in that release:
“Long[’s] state[ment:] ‘I want to be clear that I do not tolerate discriminatory, hostile, or
unfair working environments in any City department.’” (Doc. 7, ¶ 33, #69). So the Court will
consider only whether that statement is defamatory. For similar reasons, while the Court
would likely be permitted to review the YouTube video purporting to be Long’s television
interview with WLWT5 that Washington claims is defamatory, Bailey v. City of Ann Arbor,
860 F.3d 382, 386 (6th Cir. 2017), the Court will confine its review only to the two statements
expressly detailed in the Complaint that spark Washington’s ire: Long’s assertion that “she
‘does not put up with discriminatory, disrespectful, or unfair working environments’” and
that Washington was given “a resource and a tool to help reset the culture of the department
and he did not take that seriously,” (Doc. 7 ¶¶ 36–37, #69–70). See Richard v. Watkins, No.
18 C 06517, 2019 WL 6487379, at *5 n.5 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 3, 2019) (“[The] complaint also
contains a link to the video … [but] [t]he court will not take upon itself the obligation to watch
the video and interpret its import” outside of those allegations in the complaint itself.).

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verifiable, [and] the general context of the statement,” Vail v. the Plain Dealer Publ’g

Co., 649 N.E.2d 182, 282 (Ohio 1995). Each of the statements Washington highlights

in the Amended Complaint is assessed in turn.

Long’s termination letter constitutes a falsifiable statement of fact. To begin,

a letter of termination is the type of context in which assertions about those facts

motivating the letter itself are taken seriously as objective descriptions of what

happened. Cf. Mehta, 958 N.E.2d at 611–12 (finding a press release about allegations

of plagiarism likely to be treated as carefully constructed objective report rather than

a statement of opinion). After all, Long sought to explain the cause justifying her for-

cause removal decision—that evokes a sense of formality and would lead a reader

reasonably to trust the letter’s contents as being recitations of facts, not opinions.

Admittedly, Long peppered the letter with some of her opinions of Washington. But

given its purpose is to explain the termination, the letter is naturally framed to “imply

that [Long] has first-hand knowledge [of the events disclosed] t[o] substantiate[] the

opinions [s]he asserts.” Vail, 649 N.E.2d at 186. For example, Long claims that

Washington did not implement a workplace culture plan, blamed staff for the failure

to do so, and had taken no actions regarding workplace culture, (Doc. 7 ¶ 27, #67;

Doc. 7-3, #81)—all verifiable statements that either did or did not happen. Similarly,

Long asserts that Washington blamed subordinates for his failure to be present for a

fire and disobeyed directives regarding disciplining a subordinate by not contacting

an HR director and not involving Long in the determination of what discipline was

appropriate. (Doc. 7 ¶ 27, #67–68; Doc. 7-3, #81–82). Again, one could prove whether

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these events did or did not happen. Long’s gloss on these actions (or inactions) as

creating the impression of incompetence and mismanagement might alone constitute

protected opinion. But when made in a formal termination letter in connection with

concrete examples supposedly justifying her opinion, the statements are legally

verifiable and therefore falsifiable. Mehta, 958 N.E.2d at 609.

This analysis compels the same result for Long’s memorandum to the Mayor

explaining her termination decision. A review of the letter reveals specific examples

of misconduct (e.g., “multiple women have come forward with concerns about the

workplace environment,” Washington “never moved forward” with the climate

assessment) that support her bottom-line conclusion that “Washington has proven to

be an ineffective leader who is unwilling to take ownership for his decisions.” (Doc. 7-

4, #83). And just as before, the verifiable actions alleged to have occurred anchor the

statements of opinion and thereby support the Court’s conclusion that the statement

is actionable. In context, Long’s memorandum (incidentally labeled “For Your

Information”) purports to represent to the Mayor exactly what happened with

Washington to explain why she took the action that she did. Mallory v. Ohio Univ.,

2001-Ohio-8762, at *5–*8 (10th Dist.) (holding that statements made by an employee

of the defendant in an article, which implied that she was privy to specific details of

a sexual assault the plaintiff allegedly perpetrated, constituted actionable

defamation, even though the statements were surrounded by the occasional opinion

statement). And that the letter was written to provide context and to explain Long’s

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actions means a reader would reasonably conclude that Long was reporting the facts

as they happened, not peddling her opinion. Mehta, 958 N.E.2d at 611–12.

The same cannot be said about either the excerpts from the press release

statement or those from Long’s interview with WLWT5 to which Washington objects.

Start with Long’s assertion in the press release that “I want to be clear that I do not

tolerate discriminatory, hostile, or unfair working environments in any City

department.” (Doc. 7 ¶ 33, #69). While the statement (given its context in a press

release about Washington’s termination) implies Long believes Washington created

a hostile workplace environment to which she objects, it is clearly a statement of

opinion. Long frames the entire statement about her views of the world and the

proper functioning of a City departments, (id. (“I do not tolerate …”)). Scott v. News-

Herald, 496 N.E.2d 699, 707–08 (Ohio 1986) (explaining that general statements

outlining a person’s belief as to the ideal characteristics of an employee in a workplace

paired with language equivalent to “I think” strongly suggest the statement is one of

opinion rather than fact). Without any additional meaningful allegations about other

statements made in the press release, the lack of any reference to Washington in the

sentence reinforces the Court’s conclusion that Long asserted an opinion—not a

statement of fact. See Vail, 649 N.E.2d at 186 (concluding that a value-laden

statement that creates only a veiled suggestion that its subject is mendacious is

properly deemed a statement of opinion, not of fact).

And Long’s assertions during her television interview that “she ‘does not put

up with discriminatory, disrespectful, or unfair working environments’” and that

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Washington was given “a resource and a tool to help reset the culture of the

department and he did not take that seriously” likewise are quintessential examples

of statements of opinion. (Doc. 7 ¶¶ 36–37, #69–70). They again speak to Long’s view

of the ideal workplace and describe a nebulous perception she has that Washington

was not “serious” about workplace culture. Rothschild v. Humility of Mary Health

Partners, 840 N.E.2d 258, 266 (concluding that a description of a doctor as “lazy” is a

standardless descriptor that is not verifiable or “amenable to objective proof or

disproof”). Again, without additional factual context grounding these assertions—

assertions that are not themselves verifiable—the objected-to statements are merely

non-actionable opinion statements. See Vail, 649 N.E.2d at 186.

So Washington has plausibly alleged that Long’s termination letter and

memorandum to the Mayor are potentially actionable statements of fact. And he has

rounded out this element of his defamation claim by alleging that the statements are

false. (Doc. 7 ¶ 84, #76). Namely, Washington concretely alleges that (1) having not

been previously warned about the stated reasons he was relieved of duty, he was

blindsided by his termination; (2) there was no documentation substantiating Long’s

claim that Washington failed to implement a workplace culture program regarding

violence against women in the workplace; (3) he had not disobeyed Long’s orders; and

(4) there had never been any accusation that the Fire Department was an unfit

workplace environment under Washington’s watch, (id. ¶¶ 19–20, 26–27, 30, 34, 83–

84, #65–69, 76). These well-pleaded factual details permit the Court to draw the

reasonable inference that Long’s statements are in fact false.

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Defendants object that the letter and the memorandum are not falsifiable by

highlighting only the stray assertions of opinion in those documents and by claiming

that Long’s publishing all relevant facts means she must have been stating an

opinion. (Doc. 8, #99–100; Doc. 11, #150 (arguing that “[t]he only logical inference to

be drawn from” Long’s public disclosure of all documents supporting her statements

is that her statements were opinions because she “had no additional undisclosed facts

to support her opinion”)). Neither objection has merit.

Defendants err when they fixate on the occasional statements of opinion in

Long’s letter and memorandum. That disregards the several factual assertions about

what actions Washington did or did not take in his role as Fire Chief Long used to

ground her conclusions about Washington’s character and capability as a leader at

the helm of the Fire Department. Mehta, 958 N.E.2d at 609–10 (explaining that when

opinion statements or conclusions are tied to verifiable assertions about what events

took place the statements are likely to be actionable because the author implies that

his personal knowledge of those events can be measured against reality).

Defendants also misapprehend the import of Long’s disclosure of all relevant

facts. A statement falsely describing a stop sign as blue, when in actuality it is red,

would be no less false even though the author provided the reader with all necessary

detail about the location of the street corner, what houses were in the area, and what

angle you needed to look at the sign to see what color it was. Disclosure of all relevant

facts is not indicative of opinion—after all, the disclosing party could just as easily lie

about those details. The cases Defendants cite merely explain that when an author

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implies he has no special knowledge or first-hand experience with the relevant events

he is describing, a reader will “normally presume that there is no specific factual

content to support the statement.” Rothschild, 840 N.E.2d at 266. In contrast, Long’s

statements in her letter and memorandum evince personal, intimate knowledge with

the factual situation she describes. She “represents that [s]he has private, first-hand

knowledge which substantiates the opinion [s]he expresses.” Scott, 496 N.E.2d at 707

(citation omitted). And that personal knowledge lends credence to the validity of her

statements of fact and corresponding gloss on how to interpret Washington’s alleged

actions—hence, why courts treat such statements as actionable. Id. (explaining that

such opinions grounded in assertions of fact premised on specialized first-hand

knowledge are “as damaging as an assertion of fact” (citation omitted)).

Because Defendants’ objections to the termination letter and memorandum to

the Mayor fail to persuade that such statements are not falsifiable, both remain as

potentially viable actionable statements to support Washington’s defamation claim.11

11Washington’s briefing makes general arguments that all statements are verifiable and are
made in a context where the recipient would understand Long to be making assertions of
fact. (see Doc. 10, #128–30). Yet Washington at no point attempts to explain why the
allegations actually in his Complaint provide sufficient context for the Court to conclude that
the objected to statements in Long’s press release and her interview with WLWT5 constitute
verifiable, actionable statements. That is fatal to Washington’s arguments. And as noted
above, the Court declines to do its own independent review of the full interview to hypothesize
about what else Washington deems objectionable, see supra note 10—it is not for the Court
to conjure up the relevant details to fabricate a claim for the plaintiff. Changizi v. Dep’t of
Health & Hum. Servs., 82 F.4th 492, 498 & n.7 (6th Cir. 2023) (“This would be a different
case if, for example, additional facts were alleged … . But as befits this stage of the litigation,
our review is confined to the allegations as they appear in the complaint.” (emphasis added)).

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2. Defamatory

Next, the Court must assess if the statements are defamatory. “A statement is

defamatory if it reflects injuriously on a person’s reputation, or exposes a person to

public hatred, contempt, ridicule, shame or disgrace, or affects a person adversely in

his or her trade, business or profession.” Holtrey v. Wiedeman, 221 N.E.3d 284, 295

(Ohio Ct. App. 2023) (cleaned up). Defendants do not argue that either the

termination letter or the memorandum to the Mayor is not defamatory. (See Doc. 8,

#99–100). And it is easy to see why. A review of the assertions about Washington’s

refusal to support workplace culture and initiatives related to women in both the

letter and the memorandum reasonably suggest to the reader that he should conclude

that Washington could not be bothered to contain the hostility and sexism allegedly

running rampant in the Fire Department. (Doc. 7-3, #81; Doc. 7-4, #83). Similarly,

Long’s statements detailing his failure to manage the Fire Department effectively, to

take responsibility as a leader, and to follow orders all suggest Washington was an

incompetent and incapable leader. (Doc. 7-3, #81–82; Doc. 7-4, #83). Those personal

and professional attacks culminating in Washington’s termination are defamatory.

Knowles v. Ohio State Univ., 2002-Ohio-6962, ¶¶ 25–26 (10th Dist.) (concluding that

statements about the vice provost of the defendant university that claimed he

mismanaged the office and had harassed individuals associated with the school, were

defamatory as they “tend[ed] to injure plaintiff’s professional reputation”). So this

element is easily met by the two actionable statements alleged in the Amended

Complaint.

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3. Injurious

Though Defendants do not contest that Washington has sufficiently alleged

that he was injured or suffered damages as a result of the statements Long made, the

Court notes, for the sake of completeness, that Washington was clearly harmed by

the statements. As explained above, taking the Amended Complaint in the light most

favorable to Washington, Long’s statements are defamatory because they plainly

characterize him as not only an incompetent and incapable Fire Chief, but as one who

permitted a sexist and hostile work environment to persist. (Doc. 7 ¶¶ 38–39, 84, #70,

76). And considering Long’s termination letter and memorandum to the Mayor were

written for the purpose of putting the nail in the coffin of Washington’s career at the

Fire Department in the eyes of his superiors (as well as the general public), the plain

meaning of these defamatory statements necessarily “tend[ed] to injure [Washington]

in his trade or occupation.” Holtrey, 221 N.E.3d at 295 (cleaned up). Under Ohio law,

such public statements marring Washington’s reputation and intending to invoke

derision are categorized as defamatory per se—actionable statements for which

“damages are presumed.” Id. at 296; Knowles, 2002-Ohio-6962 at ¶ 24 (defining

defamation per se as statements “of such a nature that courts can presume as a

matter of law that they tend to degrade or [to] disgrace the person of whom they are

written or spoken, or [to] hold him up to public hatred, contempt or scorn” (citation

omitted)). So this element is satisfied for the actionable statements alleged.

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4. Actual Malice

That leave actual malice. The Supreme Court has defined actual malice as

publication “with knowledge that [the defamatory statement] was false or with

reckless disregard of whether it was false or not.” Sullivan, 376 U.S. at 280. This

element, especially in light of this Court’s finding that the two actionable statements

are alleged to be false statements of fact, is easily inferred from the Amended

Complaint. Everything encompassed in Long’s statements in her termination letter

and memorandum to the Mayor would be directly within her knowledge. Namely, the

defamatory statements spoke to interactions between Washington and Long or

Washington and her office, the latter of which would have affected Long’s day-to-day

duties (e.g., her office’s aiding the acquisition of a new fire department training center

or her staff’s inability to contact Washington, (Doc. 7 ¶ 27, #67–68)). As a result, it is

“at least plausible that [Long]’s statements about [Washington]’s conduct, if in fact

false, were knowingly so. The allegations of knowing falsity thus create the plausible

inference of actual malice[.]” Green, 504 F. Supp. 3d at 832.

Defendants object that Washington’s Amended Complaint contains only the

conclusory allegation that Long published the statements maliciously. (Doc. 11, #148

(citing Doc. 7 ¶ 85, #76)). It is true that Washington includes a conclusory allegation

about Long’s state of mind. But, as noted above, the allegedly defamatory statements

themselves relate to and suggest Long’s personal knowledge of Washington’s actions.

And that permits the Court to draw a reasonable inference that, if the assertions are

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proven to be false, they were made knowingly so. Green, 504 F. Supp. 3d at 832. That

is more than enough to make out the final element of Washington’s defamation claim.

* * *

Putting that all together, it is clear Washington has plausibly alleged a

defamation claim to the extent that it is based on the only two actionable statements

alleged in the Amended Complaint—Long’s termination letter and her memorandum

explaining the termination decision to the Mayor. So the Court also concludes that

Washington’s defamation claim survives dismissal.

D. Immunities

As the Court’s analysis has made clear, all four claims Washington raises are

viable despite Defendants’ arguments that they failed to state a claim for relief (which

means those claims as raised against the City and Long in her official capacity will

not be dismissed). But that leaves one smoldering legal issue: whether Long is

immune to the individual-capacity claims. Those claims, which otherwise state a

claim for relief, are the two due process claims (Counts I, II), and the defamation

claim (Count IV). (Doc. 7, #71–74, 75–77). Defendants claim Long is entitled to both

qualified immunity and immunity under Ohio Revised Code § 2744.03. But as

Washington rightly points out, qualified immunity can apply (if Long is entitled to it

at all) only to the federal due process claim brought under § 1983. Williams v. Godby,

732 F. App’x 418, 424–25 (6th Cir. 2018). And similarly, Washington rightly observes

that Ohio’s state law immunity cannot prevent Long’s liability for his federal law

claim. Martinez v. California, 444 U.S. 277, 284 n.8 (1980).

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So the Court evaluates whether Long is entitled to qualified immunity for

Washington’s federal due process claim. And then it turns to whether Long is immune

under Ohio law from the state due process and defamation claims.

1. Qualified Immunity

When a defendant raises a qualified immunity defense at the motion-to-

dismiss stage, “a plaintiff must plausibly allege facts showing (1) that the official

violated a statutory or constitutional right, and (2) that the right was clearly

established at the time of the challenged conduct.” Marvaso v. Sanchez, 971 F.3d 599,

605 (6th Cir. 2020) (cleaned up). “This is a low bar, given that granting qualified

immunity at the motion to dismiss stage is usually disfavored.” Id. Washington has

more than satisfied this standard here. As explained above, Washington has

plausibly alleged that Long violated his due process rights by terminating him from

his for-cause position as Fire Chief without a pre-termination hearing. See supra Part

A. That is enough for the first prong of the qualified immunity analysis. And the right

is clearly established because this is a simple application of the consistent line of

cases recognizing that “[f]or public employees who can only be fired for cause, the

Supreme Court has held, specifically, that a pretermination proceeding is required.”

Farhat, 370 F.3d at 595. Given Washington was a public employee removable only

for cause, Long’s decision to end Washington’s employment allegedly without notice

or a hearing flouted clearly established Sixth Circuit and Supreme Court precedent.

Qualified immunity is improper at this stage of the litigation.

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Defendants’ arguments to the contrary do not carry the day. Defendants first

contend that Washington fails the first prong of the qualified immunity analysis

because the Amended Complaint fails to state a viable due process claim for relief.

(Doc. 8, #101). But that merely reiterates arguments the Court rejected above. See

supra Part A. Defendants’ second argument fares no better. Defendants argue that

the right at issue is not clearly established because their (erroneous) interpretation

of Prophett supports their (mistaken) contention that Washington had no property

interest in his continued employ as Fire Chief. (Doc. 11, #153). As explained, Prophett

involved an assistant fire chief who was not afforded the for-cause removal

protections to which Washington was entitled. See supra Part A. That renders

Prophett inapposite on the facts here, not only on the merits but also as to qualified

immunity. Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 12 (2015) (requiring cases proffered as

factually analogous “to speak [] to the specific circumstances” at bar for the clearly

established prong of qualified immunity).

So qualified immunity is no bar to Washington’s federal due process claim

against Long in her individual capacity. That claim survives dismissal.

2. State-Law Immunity

Under state law, city employees are immune from liability “unless (a) the

employee’s acts or omissions were manifestly outside the scope of the employee’s

employment or official responsibilities, (b) the employee’s acts or omissions were with

malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner, or (c) liability is

expressly imposed upon the employee by another section of the Revised Code.”

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Copeland v. Cincinnati, 825 N.E.2d 681, 685 (Ohio Ct. App. 2005) (citing Ohio Rev.

Code § 2744.03(A)(6)). Long was acting as a city employee—exercising her authority

as City Manager to act with respect to a subordinate, the Fire Chief. (Doc. 7-4, #83

(“As City Manager …”)). And Washington’s claims arise under the Ohio Constitution

(due process) and Ohio common law (defamation), rather than the Ohio Revised Code.

So Long is immune from suit unless her actions were taken “with malicious purpose,

in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner.” Ohio Rev. Code § 2744.03(A)(6)(b).

Taking the allegations in the light most favorable to Washington, he has

sufficiently alleged Long’s state of mind to overcome state-law immunity. As for his

termination without due process, Washington alleges he was afforded none of the

required process—notice or a termination hearing. (Doc. 7 ¶ 65, #73). And this

deprivation occurred despite Long’s acknowledgment that Washington was not

permitted to be removed save for cause and an opportunity to be heard. (Doc. 7-3, #82

(acknowledging in the termination letter that “[p]er the language in the City Charter,

[Washington] ha[d] the right to demand … an audience with [Long] to [air] [his]

defense”); Doc. 7-4, #83 (“I terminated Michael Washington’s employment with the

City of Cincinnati, for cause.”)). Long’s express knowledge of Washington’s due

process rights and direct disregard for those rights lays a sufficient foundation from

which the Court may reasonably infer that Long acted maliciously and in bad faith.12

12Recall that Long’s assertions in her letter that she afforded him both notice (i.e., “I have
spoken to you … several times.”) and the opportunity to be heard (i.e., “you have the right to
demand … an audience”), (Doc. 7-3, #81–82), will not be credited as proof that Washington
was in fact given notice and a hearing. See supra note 2; Mediacom Se., 672 F.3d at 399–400.
Rather, those assertions are best understood on a motion to dismiss as representations Long

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Copeland, 825 N.E.2d at 685–86 (concluding that employees were not immune from

suit given the allegations of recklessness—the employees were alleged to have failed

to prevent sexual assault of a child despite prior knowledge that the child had special

needs and had faced abuse before). And with respect to the allegedly defamatory

statements in the termination letter and the memorandum to the Mayor, the Court

already determined that the Amended Complaint plausibly alleges that the

statements were made with actual malice. See supra Section C.4. Based on

Washington’s allegations, Long claimed that certain events, of which she would have

had personal knowledge, happened when they did not. (Doc. 7 ¶ 84, #76). And this

express disregard for the truth, of which she was aware, lays a proper evidentiary

foundation from which to infer Long’s bad faith and malice—she allegedly tarnished

Washington’s public reputation and used false assertions about his supposed

misconduct as a basis to remove him from his post. Morelia Grp.-DE, LLC v.

Weidman, 2023-Ohio-386, ¶¶ 29–33 (1st Dist.) (explaining that “malice” in

§ 2744.03(A)(6)(b) is defined as intentionally harming another via unlawful conduct).

As with their objection to whether Washington had sufficiently alleged actual

malice, see supra Section C.4, Defendants disagree with this outcome by arguing that

Washington’s Amended Complaint contains only the conclusory allegation that

Long’s actions were malicious. (Doc. 11, #154 (citing Doc. 7 ¶¶ 68, 85, #73, 76)). The

Court repeats what it explained above. It is true that Washington includes conclusory

made to justify her actions despite not having acted as she claimed she did. A different rule
of decision would permit any public employer to immunize itself from suit simply by claiming
in a self-serving termination letter (without additional substantiation) that the terminated
employee’s rights were not violated during the termination process.

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allegations about Long’s state of mind. But, as explained in detail, there are other,

non-conclusory factual allegations from which Long’s malice may be inferred—

allegations that Long (1) expressly disregarded Washington’s due process rights by

acknowledging the procedures required for termination but not providing them and

(2) published false statements despite her personal knowledge that the contrary

occurred. Those allegations suffice for Washington to overcome the state-law

immunity question at the motion-to-dismiss stage.

Simply, Long’s claim that she is immune from the state-law claims leveled

against her in her individual capacity also lacks merit at this stage of the litigation.

Thus, neither state law claim (defamation or due process) will be dismissed.

CONCLUSION

Washington has validly pleaded claims for state and federal due process

violations, defamation, and entitlement to declaratory relief. Furthermore, based on

the allegations in the Amended Complaint, Long cannot rely on either qualified or

state-law immunity to extinguish the individual-capacity claims against her.

Accordingly, the Court DENIES Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss for

Failure to State a Claim (Doc. 8).

SO ORDERED.

February 7, 2023
DATE DOUGLAS R. COLE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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