Cestodes

Diphyllobothrium Echinococcus Hymenolepis Hymenolepis Dipylidium

Taenia solium Taenia saginata Raillietina sp.
latum granulosus nana diminuta caninum
Fish Tapeworm Pork Tapeworm Beef tapeworm Taenia Dwarf Tapeworm Rat Tapeworm Double pored dog
Broad Tapeworm Armed Tapeworm Unarmed echinococcus tapeworm
Common Name of Man tapeworm of Man Hyatid worm Taenia canina
Dog tapeworm

Dibothriocephalu Taeniasis Taeniasis saginata Unilocular

s Pork Tapeworm Beef tapeworm echinococcus
Fish Tapeworm Infection infection Echinococcus
infection disease
Disease
Broad taperworm Hyatid disease
infection

Regions with Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan Worldwide Worldwide more found in dogs and
fresh water fish *prevalent in *prevalent in *prevalent in mainly among common among cats, human cases
countries where countries where sheep raising children children in poor reported in
Geographical raw or raw beef is eaten country communities Philippines
Distribution insufficiently PHL-8%
cooked pork is prevalence
consumed

3-10 meters 2-8 meters 4-10 meters 3-6 mm 25-45mm 10-60cm 20-40cm (10-
Length
70cm)
no. of 3000-4000 800-1000 1000-2000 up to 200 800-1000 175 proglottids
proglottids proglottids
Reproductive both male and both male and both male and both male and both male and both male and both male and
system female female female female female female female
A
yellowish grey white and semi- pale reddish
d
Color transparent
u
l
has Dark Central delicate
t
markings due to
Strobila egg-filled uterus

20 years 25 years 25 years Short life span - 2

Life span
weeks
spoon-shaped globular (1-2 mm in pyriform Subglobular Small, rounded Small and
shape/size spatulate diamter) globular
almond-shape rhomboid
2 slit-like grooves 4 cup-shaped Quadrate, 4- 4 suckers 4 suckers 4 suckers 4 oval suckers 4 suckers
(suctorial) called suckers suckers *4 deeply cupped
suckers bothria elliptical suckers

S no rostellum low-cushion-like No rostellum protrusible short retractile unarmed conical or ovoid retractile
c rostellum rostellum rostellum rostellum
o Rostellum *protrusible/retra
l ctile
e
x no hooklets double crown of No hooks 2 circular rows of single row of 20- 6-7 rows of double row of
hooks (25-32) hooks (28-40) 30 hooklets minute hooklets small hooks
hooklets
(tuning forks in
shape)
thin and short and slender Several times the Long and slender short and slender
unsegmented and length of the connected to
Neck is much longer head immature
than the head segment

Immature Segment nearly square Only 1 narrow

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 Cestodes
*broader than *nearly square *Broader than *narrowest *Single genital Similar to H.nana *2 sets of male *have regularly
long filled with *single set of long among the 3 pore located and female alternating
male and female reproductive *Ovary has 2 segments laterally reproductive unilateral
reproductive organs lobes w/o *follicular testes *same side of organs marginal genital
organs *ovary (2 lobes accessory lobe *2 lobes of each segment *Bilatera genital pores situated in
*terminal and accesory *Vagina is ovaries connected *3 testes pores the anterior 3rd
segments shrink lobe) equipped with by narrow band arranged in a line of the lateral
and becomes *testes - 150-200 sphincter *single vitelline margin
empty as eggs are follicles *300-400 testes gland (spherical)
constantly *vitelline gland -
discharged follicular
Mature Segment *Uterus is at the *genital pore -
center of the lateral side, 1
segment appears genital pore
in the form of a alternating
rosette irregularly
between right
and left sides
*uterus is simple
tube(club shaped)
arising from
ootype

*uterus opens *Diagnostic - *Distal 5th of the *Last or terminal *sacculate uterus Similar to H.nana *have size and The free gravid
thru uterine pore distended uterus worm: narrower, proglottid *egg sac (80- shape of pumpkin segments have
*dark, rosette-like with ova has 7-13 and longer than *Broadest and 100ova) seeds rice-grain shape
coiled uterus main lateral broad longest *Distal portion *filled with with 300 egg
(diagnostic branches on one *Uterus has 15- *length is more disintegrate capsules or capsules
importance) side 30 lateral than half of whole releasing eggs packets of 8-15
*normally does *one segment - branches on each body length eggs enclosed in
not separate from 40,000 eggs side *Uterus has an embryonic
the parent worm *terminal gravid *detach singly lateral membrane
but disintegrate segment separate *when 1st passed evagination, looks *eggs and egg
after completinf in groups of 5 or 6 - active and like a loosely capsules - seldom
their reproductive segments assumes different twisted coil seen in feces
function *passed out with shapes *uterus bursts since proglottids
feces *when quiescent - either before or seldom
Gravid Proglottid
resemble after the disintegrates
pumpkin seeds evacuation of the within the host
gravid proglottids *Gravid segment
from the bowel, separate from
discharging the strobila singly or
eggs (500) in groups of 2-3
*Free proglottids
are capable of
moving several
inches/hour and
either creep out
of the anus of
passed in feces

in the host's feces released by released with Same as Taenia Ovum passed out
in large numbers rupture of gravid segment in feces along
proglottids before singly with the
Passed out
or after leaving proglottids
the host

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 Cestodes
single shell, bile- has embryophore *not ovoid in shape 2 distinct Subspherical, Outermost shell; 2 thin transparent
stained, yellowish which appears distinguished membranes: larger than albuminous layer; membranes
brown, oval striated with T.solium -Outer membrane H.nana, embryonic
egg is thin membrane
transparent and outer shell is (innermost)
colorless yellowish in color,
-Inner inner Spherical, 25-
coverings
embryophore embryophore has 40microns, 15-25
that encloses an 2 knob-like embryonic
oncosphere with thickenings membranes
3 pairs of lancet
shaped hooklets

O
v
unsegmented hexacanth 3 pairs of hooks Intermembranous No polar Fully
a
ovum, coracidum embryo spaces is filled filaments embryonated
with yolk granules (hexacanth
and 4-8 polar embryo)
filaments emating
content from little knobs
at either end of
the embryophore

inconspicuous at not operculated not operculated not operculated not operculated not operculated not operculated not operculated
one end and a
operculum small knob at the
other end

Does not float in floats in saturated

saturated solutions of
floatation
solutions of common salt
common salt
Procercoid (1st Cysticercus Cysticercus bovis Hyatid larva, Cysticercoid larva Cysticercoid larva
IH) cellulosae in cattle hyatid cyst or
Plerocercoid/Spar *invaginated echinococcus
ganum (2nd IH) scolex w/ 4 *contains fluid,
Larva
suckers, No brood capsules,
hooklets scolex (hyatid
sand)

ingestion of Ingestion of Ingestion of Ingestion of cysts Ingested of eggs Accidental Ingestion of Ingestion of
uncooked or insufficiently insufficiently in organs by DH; *autoinfection ingestion of Cysticercoid in cysticercoid
imperfectly cooked pork with cooked beef with Ingestion of eggs may take place parasitized IH insects (flea)
cooked fish with cysticercus viable cysticerci in feces by IH; due to hatching
Mode of plerocercoid cellulosae Ingestion of of eggs in upper
Transmission larva/sparganum embryonated levels of small
eggs in feces by intestine
man

Man, cats, dogs, Man MAN Dogs, wolves Rats, mice, Man Rats and mice Dog, cat, mammals, birds,
bears, foxes, and (principal), fox, occassionally man rat, man
Definitive Host other fish eating jackal especially
animals children

Plerocercoid Cysticercus Cysticercus bovis Ovum Eggs parasitized IH Cysticercoid larva Cysticercoid
Infective Stage
larva/sparganum cellulosae
to DH

Habitat Small intestine Small intestine Small intestine Small Intestine Small intestine Small intestine
(mature in 3

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L
 Cestodes
Ovum passed out gravid proglottids gravid gravid eggs passed in Ovum passed out Proglottids
with feces, are passed out proglottids/eggs proglottids/eggs feces in feces along passed out with
unembryonated per anum in feces with the feces
*11-15 days in *sometimes proglottids *Gravid
water to mature proglottids proglottidsto nest
and hatch disintegrate while Disintegrates on of adult ants and
Out from DH
L *coracidium in GIT the ground fed to larval ants
i hatch and swim in
f the water
e

c
y Cyclops and Pigs/Man Cattles/buffalo/gi Sheep, Pig, Cattle, NO IH Arthropods Ctenocephalides Cockroach
c Diaptomus *liberate raffe Horse, Goat, Man *intestine where canis : dog flea
l (Copepods) hexacanth *eggs hatches in (accidental IH) it hatchers Ctenocephalides
e *then develop embryo in small intestine *Oncosphere felis: cat flea
into procercoid intestine *circulation becomes Pulex irritans:
larva *penetrate *muscles esp. cysticercoid larva human flea
intestinal wall pterygoid Trichoedectes
1st Intermediate *circulation muscles, canis : dog flea
Host *various organs tenderloin regio
commonly and myocardium *ingested larval
striated muscles *cysticercus bovis stage
*develop to in 8 weeks after 1 *larval stage in
cysticercus year calcify intestine
cellulosae *Oncosphere
hatch
*cysticercoid
Coracidium Proglottids/Eggs Proglottids/Eggs Ovum eggs larva
Larval stage
Infective Stage
to 1st IH
Fresh water fish
*larva goes to
connective tissue
2nd of fish and encyst
Intermediate as plerocercoid
Host larva/sparganum

Procercoid larva
Infective Stage
to 2nd IH
T.saginata
presence in GIT is
well-tolerated
*May be
responsible for
Symptomatology GIT disturbance
*Proglottid can
crawl out of anus

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 Cestodes
*recovery of the Lab: *Recovery of Clinical: *recovery of eggs Finding egg in *recovery of Finding
characteristic *Recovery of gravid proglottid *History of an from feces stool gravid segments characteristic
eggs in the gravid proglottid from stool - the insiduous cystic *Proglottids are proglottid
patients feces (uterine most specific tumor, residence not recovered
*scolex and branches) in feces diagnosis in an endemic because they
proglottids may *Recovery of ova *Finding ova in area and close undergo
be recovered in feces (cant be feces or perianal association with degeneration
after treatment differentiated swabs dogs prior to passage
with T.saginata ) *Perianal swab *X-rays may be
*recovery of (not applicable to useful in hyatid
scolex after T. solium ) cyst of lung
therapy
Laboratory:
For cysticercosis: *Demo of
Diagnosis
*History of protoscolisces,
taeniasis brood capsules,
*biopsy of SC or daughter cells
nodules after surgical
*X-ray, CT scan of removal of cyst
brain *finding hyatid
*Skin test cyst material in
*Precipitin test, C- sputum or urine
F test *Serology:
Precipithin & C-F
tests,
Immunoelectroph
oresis, ELISA

A single egg gives Other MOT: Larva: *Smallest *common Raillietina

rise to single larva *Ingestion of food 70% liver tapeworm parasite of rats celebensis :
or water 20% Lungs infecting man and mice common parasite
contaminated by 10% tissues *Only human *Accidental of rats in the
infected feces or tapeworm that human infection orient
flies can complete its *Larval Stage - Adult reachers
*Oral life cycle in the cysticercoid is about 40 cm
transmission by single host passed in fleas
unclean hands or *Man has both
carriers of adult adult and larval
Other Info worm stage
*Internal *1,000-8,000
autoinfection - worms may be
regurgitation of present
ova into stomach *adult is found in
by reverse ileum
peristalsis *
*Invaded organs

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