Basic Syntax Of a C Program: C Tutorial

In Hindi #5
In this tutorial we are going to understand the basic syntax of a C program.
We will be using the same program we have been using for previous two
programs, so you may develop a better understanding about the syntax
before proceeding further. So, let’s get started with our tutorial.
A C program is made up of different tokens combined together. These tokens
include:

 Keywords
 Identifiers
 Constants
 String Literal
 Symbols

int a;
printf("Enter number a\n");
scanf("%d", &a)
return 0;

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I have written a four-line code above so I can explain the tokens in a better
way by using the references from the code above.

Keywords:

Keywords are reserved words that can not be used elsewhere in the program
for naming a variable or function, instead they have a specific function or tasks
and they are solely used for that. In the above given code, the return
statement in the third line is a keyword.
Image: List of all the Keywords of C

Identifiers:

Identifiers are names given to variables or functions in order to differentiate

them from one another. They are solely based on our choice but there are few
rules that we have to follow while naming identifiers. According to the rules
the name can not contain special symbols such as @, - , *, < , etc. In the above
given code the “a” integer is an identifier.
Note: C is a case sensitive language so an identifier containing a capital letter
and another one containing a small letter at the same place will be different.
For example the three words: Code, code and cOde can be used as three
different identifiers.

Constant:

Constant are very similar to variable and their values can be of any data type.
The only difference between constant and variable is that a constant’s value
never changes. We will see constants in more detail in the upcoming tutorials.
In the above given code the “0” in the last line is a constant.

String literal:
String literal or string constant is a line of characters enclosed by double
quotes. In the above given code “Enter number a” is a string literal. printf is
being used there to print string literal onto the screen.

Symbol:

Symbols are special characters reserved to perform certain actions. They are
used to notify the compiler so they can perform specific tasks on the given
data. In the above example code & is being used as a symbol.
Let’s talk a little about white space. White space or blank space does not
create any difference while using C. Unlike Python where we have to press
enter to go to new line, in C we use semi-colon (;) to end a line of code. So
until a semi colon arrives, the compiler will treat the code as a single liner so
no matter how many lines we consume the code will run accurately if written
correctly.
There are two code snippets given below. You can notice that they differ a lot
regarding while space but their execution wills how the same output onto the
screen i.e. “Hello World”.

Code1:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
printf("Hello World\n");
return 0;
}

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Code2:
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
Printf
(
"Hello World\n"
)

;
return 0;
}

Variables & Data Types In C: C Tutorial In

Hindi #6
So guys in this tutorial, we are going to learn about variables and go over
various data types. This tutorial is mostly going to be theoretical, and we will
only touch the code for the purpose of understanding, except for that we will
not be performing any coding related work, as theory is what makes your
basis strong and firm foundation can help you grasp the coding part more
efficiently.
As we have already discussed in the previous tutorial while going through
identifiers that variables are nothing more than simple names given to a
specific space in memory for reservation. I will get into more detail about it
with the help of an example but first, let us cover some basics.

Declaration:
 We cannot declare a variable without specifying its data type. The data type
of a variable depends on what we want to store in the variable and how much
space we want it to hold. The syntax for declaring a variable is simple:

data_type variable_name;

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or

data_type variable_name = value;

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the data type can be int, float, char, depending on what kind of value we want
to store.

Naming a Variable:

A variable name can be of anything we want to call out variable. Yet there are
specific rules we must follow while naming a variable:

 A variable name can contain alphabets, digits, and underscore (-) only.
 The starting letter can not be a digit.
 White spaces cannot be used.
 The name should not be reserved keyword or special character.

We can declare and assign value to a variable in two ways.

1st way:

int a = 12;

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2nd way:

int a;
a= 12;

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Both of these have exactly the same working.
A variable as it names define can be altered, or its value can be changed, but
same is not true for its type. If a variable is of integer type, then it will only
store an integer value, which means that we cannot assign a character type
value to an integer variable. We can not even store a decimal value into an
integer variable.
Let’s see this with an example:

Example 1:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int a = 12.2221;
printf("Output = %d" , a);
return 0;
}

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We are sending 12.2221 as a value in a, but since it is an integer type variable,
the output will be only 12.

Output = 12

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Example 2:

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
float a = 12.2221;
printf("Output = %f" , a);
return 0;
}

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Here we are using float as a data type. In this case, you can see the output
below is 12.222100

Output = 12.222100

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Note that we used %f instead of %d in case of float.
The reason is that int can store only 2 bytes worth data as its storage capacity
is 2 bytes while float storage capacity is 4 bytes.

DATA TYPE MEMORY (BYTES) RANGE

Char 1 -128 to 127

signed char 1 -128 to 127

unsigned char 1 0 to 255

short int 2 -32,768 to 32,767

unsigned short int 2 0 to 65,535

unsigned int 4 0 to 65,535

int 2 --32,768 to 32,767

long int 4 -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

unsigned long int 4 0 to 4,294,967,295

float 4
double 8

long double 10

Code as described/written in the video

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{

printf("%lu",sizeof(int));
return 0;
}