Introduction

● Temperature Scale
Convection
● Thermal Expansion
● Calorimetry

Heat
Conduction Radiation
● Stefan’s Law
● Wien’s Law
● Newton's law of cooling
 1 cal = 4.2J

T2 T1

Heat Flow
Cold Surrounding

Hot body
 Heat

It is form of energy which flows from high temp to

low temp without Help of Any External Agent.

● It is a scalar quantity.
● SI unit is joules (J).
Temperature
 Temperature
It is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.

● It is a scalar quantity.
● SI unit is Kelvin.
 Temperature Scales
Boiling water 212 oF
100oC 373.15K
Human Body
temperature 37oC 310.15K
98.6 oF
Room
temperature 21oC
69.8 oF 294.15K
Freezing
point of water 0oC 32 oF 273.15K

Absolute zero
-273.15oC -459.67 oF 0K

OC Celsius OF Fahrenheit K Kelvin

(1) Celsius Scale to Fahrenheit scale

(2) Celsius to kelvin scale:

TK = TC + 273.15
The celsius scale and fahrenheit scale show
different reading at all general temperatures
except one. Find that particular temperature at
which both scales show similar reading.

A 0°

B 100°

C -40°

D +80°
The celsius scale and fahrenheit scale show
different reading at all general temperatures
except one. Find that particular temperature at
which both scales show similar reading.

A 0°

B 100°

C -40°

D +80°
 JEE Main 11th April 2023 S-1

On a temperature scale 'X', the boiling point of

water is 65o X and the freezing point is-15o X.
Assume that the X scale is linear. The equivalent
temperature corresponding to -95o X on the
Fahrenheit scale would be :

A -63o F

B -148o F

C -48o F

D -112o F
 JEE Main 11th April 2023 S-1

On a temperature scale 'X', the boiling point of

water is 65o X and the freezing point is-15o X.
Assume that the X scale is linear. The equivalent
temperature corresponding to -95o X on the
Fahrenheit scale would be :

A -63o F

B -148o F

C -48o F

D -112o F
Linear Expansion
L, T
dL = 𝛼LdT
𝛼 = coefficient of linear expansion
L2 = L1 [1 + 𝛂ΔT]
Aerial Expansion
 dA = βAdT
β = Coefficient of Areal expansion

A2 = A1 [1 +a β Δ T]

β = 2𝛼
Volume Expansion
dV = 𝛾VdT
𝛾 = Coeff. of volume expansion

V2 = V1 [ 1 + 𝛾Δ T]

𝛾 = 3𝛼
 JEE Advanced

A square metallic plate having a hole at its

centre is heated uniformly. Comment on all the
dimensions of plate after heating

A Length increases radius decreases

R B Both increase
L
C Length increase radius remains constant

D Both decrease
R
L
 JEE Advanced

A square metallic plate having a hole at its

centre is heated uniformly. Comment on all the
dimensions of plate after heating

A Length increases radius decreases

R B Both increase
L
C Length increase radius remains constant

D Both decrease
 JEE Main 25th June 2022 S-2

A solid metallic cube having total surface area

24 m2 is uniformly heated. If its temperature is
increased by 10°C, calculate the increase in
volume of the cube (Given: ⍺ = 5.0 × 10-4 °C-1)

A 2.4 × 106 cm3

B 1.2 × 105 cm3

C 6.0 × 104 cm3

D 4.8 × 105 cm3

 JEE Main 25th June 2022 S-2

A solid metallic cube having total surface area

24 m2 is uniformly heated. If its temperature is
increased by 10°C, calculate the increase in
volume of the cube (Given: ⍺ = 5.0 × 10-4 °C-1)

A 2.4 × 106 cm3

B 1.2 × 105 cm3

C 6.0 × 104 cm3

D 4.8 × 105 cm3

 JEE Main 11th April 2023 S-2

A Rod rotates about its end is shown. Find

percentage increases in MOI if on heating length
increased by 1%

A 2%

B 4%

M,L
C 0.5%

D 1%
M,L
 JEE Main 11th April 2023 S-2

A Rod rotates about its end is shown. Find

percentage increases in MOI if on heating length
increased by 1%

A 2%

B 4%

M,L
C 0.5%

D 1%
Length of pendulum increases by 1% on heating.
Find % in time period of pendulum if it is given by

A 2%

B 4%

C 0.5%

D 1%
Length of pendulum increases by 1% on heating.
Find % in time period of pendulum if it is given by

A 2%

B 4%

C 0.5%

D 1%
Two rods (L1, L2) having coefficient of linear
expansion 𝛼1 and 𝛼2 are joined together to form a
composite system. Find equivalent coefficient of
linear expansion for the system.

L1, 𝛼1 L2, 𝛼2 A

D
L1, 𝛼1 L2, 𝛼2
Two rods (L1, L2) having coefficient of linear
expansion 𝛼1 and 𝛼2 are joined together to form a
composite system. Find equivalent coefficient of
linear expansion for the system.

L1, 𝛼1 L2, 𝛼2 A

D
A rod is lying freely on horizontal surface. Find
thermal stress & thermal strain produced in rod if
it is heated by ΔT.

L, 𝛼, Y A 𝛼ΔT, 𝛼YΔT

B ,

C 𝛼LΔT, 𝛼YΔT

D 0, 0
L, 𝛼, Y
A rod is lying freely on horizontal surface. Find
thermal stress & thermal strain produced in rod if
it is heated by ΔT.

L, 𝛼, Y A 𝛼ΔT, 𝛼YΔT

B ,

C 𝛼LΔT, 𝛼YΔT

D 0, 0
A metallic rod is fixed between two rigid
supports. Find thermal stress & thermal strain
produced in the rod If it is heated by ΔT. Given
Young’s modulus of Rod is Y

A 𝛼ΔT, 𝛼YΔT
L, 𝛼

B ,

C 𝛼LΔT, 𝛼YΔT

D 0, 0
L, 𝛼
A metallic rod is fixed between two rigid
supports. Find thermal stress & thermal strain
produced in the rod If it is heated by ΔT. Given
Young’s modulus of Rod is Y

A 𝛼ΔT, 𝛼YΔT
L, 𝛼

B ,

C 𝛼LΔT, 𝛼YΔT

D 0, 0
 Calorimetry
Whenever a hot body is mixed with cold body, both bodies
will come to common temperature Such That , Heat
Gained by Cold body is equal to Heat Lost by Hot Body .

Q Gain = Q Lost
 Let us discuss
Some important Terms
 Specific Heat

● It is the heat required to raise the temperature

of unit mass of substance by 1°C

● specific Heat of ice= 0.5 cal/g°C

● specific Heat of water = 1 cal/g°C
● specific heat of steam = 0.47 cal/g°C
 Molar Specific Heat (C)
It is the heat required to raise temperature
of 1 mole of substance by 1°C.
 Heat Capacity (S’)
It is the heat required to raise the temperature
of complete object by 1 °C.

s’= C = ms’
 Latent Heat (L)
Latent heat is defined as the heat of energy that is
absorbed or released during a phase change of a
substance keeping its temperature constant.

It is of two types

● Latent Heat of fusion (LF)

● Latent Heat of vaporization (LV )
 Latent Heats (L)

Latent Heat of fusion (LF):

It is the amount of heat required to convert per
unit mass of substance from solid to liquid
phase or vice versa. E.g. Lf of ice = 80 cal/g

Latent Heat of vaporization (LV ):

It is the amount of heat required to convert per
unit mass of substance from liquid to gas
phase or vice versa. E.g. Lv of water= 500 cal/g,
 Water Equivalent (mw)

● It is that Amount of Water Which will Absorb or Evolve

the Same Amount of Heat as Done by Body in Rising or
Falling through Same Temperature Difference .

Mw = Mb * Sb
Heating Curve
y

Temperature
X
Heat
 Given the temperature versus heat supplied
graph for two materials 1 and 2. Compare their
specific heats s1 & s2 and their latent heats L1 & L2.

A s1 > s2, l1 > l2

Temperature
Material 2
B s1 < s2, l1 < l2

Material 1
C s1 > s2, l1 < l2

Heat D s1 < s2, l1 > l2

 Material 2

Temperature
Material 1

Heat
 Given the temperature versus heat supplied
graph for two materials 1 and 2. Compare their
specific heats s1 & s2 and their latent heats L1 & L2.

A s1 > s2, l1 > l2

Temperature
Material 2
B s1 < s2, l1 < l2

Material 1
C s1 > s2, l1 < l2

Heat D s1 < s2, l1 > l2

How much heat is required to convert 5g of ice at
-10oC to steam at 120oC?
ΔQ= mice sice ΔT + mLf + mwater swater ΔT + mwater L v + m steam s steam ΔT
= (5) (0.5)(10) + (5) (80) + 5(1) (100-0) + (5) (500) + 5(0.47)(120-100)
= 25 + 400 + 500 + 2500+282
= 3707 cal
How much heat is required to convert 5g of ice at
-10oC to steam at 120oC?

Answer: 3707
30 calories of heat is given to the system
containing 10g water and a container initially in
equilibrium at 20oC. Find final temperature of
water assuming
(i) No heat absorbed by container
(ii) Water equivalent of container is 20g.
Find final temp of mixture:
10g of H2O at 20°C + 30g of H2O at 50°C

A 24° C

B 31.5° C

C 42.5° C

D 22.5° C
Heat gained = Heat lost
(10) (1)(T – 20) = (30) (1) (50 – T)
10T – 200 = 1500 – 30T
40T = 1700
T = 42.5°C
Find final temp of mixture:
10g of H2O at 20°C + 30g of H2O at 50°C

A 24° C

B 31.5° C

C 42.5° C

D 22.5° C
Find final temp of mixture:
5g of Ice at –10°C + 10g of H2O at 20°C.
Find final temp of mixture:
1g of Ice at 0°C + 1g of steam at 100°C
HOME WORK

A 48° C

B 70° C

C 0° C

D 100° C
 Three Ways of Heat Transfer

Conduction
Hot Convection Cold
Radiation
 Conduction
It is the Mode of Heat Transfer in Which Neither Source is
Moved & nor is Receiver but the Whole Medium is Involved
in Transfer of Heat .
● At steady state rate of heat flow i.e. heat
current is constant.

= constant

= Heat current
= iQ [J S–1]

● K = Coefficient of thermal conductivity

SI unit is (Js–1 m–1 K–1 or W m–1 K–1)
● Heat current

● Thermal resistance

Series: RS = R1 + R2

Parallel:
 A rod is placed between two heat sinks having
temperature T1 = 100oC & T2 = 0oC. If rod has
length, L =10m, Area A = 2m2 & its thermal
conductivity is K = 8 × 10-3 Wm-1K-1, then find
(i) RTh (ii) Thermal current

A 625 KW-1, 0.16 Js-1

100°C 0oC
L = 10m B 1250 KW-1 ,0.16 Js-1

C 625 KW-1, 0.32 Js-1

D 1250 KW-1, 0.32 Js-1

100°C 0oC

L = 10m
(a)

(b)
 A rod is placed between two heat sinks having
temperature T1 = 100oC & T2 = 0oC. If rod has
length, L =10m, Area A = 2m2 & its thermal
conductivity is K = 8 × 10-3 Wm-1K-1, then find
(i) RTh (ii) Thermal current

A 625 KW-1, 0.16 Js-1

100°C 0oC
L = 10m B 1250 KW-1 ,0.16 Js-1

C 625 KW-1, 0.32 Js-1

D 1250 KW-1, 0.32 Js-1

A rod (L,K,A) is placed between two heat sinks
(T2 & T1) as shown. Plot the temperature-position
graph.

T2 T1
T2 T1
Two rods, (L1,K1,A & L2 ,K2, A) are placed between
two heat sinks (T2 & T1) as shown.
Find (i) Req (ii) Keq (iii) it

L 2 , K2 , A L1, K1, A
T2 T1
 L2, K2, A L1, K1, A

T2 T1
Two rods, (L1, K1, A & L2, K2, A) are placed between
two heat sinks (T2 & T1) as shown. Find
(iv) Temperature at junction
(v) T-x graph (Assuming K2 > K1)

L 2 , K2 , A L1, K1, A
T2 T1
 L 2 , K2 , A L1, K1, A

T2 T1
 JEE Main 13th April 2023 S-2

Two plates A and B have thermal conductivities

84 Wm-1 K-1 and 126 Wm-1 K-1 respectively. They have
same surface area and same thickness. They are
placed in contact along their surfaces. If the
temperatures of the outer surfaces of A and B are kept
at 100oC and 0oC respectively, then the temperature of
the surface of contact in steady state is ______ oC.
HOME WORK
 JEE Main 29th June 2022 S-1

As per the given figure, two plates A and B of thermal

conductivity K and 2K are joined together to form a
compound plate. The thickness of plates are 4.0 cm
and 2.5 cm respectively and the area of cross-section
is 120 cm2 for each plate. The equivalent thermal
conductivity of the compound plate is (1 + 5/⍺)K, then
the value of ⍺ will be_________.
HOME WORK
A lake starts freezing due to ambient air
temperature of 0oC. Find time in which ‘H’ depth
of lake freezing if density of water is 𝜌, latent heat
is L and thermal conductivity of ice is K.

H
 Convection
It is the mode of transfer of heat in which
either the source moves or the receiver.

It is of two types :
● Free/Natural Convection
● Forced Convection
Free/Natural Convection
Forced Convection
 Radiation
It is the mode of heat transfer Neither Source Moves Nor
Receiver & Medium is Also Not Involved in Heat Propagation.
 Radiation
● Every object above Zero Kelvin Emits
Some Thermal Radiations .
 Radiation
● The energy radiated per second by object depends on
→ Its surface area
→ Its temperature

● More the surface area & temp of body more is energy

radiated & vice versa.
 Radiation
A body also absorbs some of Radiations from surroundings in
additions to radiate energy.

Rate of radiation & Rate of absorption Body’s Temperature

❖ If rate of radiation > rate of absorption decreases

❖ If rate of radiation < rate of Absorption increases

❖ If rate of radiation = Rate of absorption constant

 Blackbody

● A black body is the one that

Absorbs all Radiations falling on it.
● Hence it is a perfect absorber.
● Sun is almost a Black body
Good Absorbers are Good Emitters

● If temp of black body is constant, it means that

Rate of Absorption = Rate of Emission.

● Hence a Good Absorber is also a Good Emitter

and a Poor Absorber is also a Poor Emitter .
Ferry’s Black Body
Emissive Power
 Emissive Power (PE)
● The energy radiated per second per unit
area by a body is called as Emissive Power.

● SI Unit is Js–1m–2 or Wm–2

 Stefan’s Law
● For a black body the emissive power is
proportional to 4th power of it temperature.

PE ∝ T4

PE = 𝜎T4

𝜎 = Stefan's Constant
= 5.67 × 10–8 Wm–2 K–4
 Stefan’s Law
● For a Non-Black Body

PE = e 𝜎 T4

e = emissivity

● 0 < e < 1 for non-black body

e = 1 for black body
 Spectral Emissive Power

● A black body radiates a mixture of large no of

wavelengths.
● The energy corresponding to a unique
wavelength is called as spectral emissive power.
Spectral Emissive Power

Wavelength
Wien's Law

𝜆max T = constant

𝜆max T = b (Wien's constant)

Where b = 2.88 × 10–3 mk

Absorptive Power
● The fraction of incident energy absorbed by a
body is called as absorptive power.

● For Blackbody a = 1

● For Non-Blackbody a < 1

 Kirchoff’s Law
● The Ratio of Emissive Power to Absorptive Power for
all the bodies at a given temp is equal to the
Emissive Power of Black Body at that Temp.
 Good absorbers are good emitters

Good Absorbers are Also Good Emitters & Poor Absorbers are
Also Poor Emitters.
● If surrounding temperature is T0 the net power
radiated per unit area by a black body
The Wien's displacement curve for a blackbody
at a particular temperature is given. What
happens to the shape of the curve if temperature
is increased.
Spectral Emissive Power
 Radiation Intensity
(W/m2/𝜇m) ⟶

0
1200K

Wavelength (𝜇m)
 JEE Advanced

The power radiated by a black body is P and it

radiates maximum energy at wavelength, 𝜆0 . If
the temperature of the black body is now
changed so that it radiates maximum energy at
wavelength 3/4 𝜆0, the power radiated by it
becomes nP. The value of n is

A B

C D
From Wien’s law, max, 𝜆maxT = constant
So, 𝜆max1 T1 =𝜆max2 T2

According to Stefan-Boltzmann law, energy emitted unit

time by a black body is Ae𝜎T4 , i.e. power radiated.
 JEE Advanced

The power radiated by a black body is P and it

radiates maximum energy at wavelength, 𝜆0 . If
the temperature of the black body is now
changed so that it radiates maximum energy at
wavelength 3/4 𝜆0, the power radiated by it
becomes nP. The value of n is

A B

C D
Sun has radius R & Temperature T0. Earth
revolves around Sun in radius r & Earth has
radius r0. FInd energy received per second by
Earth.

R r r0
R
r r0
Newton’s Law of Cooling
 Body temperature

T0

time
 JEE Main 12th April 2023 S-1

A body cools from 80oC to 60oC in 5 minutes.

The temperature of the surrounding is 20oC. The
time it takes to cool from 60o C to 40oC is:

A 450 s

B 500 s

C 420 s

D 25/3 s
 JEE Main 12th April 2023 S-1

A body cools from 80oC to 60oC in 5 minutes.

The temperature of the surrounding is 20oC. The
time it takes to cool from 60o C to 40oC is:

A 450 s

B 500 s

C 420 s

D 25/3 s
 JEE Main 29th Jan 2023 S-1

A body cools from 60°C to 40°C in 6 minutes. If,

temperature of surroundings is 10°C. Then, after
the next 6 minutes, its temperature will
be_____°C. HOME WORK
 JEE Advanced

A Spherical Black Body of radius R takes 10

Seconds to cool from 100 °C to 80 °C. Find the
taken by another spherical body of same
material of Radius 2R to cool from same temp
range of 100 °C to 80 °C.