CLASS SCHEDULE
Lessons:
Random Variables
Probability Distributions
Normal Distribution
Normal curve
Standard scores/ Z-score
Sampling Distribution
Estimation of Parameters
Point Estimate
Interval Estimate
Hypothesis Testing
Correlation and Regression Analysis
STATISTICS
Statistics is the science concerned with
developing and studying methods for collecting,
analyzing, interpreting and presenting empirical data.
The two major areas of statistics are known as
descriptive statistics, which describes the properties of
sample and population data, and inferential statistics,
which uses those properties to test hypotheses and draw
conclusions.
https://www.stat.uci.edu/what-is-statistics/
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/statistics.asp
Why Statistics is Important
1. Statistics mostly used by the researcher.
2. In financial market also statistic plays a great role. Statistics
are the key of how traders and businessmen invest and
make money.
3. Statistics play a big role in the medical field. Before any
drugs prescribed, scientist must show a statistically valid
rate of effectiveness.
4. Statistical concepts are used in quality testing. Companies
make many products on a daily basis and every company
should make sure that they sold the best quality items.
Why Statistics is Important
5. News reporter makes a prediction of winner for
elections based on political campaigns. Here statistics
play a strong part in who will be your governments.
6. The collection and analysis of educational data
inform leaders on key indicators concerning the
condition of education.
7. It is one of the critical parts of planning. Without data,
planning cannot be possible. Statistics helps in
planning in business, economics, government level,
and even in an individual.
Statistics and Probability
Random Variable
Lesson 1
Objectives:
Illustrate random variable (discrete or
continuous),
Distinguish between a discrete and continuous
variable,
Find the possible values of a random variable
Illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete
random variable and its properties.
Definition of Terms
RANDOM EXPERIMENT
- any process of generating a set of data or observations
that can be repeated under basically the same conditions ,
which lead to well-defined outcomes.
Examples:
Solicit a consumer’s preference between product A and
product B.
Observe change in Meralco’s bills over two months.
Tossing a coin.
Definition of Terms
SAMPLE SPACE
- set of all possible outcomes of an experiment,
usually denoted by S
Examples:
EXPERIMENT: Tossing a coin.
SAMPLE SPACE: S= 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅, 𝑻𝒂𝒊𝒍
EXPERIMENT: Rolling a die.
SAMPLE SPACE: S= 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔
Definition of Terms
SAMPLE POINT
- an element of the sample space, an outcome
EVENT
-any subset of the sample space, usually denoted by
capital letters
Definition of Terms
EXAMPLE
Two fair dice are rolled and the outcome is recorded.:
o Write the sample space
o Write the set for the following events:
• F (sum of 5)
• G (doubles)
COUNTING TECHNIQUES
Probability is primarily concerned
with predicting chances, especially
the occurrence of an event. But
before predictions can be made,
you should know how to determine
the outcomes of an event.
COUNTING TECHNIQUES
TREE DIAGRAM
Example: Tossing two coins
Sample Space:
𝑆 = 𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻
COUNTING TECHNIQUES
TREE DIAGRAM
Example: You are driving and encounters two intersections. In
each intersection, there are traffic lights installed displaying
GREEN, RED, and YELLOW lights. How many different sequences of
lights could you encounter? Illustrate using a tree diagram and list
the sample space.
Sample Space:
𝑆 = 𝐺𝐺, 𝐺𝑅, 𝐺𝑌, 𝑅𝑅, 𝑅𝐺, 𝑅𝑌, 𝑌𝑌, 𝑌𝐺, 𝑌𝑅
COUNTING TECHNIQUES
TREE DIAGRAM
Example: Suppose you have 3 shirts, 2 bottoms and 2
pairs of shoes. How many combination of outfits can
you make?
COUNTING TECHNIQUES
TREE DIAGRAM
Example: Answering 3-item True or False test
T F T F T F T F
Sample Space:
𝑆 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐹, 𝑇𝐹𝑇, 𝑇𝐹𝐹, 𝐹𝑇𝑇, 𝐹𝑇𝐹, 𝐹𝐹𝑇, 𝐹𝐹𝐹
SEATWORK 1:
List the sample space of the following
experiments:
EXPERIMENT SAMPLE SPACE
Tossing three coins
Rolling a die and tossing a coin
simultaneously
Drawing a spade from a deck of cards
Getting a defective item when two items are
randomly selected from a box of two
defective and three non-defective items.
Definition of Terms
RANDOM VARIABLE:
- Also called a stochastic variable, is a rule that assigns
a numerical value or characteristics to an outcome of
an experiment. It is essentially a variable, usually
denoted by X or any capital letter of the alphabet.
- It can be classified as discrete or continuous
depending on whether the value is obtained by
counting or by measurement.
RANDOM VARIABLE
Suppose three cell phones are tested at random. We
want to find out the number of defective phones that
occur. Thus, to each outcome in the sample space we
shall assign a value. If there is no defective phone, we
assign 0, if there is one defective phone we assign 1, if
two defective 2, and 3 if there are three defective
phones. The number of defective cell phone is a
random variable.
RANDOM VARIABLE
Let D represent the defective cell phone and N represent the
non-defective cell phone. If we let X be the random variable
representing the number of defective cell phones, can you
show the values of the random variable X? complete the table
below.
Value of the random variable X
Possible Outcomes
(the no of defective phones)
RANDOM VARIABLE
A RANDOM VARIABLE is a function that associates a real number to
each element in the sample space. It is a variable whose values are
determined by chance.
Value of the random variable X
Possible Outcomes
(the no of defective phones)
NNN 0
NND 1
NDN 1
DNN 1
DDN 2
DND 2
NDD 2
DDD 3
Tossing three coins
Suppose three coins are tossed, let Y be the random
variable representing the number of tails that occur.
Find the values of the random variable Y.
Value of the random variable Y
Possible Outcomes
(number of tails)
Tossing three coins
Value of the random variable Y
Possible Outcomes
(number of tails)
TTT 3
TTH 2
THT 2
HTT 2
HHT 1
HTH 1
THH 1
HHH 0
RANDOM VARIABLE
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
- Countable set of possible set of outcomes. Distinct
values mean values that are exact and can be
represented by nonnegative whole numbers.
- Values are often results of counting.
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE
- Assumes an infinite number of possible values including
the decimals between two counting numbers.
- Values are often results of measurements.
RANDOM VARIABLE
Classify the following random variables as discrete or
continuous:
1. Time to finish a race.
2. Number of diamonds in a poker hand.
3. Height of 100 grade 11 students of SPNHS-SHS
4. Number of women randomly selected in a political
rally
5. Hourly temperature last Sunday
SEATWORK #2
A. Construct a table for the given experiment:
Four coins are tossed. Let Z be the random variable representing the
number of heads that occur. Find the values of the random variable Z.
Random Variable
Sample Space
(No. of heads)
SEATWORK #2
B. DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS
SEATWORK #1
A. Complete the table below by identifying the variable in each
statement and tell whether it is discrete or continuous random
variable.
Random Discrete/
Random Experiment
Variable Continuous
Measuring the height of Grade 11 students in centimeters
Counting the number of customers waiting to be served at
a supermarket counter .
A researcher wants to determine the amount of time
consumed on Facebook on a particular day .
Counting the number of days it rained in the month of
August.
A researcher determines the waiting time of a customer
standing on queue for service at a bank .
ASSIGNMENT #1
A. Complete the table below by identifying the variable in each
statement and tell whether it is discrete or continuous random
variable.
Random Discrete/
Random Experiment
Variable Continuous
Counting the number of cellphones sold in AB store
A researcher determines the length of time spent in
playing video games.
A child wants to determine the number of gifts received
during Christmas.
An officer wants to determine the number of employees in
a call center who are BS Nursing graduates.
A researcher determines the temperature in degree Celcius
in a week in Cavite City
SEATWORK #2
B. Construct a table for the given experiment:
Let T be a random variable giving the sum of pairs of numbers when
two dice are rolled. List all the elements of the sample space and assign a
value for each sample point.
Random Variable
Possible Outcomes
(Sum of numbers)
