IMT 201

COMPUTER APPLICATION I

Department of Information Technology

Faculty of Social and Management Sciences (FSMS)
 MODIBBO ADAMA UNIVERSITY (MAU)

COURSE OUTLINE

Course Instructor: Dr. ILIYASU ADAMU PhD, Mtech, Btech, CCNA, Comptia A+

COURSE CODE IMT 201 COURSE LEVEL SECOND YEAR

COURSE TITLE Computer Application I COURSE TYPE Faculty Core (FC)

CREDIT VALUE 3 Department Information Tech.

Lecture Hours Saturday 02:0pm – 04:0pm Lecture Venue SMIT LTs

AIMS
This course covers computers and its various applications to business. The basic concepts of
computers, history and generations of computers are discussed within the context of this course.
The applications of computers in business are also presented with the use of Microsoft Word, Excel,
Access, Outlook, etc. are extensively presented.

RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER COURSES

IMT 202

Grading Policy
Quiz and class participation 15%
Project – Assignments 15%
Final Exam 70%

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................................... 2

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS ......................................................................................................... 5

1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 5

1.1.1 Evolution of computer ................................................................................................... 5

1.1.2 Computer through generation....................................................................................... 6

1.1.3 Characteristics of computer........................................................................................... 7

1.2 Classification of computer .................................................................................................... 8

1.2.1 Classification of Digital computers ................................................................................ 9

1.3 Computer memory.............................................................................................................. 10

1.3.1 Types of Computer memory ........................................................................................ 10

1.4 Computer viruses ................................................................................................................ 12

1.4.1 Common Symptoms of Virus Attack ............................................................................ 12

1.4.2 Types of Computer viruses .......................................................................................... 13

COMPUTER APPLICATION SOFTWARE .......................................................................................... 14

2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 14

2.2 Computer Software application concept ............................................................................ 14

2.2.1 Types of Software ........................................................................................................ 14

2.3 Relationship between hardware and software .................................................................. 15

COMPUTER APPLICATION IN MANAGEMENT............................................................................... 16

3.1 E-Commerce ........................................................................................................................ 16

3.1.1 E-Commerce Category ................................................................................................. 16

3.1.2 E-Commerce features .................................................................................................. 17

3.1.3 E-Commerce models .................................................................................................... 18

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 3.2 E-Governance ...................................................................................................................... 19

3.2.1 E- Governance models ................................................................................................. 19

3.3 E-Payment system............................................................................................................... 20

3.3.1 Types of Electronic Payment Systems ......................................................................... 20

3.4 E-Cash.................................................................................................................................. 21

3.4.1 Features/property of E-cash ........................................................................................ 21

BUSINESS COMMUNICATION TOOLS ............................................................................................ 22

4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 22

4.2 Microsoft Word ................................................................................................................... 23

4.2.1 Starting MS-Word documents ..................................................................................... 23

4.3 Microsoft Excel.................................................................................................................... 24

4.3.1 Starting MS-Excel Application ...................................................................................... 24

4.4 Microsoft PowerPoint ......................................................................................................... 26

4.4.1 Starting MS-Powerpoint Application ........................................................................... 26

COMPUTER IN THE SOCIETY ......................................................................................................... 28

5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 28

5.2 Application of computer in deferent domain ..................................................................... 28

5.3 Human computer interaction (HCI) .................................................................................... 31

5.3.1 The Goals of HCI ........................................................................................................... 34

5.3.2 Human-computer interface ......................................................................................... 34

Internet and internet applications ................................................................................................ 36

6.1 Computer Network ............................................................................................................. 36

6.1.1 Types of Networks ....................................................................................................... 36

6.2 Internet connectivity........................................................................................................... 37

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 6.2.1 Different types of Internet connectivity ...................................................................... 37

6.3 Benefit of internet in today’s business ............................................................................... 38

6.4 Internet services ................................................................................................................. 40

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 COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
1.1 Introduction
The word “computer” comes from word compute, which means to calculate. “A
computer is a programmable machine (or more precisely, a programmable sequential state
machine) that operates on data and is used for wide range of activities”. Computer is an
electronic device that operates (works) under the control of programs stored in its own memory
unit. A computer is an electronic machine that processes raw data to give information as output. An
electronic device that accepts data as input, and transforms it under the influence of a set of special
instructions called Programs, to produce the desired output (referred to as Information).

1.1.1 Evolution of computer

Computer evolution refers to the change in computer technology right from the time
computers were first used to the present. As computing evolves to higher system levels, so its
design also changes, from technical to socio-technical design. The series of the evolution of
computers are: Abacus, Pascaline, Difference engine, Punched card equipment, ABC and UNIVAC.

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1.1.2 Computers through generation
1. The First Generation – Vacuum Tubes (1940 – 1956): - These ancient computers utilized
vacuum tubes as circuitry and magnetic drums for recollection. As a result they were
huge, actually taking up entire rooms and costing resources to run. These were
ineffective materials which produce a huge amount of heat, sucked enormous electricity
and subsequently engendered an abundance of heat which caused perpetual
breakdowns. The two eminent machines of this era were the UNIVAC and ENIAC
machines – the UNIVAC is the first ever commercial computer which was purchased in
1951 by a business named as the US Census Bureau.
2. Second Generation – Transistors (1956 – 1963): - The supersession of vacuum tubes by
transistors, visualized the onset of the second generation of computing. Although first
invented in 1947, transistors weren‘t used considerably in computers until the cessation
of the 1950s. They were a huge development over the vacuum tube, despite the fact
still subjecting computers to destroying different levels of heat. However they were
extremely superior to the vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, more expeditious,
inexpensive and less burdensome on electricity use. The anticipatory versions of these
machines were created for the atomic energy industry.
3. Third Generation – Integrated Circuits (1964 – 1971): - By this phase, transistors were
now being miniaturized and put on silicon chips. This led to a huge improvement in
speed and effectiveness of these machines. These were the first computers where users
can interact utilizing keyboards and monitors who interfaced with an operating system,
a consequential leap up from the punch cards and printouts. As a result of these
advances which again made machines more reasonable and tinier, a brand new group of
users emerged during the 60s.
4. Fourth Generation – Microprocessors (1972 – 2010): - This innovation can be defined in
one word: Intel. The chip-maker accomplished the Intel 4004 chip in 1971, which
located all components of computer such as CPU, recollection, input/output controls
onto a single chip. What overcrowded a room in the 1940s now gets fit in the palm of

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 the hand. The Intel chip contained thousands of unified circuits. The year 1981 saw the
first ever computer (IBM) categorically designed for home use and 1984 saw the
Macintosh introduced by Apple. Microprocessors even transformed beyond the realm
of computers and into an incrementing number of everyday products. The incremented
power of these small computers denoted they could be linked, establishing networks.
Which eventually led to the expansion, birth and rapid evolution of the Internet? Other
primary advances during this period have been the Graphical user interface (GUI), the
mouse and more of late the startling advances in laptop capability and hand-held
contrivances.
5. Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence (2010 Onwards): - Computer devices with
artificial potentiality are still in development, but some of these technologies are
commencing to emerge and be used such as voice recognition. AI is an authenticity,
made possible by adopting parallel processing and superconductors. Inclining to the
future, computers will be thoroughly revolutionized again by quantum computation,
molecular and nano technology. The essence of fifth generation will be utilizing these
technologies to ultimately engender machines which can proceed and acknowledge
natural language, and have efficiency to determine and organize them.

1.1.3 Characteristics of computer

The ever-increasing use of computer is due to its special characteristics. Computer is not
just a calculating machine; they also have the capability of doing complex activities and
operation. Main characteristics of the computer are given bellow:

1. Speed: Computer is very fast and accurate device. Since electronic pulses travel at incredible
speed and they are electronic device its internal speed is virtually instantaneous. A
microcomputer can process millions of instruction per seconds over and over again without any
mistake.

2. Accuracy: Computers physical circuits rarely make errors, if the data and instruction are
correctly fed. Most errors which occur in computers are either hardware error or human error

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3. Storage: Computers have a large amount of memory to hold a very large amount of data, we
can store large amount of data information in the secondary storage device.

4. Programmability: A computer is programmable; i. e. what computer does depend on the

lines of instruction (Program) it is using.

5. Diligence: Computer is free from problems like lack of concentration, and confusions etc.
Computer is never confused like humans and it can perform instruction again and again without
failing or getting bored.

6. Versatility: We can perform many different types of tasks on computer, one moment it
might be busy in calculating the statistical date for annual performance evaluation of a business
organization and next moment it might be working on inventory control.

7. Power of remembrance: Unlike humans, computer can store things for unlimited period of
time. It has great remembering power.

1.2 Classification of computer

All the modern computers are broadly classified into the following three categories.

1. Analog computers: - Are mostly used in industries in process control activities. These
computers work on analog data such as variation in temperature, pressure, speed, voltage
etc. They are not general purpose computers; rather they are specific to a particular
application area. Therefore the cost of such computer varies from application to application
depending on the complexity and the uses of such computers are very limited.
2. Digital computers: - These computers are general purpose computers, which work on
digital/binary data. The speed and accuracy with which these computers work are very high.
The digital computers are also having several ranges from super computers to personal
computers.
3. Hybrid computers: - Practically Hybrid computer are used to control the entire process of
computing. The analog feature of such computer enables it to measure the physical
quantities such a temperature, pressure, voltage level etc. and convert them to digital data.

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 These data are then processed by the computer by using its digital data processing
capability. The output from this computer may be taken in a paper as hardcopy, may be
seen on a display device or may be converted into analog form to automatically control
various processes.

1.2.1 Classification of Digital computers

Computers are available in different shapes, sizes and weights, due to these different shapes
and sizes they perform different sorts of jobs from one another. They can also be classified in
different ways. All the computers are designed by the qualified computer architectures that
design these machines as their requirements. Digital computers are classified into the following
categories:

I. Super computer: - The biggest in size, the most expensive in price than any other is
classified and known as super computer. It can process trillions of instructions in
seconds. Governments specially use this type of computer for their different
calculations and heavy jobs. Different industries also use this huge computer for
designing their products.
II. Mainframes: - Another giant in computers after the super computer is Mainframe,
which can also process millions of instruction per second and capable of accessing
billions of data. This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, airline reservations
companies, and many other huge companies prefer mainframe because of its capability
of retrieving data on a huge basis.
III. Minicomputer: - This computer is next in the line but less offers less than mainframe in
work and performance. These are the computers, which are mostly preferred by the
small type of business personals, colleges, etc.
IV. Personal computers: - Personal computer is the computer mostly preferred by the
home users. These computers are lesser in cost than the computers given above and
also, small in size; they are also called PCs in short for Personal computers. This
computer is small in size. Today this is thought to be the most popular computer in all.

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 V. Notebook computers: Having a small size and low weight the notebook is easy to carry
to anywhere. A student can take it with him/her to his/her school in his/her bag with
his/her book. This is easy to carry around and preferred by students and business
people to meet their assignments and other necessary tasks. The approach of this
computer is also the same as the Personal computer. It can store the same amount of
data and having a memory of the same size as that of a personal computer.

1.3 Computer memory

The memory unit is the principal storage of the computer. All the data and instructions
that the computer needs at a moment are stored here. Memory in a computer system is
required for storage and subsequent retrieval of the instruction and data. A computer system uses
variety of devices for storing the instruction and data, which are required for its operations.
Normally we classify the information to be stored on computer in two basic categories: Data and
the instructions.

1.3.1 Types of Computer memory

Computer memory are categorize into the following three types:

1. Read Only Memory (ROM)

2. Random Access Memory (RAM)

3. Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Memory (CMOS)

1. Read Only Memory (ROM): - Read Only Memory is an essential component of the memory
unit. We know that the computer, being a machine, itself has no intelligence or memory and
requires instructions, which are given by a person. Whenever the computer is switched on, it
searches for the required instructions. The memory, which has these essential instructions, is
known as Read Only Memory (ROM). This memory is permanent and is not erased when the

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system is switched off. As appears with its name, it is read only memory i.e. it can be read only
and not be written by user/ programmer. The memory capacity of ROM varies from 64 KB to
256 KB (I Kilobyte = 1024 bytes) depending on the model of computer.

Types of ROM

There are many types of ROM available for microcomputers such as the following:

Mask ROM: Mask ROM is the basic ROM chip. In this type of ROM, the information is stored at
the time of its manufacturing. So, it cannot be altered or erased later on.

PROM: PROM stands for Programmable Read Only Memory. In this type of ROM, the
information is stored by programmers after its manufacturing. It also cannot be altered or
erased later on.

EPROM: EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. It is similar to PROM,
but its information can be erased later on by ultra violet light and it can be reprogrammed.

EEPROM: EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. It is
similar to EPROM, but its information can be erased by using a high voltage current.

EAPROM: EAPROM stands for Electrically Alterable Read Only Memory. As compared to
EPROM and EEPROM, the information stored in EAPROM can be altered later.

2. Random Access Memory: - Random Access Memory (RAM) is another important

component of the Memory Unit. It is used to store data and instructions during the execution
of programs. Contrary to ROM, RAM is temporary and is erased when the computer is switched
off. RAM is a read/ write type of memory, and thus can be read and written by the user/
programmer. As it is possible to randomly use any location of this memory, therefore, this
memory is known as random access memory. The memory capacity of RAM varies from 640 KB
to several megabytes (1 Megabyte = 1024 KB) with different models of PC.

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Types of RAM

There are two types of RAM used in PCs - Dynamic and Static RAM.

Dynamic RAM (DRAM): The information stored in Dynamic RAM has to be refreshed after
every few milliseconds, otherwise it is erased. DRAM has higher storage capacity and is cheaper
than Static RAM.

Static RAM (SRAM): The information stored in Static RAM need not be refreshed, but it
remains stable as long as power supply is provided. SRAM is costlier but has higher speed than
DRAM.

3. Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Memory: - Complementary Metal Oxide

Semiconductor (CMOS) memory is used to store the system configuration, date, time and other
important data. When the computer is switched on, BIOS matches the information of CMOS
with the peripheral devices and displays error in case of mismatching.

1.4 Computer viruses

Computer virus is a small software program that is designed to spread from one
computer to another and to interfere with computer operation. A true virus is capable of self-
replication on a machine. Virus may spread between files or disks.

1.4.1 Common Symptoms of Virus Attack

1. Computer runs slower than usual
2. Computer no longer boots up
3. Screen sometimes flicker
4. Speaker beeps periodically
5. System crashes for no reason
6. Files/directories sometimes disappear
7. Denial of Service (DoS)

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1.4.2 Types of Computer viruses
1) Trojan horse: these types of virus require Windows to work on. Once if infected, it runs
on the computer program background.
2) Worm: - A worm is a small piece of software that uses computer networks and security
holes to replicate itself. A copy of the worm scans the network for another machine that
has a specific security hole. It copies itself to the new machine using the security hole,
and then starts replicating from there, as well.
3) Macro: - it’s Specific to certain applications. Its comprise a high percentage of the
viruses and is usually an E-mail viruses. These types virus travels as an attachment to e-
mail messages, and usually replicates itself by automatically mailing itself to dozens of
people in the victim's e-mail address book.

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 COMPUTER APPLICATION SOFTWARE
2.1 Introduction
A Computer cannot do anything on its own. It must be instructed to do a job desired by
the user. Hence, it is necessary to specify a sequence of instructions a computer must perform
to solve a problem. Such a sequence of instructions written in a language understood by a
computer is called a computer program. A program controls a computer’s processing activity,
and the computer performs precisely what the program wants it to do. When a computer is
using a program to perform a task, we say, it is running or executing that program. An
application software package is a group of programs that solve a specific type of job. For
example, a word processing package may contain programs for text editing, text formatting,
drawing graphics, spelling checking, etc. Hence, a multipurpose computer system, like a
personal computer in your home, has several software packages, one each for every type of job it
can perform.

2.2 Computer Software application concept

Software is a program which helps the human user to give instruction to computer
hardware.

2.2.1 Types of Software

• Systems software

• Application software

1. The System software: - System Software is a set of programs that manage the resources of a
computer system. System Software is a collection of system programs that perform a variety of
functions such as - File Editing, Resource Accounting, I/O Management, Storage and Memory
Management access. System Software can be broadly classified into three types as: System
control programs, System support programs and System development programs.

2. Application software: - Application software, or app for short, is software that performs
specific tasks for an end- user. Effectively, if the user is interacting directly with a piece of

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software it is application software. For example, Microsoft Word or Excel is application
software, as are common web browsers such as Firefox or Google Chrome. It also includes the
category of mobile apps, including communication apps such as WhatsApp or games such as
Candy Crush Saga. Instead of interacting with the user, the system software interacts with other
software or hardware.

2.3 Relationship between hardware and software

Hardware and software of a computer are mutually dependent on each other. Both of
them must work together to make a computer produce a useful output.

a) Software cannot be utilized without supporting hardware.

b) Hardware without set of programs to operate upon cannot be utilized and is useless.
c) To get a particular job done on the computer, relevant software should be loaded into
the hardware
d) Hardware is a one-time expense.
e) Software development is very expensive and is a continuing expense.
f) Different software applications can be loaded on hardware to run different jobs.
g) Software acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.
h) If hardware is the 'heart' of a computer system, then software is its 'soul'. Both are
complimentary to each other.

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 COMPUTER APPLICATION IN MANAGEMENT
3.1 E-Commerce
Electronic commerce, commonly known as E-commerce is trading in products or
services using computer networks, such as the Internet. This involves sharing business
information, maintaining business relationships and conducting business transactions using
computers connected to telecommunication network is called E-Commerce. Electronic
commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply
chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data
interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems.
Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web for at least one part of the
transaction's life cycle, although it may also use other technologies such as e-mail.

3.1.1 E-Commerce Category

1. Electronic Markets: - Present a range of offerings available in a market segment so that the
purchaser can compare the prices of the offerings and make a purchase decision. Example:
Airline Booking System

2. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): - EDI is the electronic exchange of business

documentation and information in a standardized format between computers, usually of
different organizations. It is also commonly known as electronic trading. Electronic Data
Interchange (EDI) is the computer-to-computer exchange of business documents in a standard
electronic format between business partners.

3. Internet Commerce: - It is use to advertise & make sales of wide range of goods & services
on the internet. This application is for both business to business & business to consumer
transactions. Example: The purchase of goods that are then delivered by post or the booking of
tickets that can be picked up by the clients when they arrive at the event.

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3.1.2 E-Commerce features

1. Ubiquity: - Internet/Web technology is The marketplace is extended beyond traditional

available everywhere: at work, at home, and boundaries and is removed from a temporal
and elsewhere via mobile devices, anytime. geographic location. ―Marketspace‖ is created;
shopping can take place anywhere. Customer convenience is enhanced, and shopping costs
are reduced.
2. Global reach: - The technology reaches Commerce is enabled across cultural and across
national boundaries, around the earth. national boundaries seamlessly and without
modification. Market space includes potentially billions of consumers and millions of
businesses worldwide.
3. Universal standards: - There is one set of There is one set of technical media standards
technology standards, namely Internet across the globe.
4. Richness: - Video, audio, and text messages Video, audio, and text marketing messages are
possible. Integrated into a single marketing message and consuming experience.
5. Interactivity: - The technology works Consumers are engaged in a dialog that through
interaction with the user. Dynamically adjusts the experience to the individual, and makes
the consumer a co-participant in the process of delivering goods to the market.

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 6. Information density: - The technology Information processing, storage, and reduces
information costs and raises quality. Communication costs drop dramatically, while
currency, accuracy, and timeliness improve greatly. Information becomes plentiful, cheap,
and accurate.
7. Personalization/Customization: - The Personalization of marketing messages and
technology allows personalized messages to customization of products and services are be
delivered to individuals as well as groups. based on individual characteristics.

3.1.3 E-Commerce models

There are mainly 4 types of business models based on transaction party.

1) Business-to-Consumer (B2C): - In a Business-to-Consumer E-commerce

environment, companies sell their online goods to consumers who are the end users of
their products or services. Usually, B2C E-commerce web shops have an open access for
any visitor, meaning that there is no need for a person to login in order to make any
product related inquiry.
2) Business-to-Business (B2B): - In a Business-to-Business E-commerce environment,
companies sell their online goods to other companies without being engaged in sales to
consumers. In most B2B E-commerce environments entering the web shop will require a
log in. B2B web shop usually contains customer-specific pricing, customer-specific
assortments and customer-specific discounts.
3) Consumer-to-Business (C2B): - In a Consumer-to-Business E-commerce
environment, consumers usually post their products or services online on which
companies can post their bids. A consumer reviews the bids and selects the company
that meets his price expectations.
4) Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C): - In a Consumer-to-Consumer E-commerce
environment, consumers sell their online goods to other consumers. A well-known
example is eBay.

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3.2 E-Governance
E-governance is the application of information and communication technology (ICT) for
delivering government services, exchange of information communication transactions,
integration of various stand-alone systems and services between government-to-customer
(G2C), government-to-business (G2B), government-to-government (G2G) as well as back office
processes and interactions within the entire government framework. Through e-governance,
government services will be made available to citizens in a convenient, efficient and
transparent manner. The three main target groups that can be distinguished in governance
concepts are government, citizens and businesses/interest groups. In e-governance there are
no distinct boundaries.

3.2.1 E- Governance models

1) Business - to - Government (B2G): - B2G model is a variant of B2B model. Such websites
are used by government to trade and exchange information with various business
organizations. Such websites are accredited by the government and provide a medium
to businesses to submit application forms to the government.
2) Government - to - Business (G2B): - Government uses B2G model website to approach
business organizations. Such websites support auctions, tenders and application
submission functionalities.
3) Government - to - Citizen (G2C): - Government uses G2C model website to approach
citizen in general. Such websites support auctions of vehicles, machinery or any other
material. Such website also provides services like registration for birth, marriage or
death certificates. Main objectives of G2C website are to reduce average time for
fulfilling people requests for various government services.

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3.3 E-Payment system
Electronic payment systems are central to on-line business process as companies look
for ways to serve customers faster and at lower cost. Emerging innovations in the payment for
goods and services in electronic commerce promise to offer a wide range of new business
opportunities. Electronic payment systems and e-commerce are highly linked given that on-line
consumers must pay for products and services. Clearly, payment is an integral part of the
mercantile process and prompt payment is crucial. If the claims and debits of the various
participants (consumers, companies and banks) are not balanced because of payment delay,
then the entire business chain is disrupted. Hence an important aspect of e-commerce is
prompt and secure payment, clearing, and settlement of credit or debit claims. Electronic
payment systems are becoming central to on-line business transactions nowadays as
companies look for various methods to serve customers faster and more cost effectively.
Electronic commerce brings a wide range of new worldwide business opportunities. There is no
doubt that electronic payment systems are becoming more and more common and will play an
important role in the business world. Electronic payment always involves a payer and a payee
who exchange money for goods or services. At least one financial institution like a bank will act
as the issuer (used by the payer) and the acquirer (used by the payee).

3.3.1 Types of Electronic Payment Systems

Electronic payment systems are proliferating in banking, retail, health care, on-line
markets, and even government—in fact, anywhere money needs to change hands.
Organizations are motivated by the need to deliver products and services more cost effectively
and to provide a higher quality of service to customers.

The emerging electronic payment technology labeled:

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 1. Electronic funds transfer (EFT): - EFT is defined as ―any transfer of funds initiated
through an electronic terminal telephonic instrument, or computer or magnetic tape so
as to order, instruct, or authorize a financial institution.
2. Banking and financial payments: Large-scale or wholesale payments (e.g., bank-to-bank
transfer) Small-scale or retail payments (e.g., automated teller machines Home banking
(e.g., bill payment)
3. Retailing payments: - This involves Credit Cards (e.g., VISA or MasterCard) Private label
credit/debit cards (e.g., J.C. Penney Card) Charge Cards (e.g., American Express)

3.4 E-Cash
Electronic cash is a general term that describes the attempts of several companies to
create value storage and exchange system that operates online in much the same way that
government-issued currency operates in the physical world. There are many ways that exist
before for implementing an e-cash system; but all must incorporate a few common features.
Electronic Cash is based on cryptographic systems called ―digital signatures. This method
involves a pair of numeric keys: one for locking (encoding) and the other for unlocking
(decoding).

3.4.1 Features/property of E-cash

E-cash must have the following four properties.

1. Monetary value
2. Interoperability
3. Retrievability
4. Security

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 BUSINESS COMMUNICATION TOOLS
4.1 Introduction
Microsoft Office suite is a collection of different application programs that were
originally designed to be used to perform many of the tasks that are completed every day in an
office setting, but they can also be useful in your personal life as well. Microsoft Office suite is
one of the major business communication tools use in our day to day office activities. This
application suite was developed by Microsoft Windows Inc. Company in United State of
America (USA) to aid office activities. A typical Microsoft Office suite includes the following
application:

1. Microsoft Word: is a word processing program that can be used to type documents,
from simple letters to illustrated newsletters.
2. Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program that can be used to track of lists, numbers and
statistics, such as might be used in accounting.
3. Microsoft Access is a database program that can be used to track of diverse but related
information, such as customer orders, customer billing information, customer shipping
information, and product inventories.
4. Microsoft PowerPoint is presentation software that can be used for making fully
animated computer presentations.
5. Microsoft Publisher is publication design software that can be used for creating greeting
cards, business cards, calendars and more.

22 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.

4.2 Microsoft Word
A word processor is a type of computer program that is used to create a variety of
documents, from simple letters to fully illustrated newsletters and fliers. Word Processing
applications display text on a computer screen and allow users to easily add, remove, and
change the style, size, and placement of text in a document without having to retype the entire
document as they would with a typewriter. Microsoft Word is one of the most popular word-
processing software applications in use today.

4.2.1 Starting MS-Word documents

Opening Microsoft Word To open Word, do either one of the following:

• Click once on the Start button on the bottom left corner of the screen. Click on Programs.
Move the cursor to the new menu on the right and then click on Microsoft Office 2007. Move
the cursor to the next menu that opens and click Microsoft Office Word 2007. A blank
document will appear on the screen.

• Main screen of a Microsoft Word 2007 Document: - The screenshot below is the opening
screen for Microsoft Word 2007. Here we will review screenshots and documentation on how
to navigate some of the basic menus and the steps necessary to format a basic paper correctly.

23 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.

Main screen of a Microsoft word Document

4.3 Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is a very powerful tool for you to use for numeric computations
and analysis. Excel can also function as a simple database but that is another class.
Today we will look at how to get starting with Excel and show you around the
neighborhood sort of speak.

4.3.1 Starting MS-Excel Application

To start Microsoft Excel:

• Click once on the Start button on the bottom left corner of the screen. Click on
Programs. Move the cursor to the new menu on the right and then click on Microsoft
24 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.
Office 2007. Move the cursor to the next menu that opens and click Microsoft Office
excel 2007. A blank document will appear on the screen.

This is a workbook. A workbook is a collection of worksheets (spreadsheets) and

macros. By default, Excel creates 3 worksheets in a new workbook. The worksheets are
designated at the bottom part of the window where you see the file folder-like tabs. The
tabs are named Sheet1, Sheet2, and Sheet3. If you click on Sheet2, you will be in
Sheet2 and not Sheet1 so you need To be aware of which worksheet you are in.

Main screen of a Microsoft Excel 2007 Document

25 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.

4.4 Microsoft PowerPoint
PowerPoint enables anyone to produce, with a little practice, beautifully laid out
presentations, either as on-screen shows, or as OHP slides. The aim of these notes is to
introduce you to the basics of PowerPoint. It will tell you how to create attractive animated
presentations that include animation, images, charts, tables, and links to other software. Users
of previous versions of PowerPoint will notice that the user interface has changed dramatically,
but, these changes give PowerPoint a lot more features, in a very intuitive layout. Files
produced in PowerPoint 2007 have the file extension ".pptx", and the files themselves are very
different from previous file formats. If you wish to use an old PowerPoint presentation in
PowerPoint 2007, PowerPoint will switch to compatibility mode, to let you work on the old file
with no problems.

4.4.1 Starting MS-Powerpoint Application

To use PowerPoint:

Click the Start button and select All Programs, then from the sub-menu, select Microsoft Office,
then select Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007. When PowerPoint loads you will see the
following screen.

The area in the centre displays the slide layout. The area on the left displays the structure of
your presentation as it builds. The area below the slide is labeled Click to add notes. You can
use this area to write notes, which you can read from as you deliver your presentation, these
notes can be printed out and are not visible whilst you show the slides. The three buttons on
the bottom left of the screen offer you different views of the presentation.

26 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.

Main screen of an MS-Powerpoint Application

27 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.

 COMPUTER IN THE SOCIETY
5.1 Introduction
Computer has been the premier invention of this century. Now a days Computer plays
an important role in almost every part of our lives, and their importance is so great that without
them we would not be able to live the way we do. Look around you and you would find
computers scattered all over the places, starting with the machine of computer to washing
machine to refrigerator to car to mobile and to life saving devices with the doctors; everywhere
a small computer working for your convenience and they seem performing almost any task in
the world. Computers have had a tremendous impact on the way information is processed with
the organization. Although information have been processed manually throughout the history
but with modern management where decision-making is so fast and the era of corporate
governance is not possible without the help of information system managed by computers.

5.2 Application of computer in deferent domain

The following list demonstrates various applications of computers in different today's
arena.

1. Business: - A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability,

or versatility which made it an integrated part in all business organizations. Computer is
used in business organizations for:
I. Payroll calculations
II. Budgeting
III. Sales analysis
IV. Financial forecasting
V. Managing employees database
VI. Maintenance of stocks etc.

2. Banking sectors: - Today banking is almost totally dependent on computer. Banks

provide following facilities: Banks provide online accounting facility, which includes

28 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.

 current balances, deposits, overdrafts, interest charges, shares, and trustee records.
ATM machines are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks.
3. Insurance: - Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of
computers. The insurance companies, finance houses and stock broking firms are widely
using computers for their concerns. Insurance companies are maintaining a database of
all clients with information showing procedure to continue with policies; starting date of
the policies, next due installment of a police maturity date, interests due survival and
benefits bonus
4. Education: - The computer has provided a lot of facilities in the education system.
The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE Computer Based
Education. CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of learning. The computer
education is rapidly increasing the graph of number of computer students. There are
number of methods in which educational institutions can use computer to educate the
students. It is used to prepare a database about performance of a student and analysis
is carried out on this basis.
5. Marketing: - In marketing, computer are used for the following electronic marketing
strategy:
I. Advertising - With computers, advertising professionals create art and
graphics, write and revise copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of
selling more products.
II. At Home Shopping - Home shopping has been made possible through use of
computerized catalogues that provide access to product information and permit
direct entry of orders to be filled by the customers.

6. Health Care: - Computers have become important part in hospitals, labs, and
dispensaries. The computers are being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients
and medicines. It is also used in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG,
Ultrasounds and CT Scans etc., are also done by computerised machines. Some major
fields of health care in which computers are used are:

29 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.

 I. Diagnostic System - Computers are used to collect data and identify cause of
illness.
II. Lab-diagnostic System - All tests can be done and reports are prepared by
computer.
III. Patient Monitoring System - These are used to check patient's signs for
abnormality such as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG etc.
IV. Pharma Information System - Computer checks Drug-Labels, Expiry dates,
harmful drug’s side effects etc.
V. Surgery : Nowadays, computers are also used in performing surgery.

7. Engineering Design: - Computers are widely used in Engineering purpose. One of

major areas is CAD Computer aided design. That provides creation and modification of
images. Some fields are:
I. Structural Engineering - Requires stress and strain analysis for design of
Ships, Buildings, Budgets, Airplanes etc.
II. Industrial Engineering - Computers deal with design, implementation and
improvement of integrated systems of people, materials and equipments.
III. Architectural Engineering - Computers help in planning towns, designing
buildings, determining a range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D
drawings.

8. Military: - Computers are largely used in defence. Modern tanks, missiles, weapons
etc. Military also employs computerized control systems. Some military areas where a
computer has been used are:
I. Missile Control
II. Military Communication
III. Military Operation and Planning
IV. Smart Weapons

30 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.

 9. Communication: - Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture
or speech that is received and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom
it is meant for. Some main areas in this category are:
I. E-mail
II. Chatting
III. Usenet
IV. FTP
V. Telnet
VI. Video-conferencing

10. Government: - Computers play an important role in government. Some major fields
in this category are:
I. Budgets
II. Sales tax department
III. Income tax department
IV. Male/Female ratio
V. Computerization of voters lists
VI. Computerization of driving licensing system
VII. Computerization of PAN card
VIII. Weather forecasting

5.3 Human computer interaction (HCI)

The rapid growth of computing has made effective human-computer interaction
essential. HCI (human-computer interaction) is the study of how people interact with
computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction
with human beings. Utilizing computers had always begged the question of interfacing. The
methods by which human has been interacting with computers has travelled a long way. The

31 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.

journey still continues and new designs of technologies and systems appear more and more
every day and the research in this area has been growing very fast in the last few decades.

The growth in Human- Computer Interaction (HCI) field has not only been in quality of
interaction, it has also experienced different branching in its history. Instead of designing
regular interfaces, the different research branches have had different focus on the concepts of
multimodality rather than uni-modality, intelligent adaptive interfaces rather than
command/action based ones, and finally active rather than passive interfaces. Gustav Evertsson
describes Human Computer Interaction is about designing computer systems so the user can
carry out their activities productively and safely. It is not how easy something is to use, it is
about how usable it is. Or, a broader definition of HCI is; ―Human Computer Interaction is a
discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computer
systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them.

“It is a wide variety of different kind of people and not just technical specialists as in the past,
so it is important to design HCI that supports the needs, knowledge and skills of the intended
users”.

The recent developments in the area of HCI have shown an interest in adaptive
interfaces, speech recognition, gestures and the role of time. Having these concepts in mind
and considering that the terms computer, machine and system are often used interchangeably.

32 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.

Some of the disciplines involved in the field of Human-

As its name implies, HCI consists of three parts: the user, the computer itself, and the
ways they work together.

I. User: By "user", we may mean an individual user or a group of users working together.
An appreciation of the way people's sensory systems (sight, hearing, touch) relay
information is vital. Also, different users form different conceptions or mental models
about their interactions and have different ways of learning and keeping knowledge. In
addition, cultural and national differences play an important part.
II. Computer: When we talk about the computer, we're referring to any technology
ranging from desktop computers, to large scale computer systems. For example, if we
were discussing the design of a Website, then the Website itself would be referred to as
"the computer". Devices such as mobile phones or VCRs can also be considered to be
―computers.
III. Interaction: There are obvious differences between humans and machines. In spite of
these, HCI attempts to ensure that they both get on with each other and interact
successfully. In order to achieve a usable system, you need to apply what you know

33 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.

 about humans and computers, and consult with likely users throughout the design
process. In real systems, the schedule and the budget are important, and it is vital to
find a balance between what would be ideal for the users and what is feasible in reality.
Human-Computer Interaction studies how people design, implement and use computer
interfaces. HCI has become an umbrella term for a number of disciplines including
theories of education, psychology, collaboration as well as efficiency and ergonomics.

5.3.1 The Goals of HCI

The goals of HCI are to produce usable and safe systems, as well as functional systems.
Usability is concerned with making systems easy to learn and easy to use. In order to produce
computer systems with good usability developers must attempt to:

I. Understand the factors that determine how people use technology

II. Develop tools and techniques to enable building suitable systems
III. Achieve efficient, effective and safe interaction
IV. Put user first

Underlying the whole theme of HCI is the belief that people using a computer system
should come first. Their needs, capabilities and preferences for conducting various tasks should
direct developers in the way that they design systems. People need not change themselves in
order to fit in within the system. Instead, the system should be designed to match their
requirements.

5.3.2 Human-computer interface

The human–computer interface can be described as the point of communication
between the human user and the computer. The flow of information between the human and
computer is defined as the loop of interaction. The loop of interaction has several aspects to it,
including:

1. Visual Based: The visual based human computer inter-action is probably the most
widespread area in Human Computer Interaction (HCI) research.

34 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.

 2. Audio Based: The audio based interaction between a computer and a human is another
important area of in HCI systems. This area deals with information acquired by different
audio signals. Task environment: The conditions and goals set upon the user.
3. Machine environment: The environment that the computer is connected to, e.g. a
laptop in a college student's dorm room.
4. Areas of the interface: Non-overlapping areas involve processes of the human and
computer not pertaining to their interaction. Meanwhile, the overlapping areas only
concern themselves with the processes pertaining to their interaction.
5. Input flow: The flow of information that begins in the task environment, when the user
has some task that requires using their computer.
6. Output: The flow of information that originates in the machine environment.
7. Feedback: Loops through the interface that evaluate, moderate, and confirm processes
as they pass from the human through the interface to the computer and back.
8. Fit: This is the match between the computer design, the user and the task to optimize
the human resources needed to accomplish the task.

35 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.

 Internet and internet applications
6.1 Computer Network
A computer network is an interconnection of various computer systems located at
different places. In computer network two or more computers are linked together with a
medium and data communication devices for the purpose of communicating data and sharing
resources. The computer that provides resources to other computers on a network is known as
server In the network the individual computers, which access shared network resources, are
known as workstations or nodes.

6.1.1 Types of Networks

A) Local Area Networks; Local area networks (LANs) are used to connect networking
devices that are in a very close geographic area, such as a floor of a building, a building
itself, or a campus environment.
B) Wide Area Networks: - Wide area networks (WANs) are used to connect LANs together.
Typically, WANs are used when the LANs that must be connected are separated by a
large distance.
C) Metropolitan Area Networks: A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a hybrid between a
LAN and a WAN.
D) WLANS: Wireless Local Area Networks: - WLANS allow users in a local area, such as a
university campus or library, to form a network or gain access to the internet. A
temporary network can be formed by a small number of users without the need of an
access point; given that they do not need access to network resources.
E) WPANS: Wireless Personal Area Networks: - The two current technologies for wireless
personal area networks are Infra Red (IR) and Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15). These will allow
the connectivity of personal devices within an area of about 30 feet. However, IR
requires a direct line of site and the range is less.

36 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.

 F) WMANS: Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks: - This technology allows the connection
of multiple networks in a metropolitan area such as different buildings in a city, which
can be an alternative or backup to laying copper or fiber cabling.
G) WWANS: Wireless Wide Area Networks: - These types of networks can be maintained
over large areas, such as cities or countries, via multiple satellite systems or antenna
sites looked after by an ISP.

6.2 Internet connectivity

The Internet is a global network of computers that allows people to send email, view
web sites, download files such as mp3 and images, chat, post messages on newsgroups and
forums and much more. The Internet was created by the Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1960's and was first known as the ARPANet. At this stage the
Internet's first computers were at academic and government institutions and were mainly used
for accessing files and to send emails. From 1983 onwards the Internet as we know it today
started to form with the introduction of the communication protocol TCP/IP to ARPANet. Since
1983 the Internet has accommodated a lot of changes and continues to keep developing. The
last two decades has seen the Internet accommodate such things as network LANs and ATM
and frame switched services. The Internet continues to evolve with it becoming available on
mobile phones and pagers and possibly on televisions in the future.

6.2.1 Different types of Internet connectivity

There are different types of connections and speeds to get on the information super
high way.

1) Dial-Up Connections: - A dial up is a method of connecting to the internet using an existing

telephone. Dial up connection uses the telephone line to connect to the internet. The modem
must dial the telephone every time it wants to connect to the internet hence the name Dial up.

37 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.

 a. Modem Dial-Up Connections: - The modem connects the computer through the
standard phone line which serves as the
changes the digital data from your computer into analog data, a format that can
be carried by telephone lines.
b. ISDN Dial-Up Connections: - The second type of dial up connection is through an
ISDN (Integrated services digital network). It is a digital telephone service that
can transmit voice, data and control information over an existing single
telephone line.

2) ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscribers Line) Connections: - connections are becoming more
and more widely available and can provide an excellent internet connection. The connections
work by splitting your phone line into two separate channels, one for data (Internet) and one
for voice (phone calls), which means you can talk on the phone and be connected to the
internet at the same time.

3) Cable Connections: - Cable connection are considered one of the best types of internet
connections available to the home user, they offer very fast and reliable connections with a
fixed monthly fee. A cable connection uses a totally separate medium to transfer that it doesn't
affect your ability to make/receive phone calls. Cable connections are always on, eliminating
long wait to make a connection.

6.3 Benefit of internet in today’s business

Internet is today one of the most important part of our daily life. There are large numbers
of things that can be done using the internet and so it is very important. You can say that with
the progress in the internet we are progressing in every sphere of life as it not only makes our
tasks easier but also saves a lot of time. Today internet is used for different purposes depending
upon the requirement. Here in this very article we have mentioned then ten best uses of the
internet. Here goes the list. There many advantages to using the internet such as:

38 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.

 1. E-mail: - Email is now an essential communication tool in business. It is also excellent for
keeping in touch with family and friends. The advantage to email is that it is free ( no charge
per use) when compared to telephone, fax and postal services.
2. Information: - There is a huge amount of information available on the internet for just about
every subject known to man, ranging from government law and services, trade fairs and
conferences, market information, new ideas and technical support.
3. Provision of Services: - Many services are now provided on the internet such as online
banking, job seeking and applications, and hotel reservations. Often these services are not
available off-line or cost more.
4. Online Buying or selling: - The internet is a very effective way to buy and sell products all
over the world.
5. Communities: - communities of all types have sprung up on the internet. Its a great way to
meet up with people of similar interest and discuss common issues.
6. A Leading-Edge Image: - Presenting your company or organization as leading-edge shows
your customers and prospective customers that you are financially strong, technologically
savvy, and ready for the 21st century. And that you care enough about your customers to take
advantage of new technologies for their benefit. And finally that you have the resources to
support your clients in the most beneficial manner possible. More and more advertisers on
television, radio, magazines, and newspapers are including a Web address. Now is the time to
avoid playing catch-up later.
7. Improved Customer Service: - The companies are available to their customers 24 hours a
day, 7 days a week. The Internet never sleeps. Whenever customer needs information about
any company, products or services, they can access the company‘s Web Page.
8. Market Expansion: - The Internet is a global system. Latest estimates are that there are
about 40 million people with access to the Internet, and this number is growing every day. By
simply posting a Web Page you are also addressing International markets.
9. Low Cost Marketing: - Imagine developing a full color brochure without having to incur the
costs of proofs, printers, wasted paper, long lead times between revisions, and more. Then
imagine a full color product or services brochure that is interactive and which incorporates
text, graphics, audio, and/or video. One that can be immediately updated without incurring
the usual costs of product material updates.
10. Low Cost Selling: - Without the cost of direct selling potential customers can get detailed
information about your products or services at any time. And they can easily order your
39 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.
 products over the Internet, or request additional information be sent to them via a request
form on your Web page.
11. Lower Communication Costs: - Your time, and your employees time, is valuable. Most
businesses and organizations spend time answering the same questions over and over again.
With a Web page you can make the answers available to everyone immediately. You can also
update your Wed page with new information quickly and easily.

6.4 Internet services

Internet services comprise difference internet services such like E-Mails, WWW, FTP,
Chatting, Internet Conferencing, Electronic, Newspaper & Online Shopping comprises of the
following:

a) The Internet: - Internet is a network of networks that consists millions of private and
public network of local to global scope. An internet user can access to a wide variety of
services such as E-MAIL (Electronic Mail).
b) An E-mail: - E-mail is an electronic version of sending and receiving letter. To use E-
mail, a user must have an Email address. The Email address contains all information
required to send or receive a message is called mail box. Email address consists of two
parts separated by @ symbol 1st part is user name and 2nd part is host name (domain
name) Example: principalbose@rediffmail.com.
c) The WWW (World Wide Web): - The World Wide Web is a system of internet servers
that supports hypertext and multimedia to access several internet protocols on a single
interface. It is a way of exchanging information between computers on the internet.
Example: https://www.google.com/ http://www.bosecuttack.in/
d) The FTP (File Transfer Protocol): - FTP is the internet file transfer between any
computers that have an internet connection and also works between computers using
totally different operating systems. It is a protocol through which internet users can
upload files from their computers to a website or download files from a website to their
PC. o It is the easiest way to transfer files between computers via the internet and
utilities TCP/IP systems to perform uploading and downloading tasks.

40 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.

 e) The Chatting: - Chatting is the online textual or multimedia conversation. Chatting i.e., a
virtual means of communication that involves the sending and receiving of messages,
share audio and video between users located in any part of the world.
f) Internet Conferencing o Internet conferencing allows users to carry on business
meetings and seminars make presentation, provide online education and offer direct
customer support. o Internet conferencing solutions require high speed internet
connection at all user site.
g) Electronic Newspaper o An electronic newspaper is a self-contained, reusable and
refreshable version of a traditional newspaper that acquires and holds information
electronically. o Information to be displayed will be downloaded through some wireless
internet connections.
h) Online Shopping: - It is the process of buying goods and services from merchants who
sell on the internet. o The main components of online shopping are product, selling
price, accessibility to people, placement of orders, mode of payments, delivery
mechanism.

41 | Compiled by Dr. Iliyasu Adamu, Dept. of Infor. Tech.