Outlines
Bahir Dar University
Bahir Dar Institute of Technology
Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Introduction to Electrical Machines
Chapter Two
Transformer
By: Biruk Teshome
1
What is Transformer ??
A transformer is a
static device which
is use to convert
high alternating
voltage to a low
alternating voltage
and vice versa
keeping the
frequency same.
2
Principle of Operation
The basic principle of a transformer is electromagnetic induction.
A single-phase transformer consists of two windings placed over a laminated silicon steel
core. The winding having less number of turns is called low-voltage winding and the
winding having more number of turns is called high voltage winding.
Also, the winding to which AC supply is connected is called a primary winding and the
other one is called a secondary winding to which load is connected.
Once AC supply of voltage V1 is given to primary winding, an alternating flux is set-up
in the magnetic core which links with the primary and secondary winding. Consequently,
self-induced emf (e1) and mutually-induced emf (e2) are induced in primary and
secondary, respectively.
Although, there is no electrical connection between primary and secondary winding, still
electric power is transferred from one circuit (primary side) to the other circuit
(secondary side). It is all because of magnetic coupling. 3
Equation of Induced emf
Equation of induced emf can be drived as:
4
Types of Transformer
. Based on construction: core type & shell type transformer
Placing of coils over core-type transformers
Placing of coils over shell-type transformer
5
Cont.…
Based on supply: single phase & three phase transformer
Based on voltage level: step-up & step-down transformer
Based on application area: power & distribution transformer
Based on purpose: current & potential transformer(CT & PT) they are called
instrument transformer.
Auto transformer: is a one winding transformer in which a part of the winding is
common to both HV & LV sides.
6
Applications
Main applications of the transformers are given below:
(a) To change the level of voltage and current in electric power systems.
(b) As impedance-matching device for maximum power transfer in low-power
electronic and control circuits.
(c) To isolate one circuit from another, since primary and secondary are not
electrically connected.
(d) To measure voltage and currents; these are known as instrument transformers.
Transformers are extensively used in AC power systems because of the
following reasons:
1. Electric energy can be generated at the most economic level (11–33 kV)
2. Stepping up the generated voltage to high voltage, extra high voltage EHV
(voltage above 230 kV), or to even ultra high voltage UHV (750 kV and above) to
suit the power transmission requirement to minimise losses and increase
transmission capacity of lines.
3. The transmission voltage is stepped down in many stages for distribution and
utilisation for domestic, commercial and industrial consumers.
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An Ideal Transformer
Postulated as:
1. No leakage fluxes (all flux is confined to the core)
2. The resistance of each winding is negligible(no copper losses).
3. The core does not exhibit any eddy-current or hysteresis losses
4. A core of infinite magnetic permeability(zero relactance)
The magnitude of induced emf in the primary and secondary windings are:
In the idealized case assumed, the induced emf’s el and e2 are equal to the
corresponding terminal voltages v1 and v2, respectively. Thus:
Transformation ratio
8
Cont.…
?The relation b/n primary and secondary currents become.
If Z2, is the load impedance on the secondary side, then
where Z1 = vl/v2 & is the load impedance as referred to the primary side.
The load impedance as seen by the source on the primary side is equal to turn
ratio square times the actual load impedance on the secondary side.
This equation states that a transformer can also be used for impedance matching.
A known impedance can be raised or lowered to match the rest of the circuit for
maximum power transfer.
9
Transformer Ratings
The nameplate of a transformer provides information on the
apparent power and the voltage-handling capacity of each winding.
From the nameplate data of a 5-kVA, 500/250-V, step-down
transformer, we conclude the following:
1. The full-load or nominal power rating of the transformer is 5 kVA. In other
words, the transformer can deliver 5 kVA on a continuous basis.
2. Since it is a step-down transformer, the (nominal) primary voltage is V1 = 500 V
and the (nominal) secondary voltage is V2 = 250 V.
3. The nominal magnitudes of the primary and the secondary currents at full load
are I1 = 5000VA/500V =10A and I2 = 5000VA/250V = 20A
4. Since the information on the number of turns is customarily not given by the
manufacturer, we determine the a-ratio from the (nominal) terminal voltages as
10
Example
• An ideal transformer has a 150-turn primary and 750-turn secondary. The
primary is connected to a 240-V, 50-Hz source. The secondary winding supplies
a load of 4 A at a lagging power factor (pf ) of 0.8. Determine (a) the a-ratio, (b)
the current in the primary, (c) the power supplied to the load, and (d) the max.
flux in the core.
• Solution: (a) a = 150/750 = 0.2 (b)
(c)
(d)
11
Exercises
1. What will be the number of primary and secondary turn of a single-phase
2310/220V, 50 Hz transformer which has an emf of 13V per turn approximately.
2. The magnetic flux density in the core of a 4.4-kVA, 4400/440V, 50-Hz, step-
down transformer is 0.8 T (rms). If the induced emf per turn is 10 V, determine
(a) the primary and secondary turns
(b) the cross-sectional area of the core
(c) the full-load current in each winding
3. The number of turns in the primary and the secondary of an ideal transformer
are 200 and 500, respectively. The transformer is rated at 10 kVA, 250 V, and 60
Hz on the primary side. The cross-sectional area of the core is 40 cm2. If the
transformer is operating at full load with a power factor of 0.8 lagging, determine
(a) the effective flux density in the core,
(b) The voltage rating of the secondary,
(c) the primary and secondary winding
currents, and
(d) the load impedance on the secondary side and as viewed
from the primary side. 12
Non Ideal Transformer
So far, we have idealized the transformer to simplify its analysis. In this section,
our aim is to lift those restrictions in order to develop an equivalent circuit for a
non ideal transformer.
In a practical transformer the following factor must be taken into account.
1. Winding resistance 2. Leakage fluxes 3. Magnetizing current & core loss
1. Winding resistance
Fig. of an ideal transformer with winding resistances modelled as lumped resistances.
The inclusion of the winding resistances dictates that
(a) the power input must be greater than the power output,
(b) the terminal voltage is not equal to the induced emf, and
(c) the efficiency (the ratio of power output to power input) of a non ideal
transformer is less than 100%. 13
Cont.…
2. Leakage fluxes
Not all of the flux created by a winding confines itself to the magnetic core on
which the winding is wound.
We can model a winding as if it consists of two windings: One winding is
responsible to create the leakage flux through air, and the other encircles the
core. Such hypothetical winding arrangements are shown in Fig. below
The leakage flux associated with either winding is responsible for the voltage
drop across it. Therefore, we can represent the voltage drop due to the leakage
flux by a leakage reactance as shown in fig. below.
14
Cont.…
Fig. of non ideal transformer represented in terms of an ideal transformer with winding resistances and
leakage reactances
3. Magnetizing current & core losses
The core of a non ideal transformer has finite permeability and core loss.
Therefore, even when the secondary is left open (no-load condition) the primary
winding draws some current, known as the excitation current, from the source.
It is a common practice to assume that the excitation current ( t ), is the sum of
two currents: the core-loss current (Ic ) and the magnetizing current (Im) That is:
15
Cont.…
The core-loss component of the excitation current accounts for the magnetic loss
(the hysteresis loss and the eddy-current loss) in the core of a transformer.
where, Ic is core loss current & Rc is equivalent core loss resistance
The magnetizing component of the excitation current is responsible to set up the
mutual flux in the core.
Since a current-carrying coil forms an inductor, the magnetizing current, Im gives
rise to a magnetizing reactance, Xm. Thus,
Now we can modify the equivalent circuit of fig. above in part 2 as shown
below. Which include the core loss resistance and the magnetizing reactance.
Fig. of Equivalent circuit of a transformer including winding resistances, leakage reactance, core-loss resistance, magnetizing reactance,
and an ideal transformer.
16
Cont.…
Therefore exact equivalent circuit of a real transformer will be as shown below
Exact equivalent circuit as viewed from the primary side of the transformer as
shown below
Exact equivalent circuit as viewed from the secondary side of the transformer as
shown below
17
Approximate Equivalent Circuits
In a well-designed transformer, the winding resistances, the leakage reactance,
and the core loss are kept as low as possible.
The low core loss implies high core loss resistance. The high permeability of the
core ensures high magnetizing reactance. Thus, the impedance of the so-called
parallel branch (Rc in parallel with jXm) across the primary is very high compared
with Z1 = R1 + jX1 and Z2 = R2+ jX2. The high impedance of the parallel branch
assures low excitation current. In the analysis of complex power systems, a great
deal of simplification can be achieved by neglecting the excitation current.
Since Z, is kept low, the voltage drop across it is also low in comparison with the
applied voltage. Without introducing any appreciable error in our calculations, we
can assume that the voltage across the parallel branch is the same as the applied
voltage. This assumption allows us to move the parallel branch as indicated in
Figs. Below.
Approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer as viewed from the primary side.
18
Cont.…
Similarly approximate equivalent circuit as viewed from the secondary side is as
shown below
Where,
19
Efficiency of Transformer
20
Maximum Efficiency
w
21
Voltage Regulation
Is the net change in the secondary voltage from no load to full load for the same
primary voltage.
For an ideal transformer, the voltage regulation is zero. How?
The smaller the voltage regulation, the better the operation of transformer.
The voltage regulation for approximate equivalent circuit viewed from the
primary can be:
What will be VR for approximate equivalent circuit viewed from the secondary
side?
22
Examples
E.g1. A 23-kVA, 2300/230-V, 60-Hz step-down transformer has the following
resistance and leakage reactance values: R1 = 4Ω, R2 = 0.04Ω, X1= 12Ω, and X2=
0.12Ω The transformer is operating at 75% of its rated load. If the power factor of
the load is 0.866 leading, determine the efficiency of the transformer. (Neglect
magnetizing branch).
solution:
Since the transformer is operating at 75% of its rated load, the effective value of
the secondary winding current is
Assuming the load voltage as a reference, the load current at a leading power
factor of 0.866, in phasor form, is
The secondary winding impedance is:
The induced emf in the secondary winding is
23
Cont.…
Since the transformation ratio is
We can determine the induced emf and the current on the primary side as
The primary winding impedance is
Hence, the source voltage will be
The power supplied to the load is
The power input is
The efficiency of the transformer is:
24
Cont.…
E.g2. The equivalent core-loss resistance and the magnetizing reactance on the
primary side of the transformer discussed in above Example1 are 20 kΩ and 15kΩ,
respectively. If the transformer delivers the same load, what is its efficiency?
Solution:
From Example 1, we have
The core-loss, magnetizing, and excitation currents are
Thus,
25
Cont.…
The power input is
The efficiency of the transformer is
E.g3. Analyse the transformer discussed in Examples 1 and 2 using the approximate
equivalent circuit as viewed from the primary side. Also find voltage regulation and
sketch its phasor diagram.
Solution:
Thus,
The core-loss and magnetizing currents are
Thus,
26
Cont.…
Hence, the power output, power input, and efficiency are
compare the above results with those obtained in Example 2 in order to have
some awareness of the errors introduced as a result of the approximations we
have made
Voltage regulation:
(the negative is due to leading power factor)
The phasor diagram is
27
Exercise
A 2.2-kVA, 440/220-V, 50-Hz step-down transformer has the following
parameters as referred to the primary side: Re = 3Ω, Xe= 4Ω, Rc= 2.5kΩ and
Xm= 2kΩ. The transformer is operating at full load with a power factor of 0.707
lagging.
A. Determine efficiency of the transformer
B. Determine voltage regulation of the transformer. Also
C. Sketch phasor diagram.
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