1.

ABSTRACT
This project is about GSM(Global System for Mobile
communications), is a digital cellular communications system which has rapidly
gained acceptance and market share worldwide, although it was initially
developed in a European context. In addition to digital transmission, GSM
incorporates many advanced services and features, including ISDN
compatibility and worldwide roaming in other GSM networks. The advanced
services and architecture of GSM have made it a model for future third-
generation cellular systems, such as UMTS. This paper will give an overview of
the services offered by GSM, the system architecture, the radio transmission
structure, and the signaling functional architecture.

This project enlightens the technical process in SMS

processing scenario in GSM NETWORK. SMS (Short Message Service) is the
transmission of short text messages to and from a mobile phone, or any other
device capable of generating the SMS. It is composed of a maximum of 160
characters, each coded on 7 bits (GSM) or 140 bytes. End to end SMS delivery
completes in two parts, First SMS submission in SMSC (Short Message Service
Centre) by originating subscriber, second Delivery of SMS to recipient
subscriber. So SMS is a Stored and Forward Service. Once a message is sent

Although the “old” 2nd generation GSM mobile radio standard

is threatened by a 3rd generation(WCDMA, CDMA2000), it has been expanded
by the new functions EDGE and (E) GPRS(2.5 generation), which will surely
extend its life span. Most telephones on the market still use GSM or offer
GSM as fallback options.

This Application Note Intends to analyze aspects of the CMU

in accordance with the pure GSM standard of the 2 nd generation. A separate
Application Note deals with newer functions such as GPRS and EGPRS.

This Application Note does not attempt to explain the

associated theory in full detail but rather simply provides a brief summary of the
most important The Radio Communication tester R&S CMU200 can be used to
perform fast and accurate Measurements of various standards such as GSM ,
IS136, AMPS, CDMA, cdma2000, 1xEVDO, WCDMA and Bluetooth.

Page 1
 2.INTRODUCTION
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe
Spécial Mobile)

It is a standard set developed by the European

Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe technologies for
second generation (2G) digital cellular networks. Developed as a replacement
for first generation (1G) analog cellular networks, the GSM standard originally
described a digital, circuit switched network optimized for full duplex voice
telephony. The standard was expanded over time to include first circuit switch
ed data transport, then packet data transport via GPRS (General Packet Radio
Services). Packet data transmission speeds were later increased via EDGE
(Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) referred as EGPRS. The GSM
standard is more improved after the development of third generation (3G)
UMTS standard developed by the 3GPP. GSM networks will evolve further
as they begin to incorporate fourth generation (4G) LTE Advanced standards.
"GSM" is a trademark owned by the GSM Association.

What the difference between GSM and CDMA mobile

phone?

To those who use the phone for more than making calls. CDMA has been
traditionally faster than GSM, though both technologies continue to rapidly
leapfrog along this path. Both boast "3G" standards ready. GSMs answer is
EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution, which boasts data rates of
up to 384 kbps with real world speeds reported closer to 70-140 kbps. With
added technologies still in the works.

what is the difference between GSM & GPRS.

GSM Global System for Mobile is a technology that mobile phones use. GSM
allows users to change cards as and when required. GPRS General Packet Radio
Service is the internet service provided on mobile for Mobile Communications
GSM is the wireless technology standard used for cell phones in many
countries.

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Features of GSM Technology
There are many features associated with GSM technology due to which it is
bar far the most leading mobile communication technology in the world today.

 GSM technology facilitates with high speed integrated data,

 voice data,
 fax,
 mail,
 voice male and mostly used SMS feature.

GSM also make sure that all the communication made between networks are
secured and protected from intruders and frauds.

One of the major advantages of GSM technology which

changed the way we looked mobile phones at the beginning. GSM actually
brought the concept of being Mobile way beyond the limits. It enabled us to
communicate across the continents.

GSM supports multiple frequency levels like 900 MHz, 1800

MHz, 1900 Mhz. 1900MHz frequency is used in North America where as
1800MHz is used in other parts of the world. Different frequency bands are
used by different mobile phone operators. If you are using Mobile phone which
supports 1800MGz and operators are available on this band, phone can be used
the network, where as if phone is out of the range of the frequency band on
mobile operator frequency than you need to have phone that supports the
frequency. To avoid such cases one should always adopt to have mobile phones
that support multiple frequency bands.

3.SYSTEM ANALYSIS

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3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM:-

0G:
0G refers to pre-cell phone mobile telephony technology, such as radio
telephones that some had in cars before the advent of cell phones. One such
technology is the Auto Radio Puhelin (ARP) launched in 1971 in Finland as the
country's first public commercial mobile phone network.

1G:
1G (or 1-G) is short for first-generation wireless telephone
technology, cell phones. These are the analog cell phone standards that were
introduced in the 80's and continued until being replaced by 2G digital cell
phones. One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic
countries, Eastern Europe and Russia.

2G:
2G services are frequently referred as Personal Communications
Service or PCS in the US. 2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based
and CDMA-based standards depending on the type of multiplexing used. The
main 2G standards are: GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used
worldwide IDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the
United States and tell us Mobility in Canada.

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM:-

3G:

3G (or 3-G) is short for third-generation mobile telephone

technology. The services associated with 3G provide the ability to transfer both
voice data (a telephone call) and non-voice data.

3G Standards:

3G technologies are an answer to the International Tele

communications Union's IMT-2000 specification. Originally, 3G was supposed
to be a single, unified, worldwide standard, but in practice, the

3G world has been split into three camps:

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UMTS(W-CDMA)

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone System), based on W-CDMA

technology, is the solution generally preferred by countries that used GSM,
centered in Europe. UMTS is managed by the 3GPP organization also
responsible for GSM, GPRS and EDGE.

CDMA2000

The other significant 3G standard is CDMA2000, which is an out

growth of the earlier 2G CDMA standard IS-95. CDMA2000's primary
proponents are outside the GSM zone in the Americas, Japan and Korea.
CDMA 2000 is managed by 3GPP2, which is separate and independent from
UMTS's 3GPP.

TD-SCDMA

A less well known standard is TD-SCDMA which is being developed

in the People's Republic of China by the companies Data and Siemens. They are
predicting an operational system for 2005.

4G:
4G (or 4-G) is short for fourth-generation the successor of 3G and is
a wireless access technology. But the 4G is not using in INDIA.

4.SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

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4.1 GSM REQUIREMENTS:
Carrier Separation - 200 kHz

Duplex Distance - 45 MHz

No. of RF Carriers - 124

Access Method - TDMA/FDMA

Modulation Method - GMSK

Transmission Rate - 270.833 Kbps

Speech Coding - Full rate 13 Kbps

Half rate 6.5 Kbps

GSM RF CHANNELS

LOGICAL CHANNELS
 SIGNALLING INFORMATION (CONTROL)

 USER INFORMATION( TRAFFIC)

OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
 Subscribers are not allocated dedicated channels

 TCH allocated to users only when needed

 Hence IDLE MODE & DEDICATED MODE

 When a full Bi -directional P to PCHL has been allocated during

an established call .

 IDLE MODE

 When MS is powered on (active) without being in dedicated mode

5.REQUIREMENT ANANLYSIS

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5.1 Requirements Analysis
An analysis example taken from “Tried & True Object Development”
by A. Jaasi, J-M. Aalto, A. Aalto & K.Vatto, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
 The authors work at Nokia.
 The book describes their experiences with object oriented methods.

An SMS application that runs on a PC providing:

easy editing of messages with a full keyboard and large screen
 mailing lists so the same message can be sent to multiple recipients at
once
 persistent storage on disk for messages, recipients and groups.

Example Use Case

Use Case: Sending a short message

Actor: A regular mobile phone user

Usability requirements:
The user can detect if the message has been sent successfully.

Pre conditions: The user has rights to use the system.

There are recipients, groups and phrases saved in the system.

Description: The user writes a short message (Exception: load a message) and
adds his signature to the end of the message. He selects two different recipients
plus two groups of recipients (Exception: no numbers are available). After that
he saves the message. Then he sends the short message to the selected recipients
and groups. Finally, the application announces the network has received the
short message.

Exceptions:
Load a message: the user loads a pre saved message to work with.
No numbers are available: the user first enters the recipient’s information into
the system.

Post conditions: The SMS is stored and sent.

Object Analysis -1

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Requirements statements and use cases can be analyzed by producing class
diagrams and operation specifications.

 Class diagrams and operation specifications help reveal missing and

vague requirements but provide a more detailed and accurate view of the
problem and an initial solution.
Object Analysis -2

Object analysis produces an analysis class diagram that documents the key
static concepts of the system and relations between them.

 Classes in this diagram are entities that have a meaning from the end
user’s point of view.
 Methods are typically not included in analysis class diagrams.
 A data dictionary explains classes and relations that appear in the
analysis class diagram.

5.2 Behaviour Analysis

Identify the operations that the user performs with the application from use
cases and functional requirements. Each use case is divided into elementary
operations.

 Output: operation list and operation specifications.

 Use cases are typically concrete instances of several operations chained
together

Operation List for SMS

1. Writing a short message

2. Adding a phrase

3. Selecting recipients and groups

4. Saving a message

5. Sending a short message

6. Loading a message

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 7. Entering a recipient’s information

8. Creating a group

9. Deleting a group

10. Adding recipients to a group

11. Removing recipients from a group

12. Removing a recipient’s information

Services provided by GSM

 Services are defined as anything the end user explicitly sees as worth
paying for.

 The primary objective of a mobile telephony system is to allow mobile

subscribers to communicate effectively.

SERVICE CATEGORIES
Main type of telecommunication services:

 Basic services:

 Available to all subscribers to a mobile network.

 e.g. voice telephone calls.

 Supplementary services:

 Additional services that are available by subscription only.

 e.g. Call forwarding.

5.3 Basic Telecommunication Services

Two main categories:

1. Teleservices

2. Bearer Services

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 1. Teleservices

 Tele service allows the subscriber to communicate (usually via

voice, fax, data or SMS) with another subscriber.

 It is a complete system including necessary terminal equipment.

Emergency calls
 The emergency call function enables a subscriber to make an emergency
call by pressing a predefined

 button or by using the emergency number. (like 112 , 911).

Dual Tone Multi Frequency(DTMF)

 A tone signalling facility which is often used for various control

purposes, such as remote control of answering machines and interacting
with automated telephone services.

SMS Cell Broadcast (SMSCB)

A text message with a maximum length of 93 characters can be broadcast to all
mobiles within a certain geographic area.

traffic congestion warnings

accident reports,

weather announcements and

advertisements.

Voice mail
 This service is an answering machine within the network that is
controlled by the subscriber.

 The subscriber accesses the mail box using a personal security code.

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2.Bearer services
 It transports speech and data as digital information within the network
between user interfaces.

e.g.- a bearer service associated with the speech telephony tele service is
the timeslot assigned to a call on a TDMA frame over the air interface.

5.4 SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES

Call forwarding
Ability to forward incoming calls to another telephone number in
the following situations:

 Call forwarding on MS not reachable

 Call forwarding on MS busy

 Call forwarding on no reply

 Call forwarding, unconditional

Barring of outgoing calls

The subscriber can activate or deactivate this service from the MS
with a variety of options for

barring outgoing calls.

 Bar all outgoing calls

 Bar all outgoing international calls

 Bar all outgoing international calls except those directed to the home
PLMN.

Barring of incoming calls

This is desirable because in some cases the called mobile
subscriber is charged for parts of an incoming call (during international
roaming)

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  Barring of all incoming calls

 Barring of incoming calls when outside home PLMN

 ** barring password required **

Call waiting
 This service notifies the mobile subscriber, usually by an audible tone, for
incoming call.

 The incoming call can be any type of basic service including speech,
data or fax.

 There is no notification in the case of an emergency call or SMS.

Call hold
 This supplementary service enables the subscribers to put the basic
normal telephony service on hold in order to set up a new call or accept a
waiting call.

Calling line identification services:

 These cover both the presentation and restriction of the calling line identity.

 The presentation part of the service supplies the called party with
the ISDN or MSISDN number of the calling party. The restriction
service enables calling parties to restrict the presentation of their
number on the MSs of called parties

Closed User Group (CUG)

 The CUG service enables subscriber connected to the PLMN/ISDN and
possibly other networks, to form groups in which access is restricted.

 Example: members of a specific CUG can communicate with each

other, but generally not with users outside the group.

5.5 INNOVATIVE FEATURES

Regional and local subscription

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 These features allow subscribers to subscribe to a service in a specified
geographical area.

 Requests for service outside the area are rejected with the exception of
emergency calls and SMS.
 For local subscriptions, the geographical area consists of a number of
cells, and for regional subscription, the area consists of LAs.

Value Added Services

Mobile Messaging

Mobile internet

Mobile intelligent Network Services

Some Applications
 Internet e.g. WAP

 E-mail

 Messaging Services e.g. MMS

 Telemetery

 M-Commerce

 Location Based Service

 Games

Network elements required to provide new serviceWAP

 GPRS ( GGSN, SGSN)

 MMSC

 Payment Gateways

 Advance IN system

Wireless World - there’s something for everyone

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5.6 Mobile Applications

Mobile Banking

Mobile Trading

Bluetooth:

Location based

Mobile E-mail:

Location Based Applications : Mobile Shopping

In this age of significant telecommunications
competition, mobile network operators continuously seek new and innovative
ways to create differentiation and increase profits. One of the best ways to do
accomplish this is through the delivery of highly personalized services. One of
the most powerful ways to personalize mobile services is based on location

Positioning
One of the most obvious technologies behind LBS is
positioning, with the most widely recognized system being the Global
Positioning System (GPS). There are however, other means of positioning in
addition to GPS.

These other technologies are network based positioning

and typically rely on various means of triangulation of the signal from cell
sites serving a mobile phone. In addition, the serving cell site can be used as a
fix for location of the user.

Geographic Information Systems

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 Geographic data is an important aspect of any location
system. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provide the tools to provision
and administer base map data such as man made structures (streets, buildings)
and terrain (mountains, rivers). GIS is also used to manage point-of-interest data
such as location of gas stations, restaurants, nightclubs, etc. Finally, GIS
information also includes information about the radio frequency characteristics
of the mobile network. This allows the system to determine the serving cell site
of the user.

6.SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
Different softwares are used in GSM mobile are
6.1 Mobile Operating Systems (Mobile OS)
Like a computer operating system, a mobile operating
system is the software platform on top of which other programs run. When you
purchase a mobile device, the manufacturer will have chosen the operating
system for that specific device. The operating system is responsible for
determining the functions and features available on your device, such as
thumbwheel, keyboards, WAP, synchronization with applications, e-mail, text
messaging and more. The mobile operating system will also determine which
third-party applications can be used on your device. Some of the more common
and well-known Mobile operating systems include the following:

The most common mobile operating systems are:

Android from Google Inc.[4] (free and open source)[5]

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The Galaxy Nexus running Android 4.0.1
Android was developed by a small startup company that was
purchased by Google Inc. in 2005, and Google continues to update the software.
Android is a Linux-derived OS backed by Google, along with major hardware
and software developers (such as Intel, HTC, ARM, Samsung, Motorola and
eBay, to name a few), that form the Open Handset Alliance.[6] Released on
November 5th 2007, the OS received praise from a number of developers upon
its introduction.[7] Android releases prior to 2.0 (1.0, 1.5, 1.6) were used
exclusively on mobile phones. Most Android phones, and some Android tablets,
now use a 2.x release. Android 3.0 was a tablet-oriented release and does not
officially run on mobile phones. The current Android version is 4.1. Android
releases are nicknamed after sweets or dessert items like Cupcake (1.5), Frozen
Yogurt (2.2), Honeycomb (3.0), Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0) and Jelly Bean (4.1).
Most major mobile service providers carry an Android device. Since the HTC
Dream was introduced, there has been an explosion in the number of
devices that carry Android OS. From Q2 of 2009 to the second quarter of 2010,
Android's worldwide market share rose 850% from 1.8% to 17.2%. On 15
November 2011, Android reached 52.5% of the global smart phone market
share.

The Apple iPad tablet computer uses a version of OS. bada from Samsung
Electronics (closed source, proprietary)

Page 17
 This is a mobile operating system being developed by Samsung
Electronics. Samsung claims that bada will rapidly replace its proprietary
feature phone platform, converting feature phones to smart phones. The name
'bada' is derived from the Korean word for ocean or sea. The first device to run
bada is called 'Wave' and was unveiled to the public at Mobile World
Congress 2010. The Wave is a fully touch screen running the new mobile
operating system. With the phone, Samsung also released an app store, called
Samsung Apps, to the public. It has close to 3000[9] mobile applications.
Samsung has said that they don't see Bada as a smart phone
operating system, but as an OS with a kernel configurable architecture, which
allows the use of either a proprietary real-time operating system, or the Linux
kernel. Though Samsung plans to install bada on many phones, the company
still has a large lineup of Android phones.

BlackBerry OS from RIM (closed source, proprietary)

This OS is focused on easy operation and was originally designed

for business. Recently it has seen a surge in third-party applications and has
been improved to offer full multimedia support. Currently Blackberry's App
World has over 50,000 downloadable applications. RIM's future strategy will
focus on the newly acquired QNX, having already launched the BlackBerry
Play Book tablet running a version of QNX and expecting the first QNX smart
phones in early 2012.

OS from Apple Inc.(closed source, proprietary, on top of open

source Darwin core OS)
The Apple iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, and second-
generation Apple TV all use an operating system called OS, which is derived
from Mac OS X. Native third party applications were not officially supported
until the release of iOS 2.0 on July 11th 2008. Before this, "jail breaking"
allowed third party applications to be installed, and this method is still available.
Currently all OS devices are developed by Apple and manufactured by Fox
conn or another of Apple's partners.

S40 (Series40) from Nokia (closed source, proprietary)

Nokia uses S40 OS in their low end phones (aka feature phones). Over the years
over 150 phone models have been developed running S40 OS. [11] Since the

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 introduction of S40 OS it has evolved from monochrome low resolution UI to
full touch 256k color UI.

6.2 Symbian OS
Symbian OS has become a standard operating system for
smart phones, and is licensed by more than 85 percent of the world's handset
manufacturers. The Symbian OS is designed for the specific requirements of
2.5G and 3G mobile phones.

 Link: Symbian OS Web site

.
Symbian OS from Nokia and Accenture[4] (open public license)

Symbian has the largest smart phone share in most markets worldwide,
but lags behind other companies in the relatively small but highly visible North
American market.[12] This matches the success of Nokia in all markets except
Japan. In Japan Symbian is strong due to a relationship with DOCOMO, with
only one of the 44 Symbian handsets released in Japan coming from Nokia. [13] It
has been used by many major handset manufacturers, including BenQ, Fujitsu,
LG, Mitsubishi, Motorola, Nokia, Samsung, Sharp, and Sony Ericsson. Current
Symbian-based devices are being made by Fujitsu, Nokia, Samsung, Sharp, and
Sony Ericsson. Prior to 2009 Symbian supported multiple user interfaces,
i.e. UIQ from UIQ Technologies, S60 from Nokia, and MOAP from NTT
DOCOMO. As part of the formation of the Symbian OS in 2009 these three UIs
were merged into a single OS which is now fully open source. Recently, though
shipments of Symbian devices have increased, the operating system's worldwide
market share has declined from over 50% to just over 40% from 2009 to 2010.
Nokia handed the development of Symbian to Accenture, which will continue to
support the OS until 2016.

6.3 Windows Mobile

The Windows Mobile platform is available on a variety of

devices from a variety of wireless operators. You will find Windows Mobile
software on Dell, HP, Motorola, Palm and i-mate products. Windows Mobile
powered devices are available on GSM or CDMA networks.

 Link: Windows Mobile Web site

6.4 Palm OS

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 Since the introduction of the first Palm Pilot in 1996, the Palm
OS platform has provided mobile devices with essential business tools, as well
as capability to access the Internet or a central corporate database via a wireless
connection.

 Link: Palm OS Web site

Splash Data Palm OS store features:

 100% satisfaction with our 60-day money back guarantee

 Secure online shopping
 Commitment to your privacy

6.5 Mobile Linux:

The first company to launch phones with Linux as its OS was

Motorola in 2003. Linux is seen as a suitable option for higher-end phones with
powerful processors and larger amounts of memory.

 Links: OSDL Mobile Linux Initiative

6.6 MXI

MXI is a universal mobile operating system that allows

existing full-fledged desktop and mobile applications written for Windows,
Linux, Java, Palm be enabled immediately on mobile devices without any
redevelopment. MXI allows for interoperability between various platforms,
networks, software and hardware components.

Production, Planning & Control

The Maintenix production planning & control feature represents
the industry’s most advanced maintenance planning solution, complete with key
features such as non-routine work estimation, thorough creation of intuitive
planning templates and sophisticated visualization tools that collectively enable
improved visibility and control of heavy maintenance visits. Maintenance
planners can create, schedule and manage plans drawing on multiple inputs

Page 20
across various maintenance departments, delivering heavy maintenance visits
that best deliver on aircraft turnaround times.
Long-range planning
The Maintenix long-range planning feature enables organizations to
build and manage accurate and effective long-term strategic maintenance plans.
It empowers maintenance planners to access essential information in real time,
analyze inputs and scenarios, and highlight areas of concern. Plan progress can
be easily tracked across the organization and dynamically updated in response
to sudden changes or opportunities.
Deployed operations

The Maintenix deployed operations feature enables defense

organizations, and OEMs supporting performance-based logistics contracts, to
implement and operate Maintenix as a distributed system, with a central
“master” site and multiple in-field “satellite” sites. This structure facilitates
autonomous in-field operations while ensuring that senior stakeholders at
operational headquarters have complete, accurate information at their fingertips
for timely and effective decision-making.

7. SYSTEM DESIGN
7.1INTRODUCTION

7.1.1 GSM OVERVIEW:-

Objectives:-
 Describe the Cellular Concept

 Explain the GSM Access Network

 Explain the GSM Core Network

 Explain the GPRS Core Network

7.1.1.1 CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

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What is a cell?
 A base station (transmitter) having a number of RF channels is called a
cell
 Each cell covers a limited number of mobile subscribers within the cell
boundaries
 Typical Cell Radius Aprrox = 30 Km (Start up), 1 KM (Mature)

A RADIO CELL

Voice
Channels

Lines to Or MS
BSC control
channels

Fundamental problems
 Radio range, or coverage

 No. of channels, or voice circuits

 Full, seamless service coverage

 Large no. of subscribers in the range of numbers

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

 FERQUENCY SCARCITY PROBLEM

 BW for Telephony speech:

 3KHz increases to 25 KHz with FM for Radio Trans.

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  100,000 r 50 KHz =5 GHz
 Hence Individual RF Loop is not extended

 But a Common group of channels is shared

Cellular System Capacity Example:

A particular cellular system has the following characteristics: cluster size=7,

uniform cell size, user density=100 users/sq km, allocated frequency spectrum =
900-949 MHz, bit rate required per user = 10 kbps uplink and 10Kbps
downlink, and modulation code rate = 1 bps/Hz.

A. Using FDMA/FDD:

1. How much bandwidth is available per cell using FDD?

2. How many users per cell can be supported using FDMA?
3. What is the cell area?
4. What is the cell radius assuming circular cells?

B. If the available spectrum is divided in to 35 channels and TDMA is

employed within each channel:

1. What is the bandwidth and data rate per channel?

2. How many time slots are needed in a TDMA frame to support the Required
number of users?
3. If the TDMA frame is 10ms, how long is each user slot in the frame?
4. How many bits are transmitted in each time slot?

A particular cellular system has the following characteristics:

cluster size =7, uniform cell size, user density=100 users/sq km, allocated
frequency spectrum = 900-949 MHz, bit rate required per user = 10 kbps uplink
and 10 kbps downlink, and modulation code rate = 1 bps/Hz.
! A. Using FDMA/FDD:
1. How much bandwidth is available per cell using FDD?
49 MHz/7 = 7 MHz/cell
FDD ⇒ 3.5 MHz/uplink or downlink
2. How many users per cell can be supported using FDMA?
10 kbps/user = 10 kHz ⇒ 350 users per cell
3. What is the cell area?
100 users/sq km ⇒ 3.5 Sq km/cell
4. What is the cell radius assuming circular cells?πr2 = 3.5 ⇒ r = 1.056 km

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7.2.1.1 GSM Network Structure

 GSM Service Area: Total area served by the combination of all member
countries where a mobile can be served.

 PLMN Service Area: It is one N/W area.

 MSC Service Area: There can many MSC/VLR in one PLMN area. It is
one Mobile Exch. Area.

 GMSC: All I/C calls for PLMN N/W will be routed through GMSC. In a
GSM/PLMN N/W all mobile

terminated calls will be routed to a Gateway MSC. Call connections

between PLMNs , or to fixed

N/Ws must be routed to a GMSC. The GMSC contains the Inter working
functions to make these

connections.

 Location Area

 Cells

 LOCATION AREA : There are several LA in a MSC/VLR combination.

A LA is a part of the

MSC/VLR service area in which a MS may move freely without updating

location information to the

MSC/VLR exchange that control the LA. Within a LA a paging message

is broadcast in order to find

the called mobile subs. LA can be identified by system using the LAI.

 CELL : A cell is an identity served by one BTS. The MS distinguishes

between cells using the BASE

Page 24
 STATION IDENTIFICATION CODE(BSIC) that the cell site broadcast
over the air.

GSM PLMN Service Area

I
MSC/
VLR MSC/
VLR I
MSC/
I
IV
VLR MSC/ III
VLR

A public land mobile network (PLMN) is a regulatory term

in telecommunications. A PLMN is a network that is established and operated
by an administration or by a recognized operating agency (ROA)for the specific
purpose of providing land mobile telecommunications services to the public.
A PLMN is identified by the Mobile Country Code (MCC) and
the Mobile Network code (MNC) . Each operator providing mobile services has
its own PLMN.PLMNs interconnect with other PLMNs and PSTN for Tele pho
ne Communications or with internet service providers for data and internet
access of which links are defined as interconnect links between providers. These
links mostly incorporate SDH digital transmission networks via fibre optic on
land and digital microwave links.
Access to PLMN services is achieved by means of an air
interface involving radio communications between mobile phones or other
wireless enabled user equipment and land based radio transmitters or radio base
stations or even fibre optic distributed SDH network between mobile base
stations and central stations via SDH equipment (ADMs) with integrated IP
network services.
GSM MSC Service Area
The mobile switching centre server, abbreviated MSC Server or MSS, is
a 3G core network element which controls the network switching sub sys
tem elements. Alternatively or adaptively, MSS can be used in GSM networks
as well, if the manufacturer has implemented support for GSM networks in the

Page 25
 MSS. Since an immediate upgrade of existing GSM network to 3G is not viable
due to various issues like handset incompatibilities and high expenditure, most
manufacturers do implement GSM support in MSS. In fact, MSS along with
other 3G network elements such as media gateway(MGW), can be configured to
support GSM network exclusively and can be considered as an upgraded
version of existing GSM

LA LA
LA
1 2
3
LA
6 LA
MSC/ 4
VLR
LA
5
The MSC Server is standards-based and communicates with
other distributed elements using industry open standards such as mega co /H.
248, session initiation protocol, M2UA and M3UA. The MSC server
incorporates industry standards as defined by ETSI, ITU, GSM, 3GPP and 3
GPP2 and other leading standard bodies. The MSS supports the regulatory
environment set by governing bodies via its support for E911, CALEA/legal
intercept, wireless and local number portability, TTY/TTD, and Number
Pooling requirements.

GSM Functions of Mobile Station

 Voice and data transmission

 Frequency and time synchronization

 Monitoring of power and signal quality of the surrounding cells

Page 26
  Provision of location updates even during inactive state

 Equalization of multi path distortions

 Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held

 MS identified by unique IMEI(International Mobile Equipment Identity)

 Shall display at least last ten received, dialed and missed calls

 Minimum talk time of 1hr 30 min. and standby time of 80 hrs

 160 characters long SMS

GSM Mobile Identification Numbers

IMEI

MSISDN

IMSI

GSM IMSI
 International mobile subscriber’s Identity

 The IMSI is an unique identity which is used internationally and used

with in the network to identify the mobile subscribers.

 The IMSI is stored on the subscriber identity module (SIM), the HLR,
VLR and AC database.

An International Mobile Subscribe Identity or IMSI is a unique

identification associated with all GSM, UMTS and LTE network SIM cards .
It is stored as a 64 bit field and is sent by the phone to the network. It is also
used for acquiring other details of the mobile in the Home Location Register
(HLR) or as locally copied in the Visitor Location Register. To prevent
eavesdroppers identifying and tracking the subscriber on the radio interface, the
IMSI is sent as rarely as possible and a randomly-generated TMSI is sent
instead.

An IMSI is usually presented as a 15 digit long number, but can be

shorter. For example MTN South Africa’s old IMSIs that are still being used in
the market are shown as 14 digits. The first 3 digits are the Mobile Country Cod

Page 27
e (MCC), and is followed by the Mobile Network Code (MNC), either 2 digits
(European standard) or 3 digits (North American standard). The length of the
MNC depends on the value of the MCC.[1] The remaining digits are the Mobile
Subscription Identification Number (MSIN) within the network's customer base.

7.2 UML DIAGRAMS

7.2.1 Use case Diagram

Page 28
 include
search phone book entry manipulations

edit
contact
delete
add new contact
edit entry contact person delete entry
cell phone user
call
delete
call
please call send message

receive a call

7.2.2 Class Diagram

Page 29
 idle

+void menu button()

+void call button()
+void exit button()

menu
cell phone
+istate m_previous state +void menu button()
+istate m_current state +void call button()
+Has htable m_states +void exit button()
+estate get current state()
+void set current state() istate dialing
+void menu button()
+void call button() +void menu button() +void menu button()
+void exit button() +void call button() +void call button()
+void ring button() +void exit button() +void exit button()
+void call()
+void show last call()
+void show menu() ringing
+void talking()
+void ringing() +void menu button()
+void answer() +void call button()
+void disconnect() +void exit button()

talking

+void menu button()

+void call button()
+void exit button()

7.2.3 Sequence Diagram

Page 30
 caller phone net receiver accounting

1 : lift receiver()

2 : dial tone()

3 : dial()

4 : ringing tone()
5 : ring()

6 : answer()

7 : start()

8 : stop ringing()

9 : stop tone()

7.2.4 Collaboration Diagram

Page 31
 6 : answer() receiver
accounting

5 : ring()

7 : start() 8 : stop ringing()

phone net

2 : dial tone()

1 : lift receiver() 9 : stop tone()

3 : dial() 4 : ringing tone()

caller

7.2.5 Activity Diagram

Page 32
 start

dial number

make a call

connect

conversion

disconnect

stop

8.IMPLEMENTATION
8.1 Generation-0G:

Page 33
0G (zero G) or 0-G may refer to:

 0G, or Zero Generation is the mobile telephony standard for Mobile radio
telephone
 0-G, or Zero gravity is the absence of g-force, also called Weightlessness

 Zero-g roll, one of the common Roller coaster elements

 Zero Gravity Corporation
 0/G, a model of Ν-Asurada AKF-0
 Zero game, a state in game theory where neither player has any legal options
 Zero grade, a type of Indo-European ablaut
 Zero group, a type of mathematical Trivial group
 0G, a size of plugs, for ears (8mm)

Radio Common Carrier:

Parallel to Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS) in the
US until the rollout of cellular AMPS systems, a competing mobile telephone
technology was called Radio Common Carrier or RCC. The service was
provided from the 1960s until the 1980s when cellular AMPS systems made
RCC equipment obsolete. These systems operated in a regulated environment
in competition with the Bell System's MTS and IMTS. RCCs handled telephone
calls and were operated by private companies and individuals. Some systems
were designed to allow customers of adjacent RCCs to use their facilities but
the universe of RCCs did not comply with any single interoperable technical
standard (a capability called roaming in modern systems). For example, the
phone of an Omaha, Nebraska–based RCC service would not be likely to work
in Phoenix, Arizona. At the end of RCC's existence, industry associations were
working on a technical standard that would potentially have allowed roaming,

Page 34
and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enable operation with more
than one of the common signalling formats (600/1500, 2805, and Reach).
Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers.
8.2 Generation-1G:
1G (or 1-G) refers to the first-generation of wireless
telephone technology, mobile telecommunications. These are the analog
telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued
until being rep laced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main difference
between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio
signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital.
Although both sys terms use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which
listen to the hand sets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during
a call is encoded to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to
higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and up.

 FDMA technique

 Analog version

 Developed by NMT first

 RADCON/TACS/JTACS are other developer

 But not deployed to public, since no protection for data

 All are migrated to 2G

8.3 Generation-2G:

Page 35
 2G (or 2-G) is short for second generation wireless telephone
technology. Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commerce
ally launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radio linja (now part of Elisa
Oyj) in 1991. Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors
were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted2G systems were
significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile
phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting
with SMS text messages.

 FDMA + TDMA combination

 Digital version

 Data protection is possible thanks to various type of modulation

 Circuit switching

 Roaming is possible

 Single TS

 Dedicated nature

 9.6 Kbps with security

 14.4 Kbps w/o security

 Frequency reuse

 GMSK modulation

 SMS with 160 characters max

 MMS is possible, but takes more time

8.3.1 Generation-2.5G:

Page 36
 2.5G ("second and a half generation") is used to describe 2G-
systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the
circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services because
bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well
. The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the
introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).

 Part of GSM Phase 2 Project

 FDMA + TDMA

 Digital

 GMSK modulation

 Packet switching

 Multi slot concept-Max 5/8 slots

 TS are sharable

 Multi classes Handset based on TS (Class 1 to Class29 or Class32)

 Handset should support CS1 to CS4

 CS1 is default selection

 CS option is left with N/W Provider

 Most operator chooses CS1 & CS2

 Voice is first priority

 Data buffering provision at N/W end

 64Kbps to 160kbps speed

 SMS & MMS or EMS possible

 Frequency reuse

 Roaming

Key Features

Page 37
  The always online feature

 Removes the dial-up process, making applications only one click

away.

 An upgrade to existing systems

 Operators do not have to replace their equipment; rather, GPRS is

added on top of the existing infrastructure.

 An integral part of future 3G systems

 GPRS is the packet data core network for 3G systems

The operator benefits of GPRS are:

 Optimal support for packet switched traffic.

 Can join the Internet boom with true IP connectivity

 The possibility to offer new, innovative services.

 New user segments will become accessible

 The ability to profit with idle capacity

 Many users can use time-slot simultaneously

 It is economical as it supports multiple users on the same channel(s)

 Profitable to the operator (value added service, efficient use of channels)

 Packet based applications are given wide mobile support

 Reuse of existing network infrastructure

The end user benefits are:

Page 38
New market segments such as telemetry of electric meters will become
accessible

Applications will be user-friendly with a seamless on-line network connection

independent of time and place.

All existing TCP/IP-based applications can be used GPRS offers very fast
session set-up and the end user can stay on-line for long periods paying only for
the capacity used (depending on the billing model) GPRS makes using existing
applications easier and enables new applications

High bit rates in peak-hour, and uncompressed data rates of 171.2 kbps

8.3.2 Generation-2.75G :
GPRS1 networks evolved to EDGE networks with the
introduction of 8PSK encoding. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
(EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a
backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved
data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was
deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003—initiallyby Cingular (now
AT&T) in the United States.
EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family
and it is an upgrade that provides a potential three-fold increase in capacity of
GSM/GPRS networks.
 FDMA + TDMA

 Digital

 CS + PS

 GMSK + 8PSK

 MS + MU

 EDGE or EGPRS

 160 Kbps in CS

 480 Kbps in PS

 MCS used

 MCS1 to 9

Page 39
  MCS1 to MCS4 uses GMSK & compatible with GPRS-2.5G

 MCS5 to MCS9 uses 8PSK

8.4 Generation-3G:
3G, short for 3rd Generation, is a term used to represent
the 3rd generation of mobile telecommunications technology. Also called
Tri-Band 3G. This is a set of standards used for mobile
devices and services ,networks that comply with the International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications 3G finds application in
wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet
access, video calls and mobile TV.
Several telecommunications companies market wireless mobile
Internet services as 3G, indicating that the advertised service is provided over a
3G wireless network. Services advertised as 3G are required to meet IMT-2000
technical standards, including standards for reliability and speed (data transfer
rates). To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak
data rates of at least 200 k bit/s (about 0.2 M bit/s). However, many services
advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the minimum technical requirements
for a 3G service. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G,also
provide mobile broadband access of several M bits to smart phones and mobile
modems in laptop computers.

 UMTS or IMT—2000

 W-CDMA Technology

 2Mbps speed-in standstill/Fixed condition

 384Kbps speed-in roaming with low/moderate speed

 144Kbps speed-in roaming with high speed

Page 40
  RTA

 ATM Backbone N/W support-must

8.4.1 Generation-3.5G:
3.5G is a grouping of disparate mobile telephony and data
technologies designed to provide better performance than 3G systems, as an
interim step towards deployment of full 4G capability.
 HSPDA

 GPRS-3.75G

 HSUPA

 GPRS-4G

 Wi-Max

 Wi-Bro

 3GPP

 HIPERMAN

8.5 Generation-4G:
4G is the fourth generation of mobile phone mobile
communications standards. It is a successor of the third generation (3G)
standards. A 4G system provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access for
example to lap tops with USB wireless modems, to smart phones, and to other
mobile devices. Conceivable applications include amended mobile
web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video
conferencing and 3D television. Recently, Android and Windows-enabled
cellular devices have fallen in the pre-4G category

In the U.S. Sprint Nextel has deployed Mobile WiMAX

net works since 2008, and Metro PCS was the first operator to offer LTE
service in 2010. USB wireless modems have been available since the start,
while WiMAX smart phones have been available since 2010, and LTE smart
phones since 2011. Equipment made for different continents are not always
compatible, because of different frequency bands. Mobile WiMAX are
currently (April 2012) not available for the European market.

Page 41
 In Australia, Telstra launched the country's first 4G network
(LTE) in September 2011 claiming "2–40 Mbps "speeds and announced an
"aggressive" expansion of that network in 2012. In India, Bharti Airtel has
launched India's first 4G service using TD-LTE technology in Kolkata on 10
April 2012.
In New Zealand the first 4G network will be introduced in
December 2013.

 Supports interactive multimedia services

 Teleconferencing
 Wireless network
 Wider bandwidths
 Higher bit rates
 Global mobility
 Service portability
 Low cost
 Scalability of mobile networks

9.TESTING
9.1 Radio Network Quality Audit and Optimization

Page 42
Background

 On what basis does the customer rate GSM operator Ås quality ?

 Prices
 Coverage area
 Call blocking/dropping
 Speech quality
 Customer service
 Else?

 The user experienced service quality in GSM links directly to the

performance of the radio network

 Differentiation from competitors

Field measurements

 Benchmarking

 Troubleshooting
 statistics, customer complaints
 Base station start-up

 Testing equipment
 Testing software e.g. TEMS Ericsson in a laptop
 Test mobile phones (one or more)
 indoor/outdoor antenna
 Cables + battery chargers

 Testing route

 Roads, train
 Hot spot, pedestrian
 Urban, suburban, rural

 Test setup
 Idle mode
 Continuous call
 Call sequence (90s calls / 15s idle)

Page 43
  Tested frequencies:

 900/900E/1800

9.2 Network optimization process

Continous Process
Customer Feedback INPUTS Management
Benchmarking Marketing

Field measurements Network planning

Operation measurements Customer Service
Post Processing
Trouble Shooting:
Omnitele As Enggineers are experienced to encounter the major issues
effecting the quality of GSM Network

 Handover Problems
 Quality Problems
 Coverage Problems and new site location identification
 Network layers fine tuning
 Capacity Problametics
 LAC Optimization
 New Feature Implementation
 Micro cells introduction
 Indoor coverage fine tuning

Interference reduction means

All interference reduction means may generate problems in other
frequencies

Page 44
Optimizing is done frequency by frequency

 Antenna redirection

 the most predictable

 coverage is in danger

 Antenna tilting

 ideally very useful: steepens the slope

 in practice difficult to predict should be always measured
 useful for large clearance angles

 Power reduction

 UL/DL interference power

 balance is lost
 coverage is lost
 not recommended

 Reducing interference Improves network quality!

 New feature implementation (software and hardware)

 Micro cells introduction

Optimizing adjacencies & LAC

 Missing neighbours very often result in unnecessary dropped calls and

bad quality

 Correct neighbour relations can be determined by analysing

measurement results

 Unnecessary LAC updates can easily increase the signalling load

significantly

 Increased signalling reduces the room for payload BSS parameter f

Optimizing parameters

Page 45
 -tuning
Study theoretically the impact of intended change
()

• Micro cells introduction

Select the set of parameters and performance
• Indoor coverage fine-tuning
character
• BSS parameter fine-tuning
Network
Change layersunder
the cell parameters fine-tuning
optimization New conclusions
•
)
• Micro
Measure with testcells
MS introduction
• Indoor coverage fine-tuning
• BSS parameter fine-tuning
Happy -
with
results?
+

Measure the performance and reference for

performance

-
Happy
with
results?

Apply the changes permanently

10. OUTPUT
Optimization Outcome

Page 46
• Network optimization is a tradeoff between quality,traffic/revenues and
investments.

• Without fine-tuned network the customer complaints are increase work load is
increased and marketing becomes inefficient

GSM
Network
indicators of
customer
satisfaction Do you know how your network is performing ?

2000 97.3% 99.7 0.1 - 9,6 1,4

64,4dbm
Initial 98.1% 99.0 0.3 - 9,7 1,2
2001 63,2dbm
Final 98.6% 89.1 0.1 - 8,8 1,2
2001 62,2dbm

Direct impact on customer satisfaction !

11. CONCLUSION
Telecommunications are evolving towards
personal communication networks, whose objective can be stated as the

Page 47
availability of all communication services anytime, anywhere, to anyone, by a
single identity number and a pocket able communication terminal . Having a
multitude of incompatible systems throughout the world moves us farther away
from this ideal. The economies of scale created by a unified system are enough
to justify its implementation, not to mention the convenience to people of
carrying just one communication terminal anywhere they go, regardless of
national boundaries.

The GSM system, and its sibling systems

operating at 1.8 GHz (called DCS1800) and GHz (called GSM1900 or
PCS1900, and operating in North America), are a first approach at a true
personal communication system.

The SIM card is a novel approach that

implements personal mobility in addition to terminal mobility. Together with
international roaming, and support for a variety of services such as telephony,
data transfer, fax, Short Message Service, and supplementary services, GSM
comes close to fulfilling the requirements for a personal communication system:
close enough that it is being used as a basis for the next generation of mobile
communication technology in Europe, the Universal Mobile Tele
communication System (UMTS).

12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Mobile Communications Standards: GSM, UMTS, TETRA, and
ERMES. Norwood, MA: Artech House, Inc.,

Page 48
2001.Halonen, Romero, and Melero. GSM, GPRS, and EDGE Performance:
Evolution Towards 3G/UMTS.

England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2003.Hillebrand,Friedhelm. GSM and

UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile

Communications. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2002.Heine, Gunnar. GSM

Networks: Protocols, Terminology, and

Implementation. Norwood MA: Artech House, Inc., 1999.Mehrotra,Asha. GSM

System Engineering. Norwood, MA:

Artech House, Inc., 1997.Harte, Levine, and Livingston. GSM Super phones.
United States: APDG Publishing,

Inc. A Division of McGraw-Hill, 1999

The GSM System for Mobile Communications

The GSM System for Mobile Communications. The GSM System for Mobile
Communications. Purchase this

Book. Source. Pages: 701. Medium: Hardcover ...

portal.acm.org/citation. Cfm ?id=573838

The GSM System for Mobile Communications [ Michel Mouly,

Marie ...
Google: Search for ["The GSM System for Mobile Communications" Michel
Mouly Marie-Bernadette Pautet].

ISBN: 0945592159 ...

dret.net/biblio/reference/mou92

Overview of GSM (extended abstract)

M. Mouly and M.-B. Pautet, The GSM System for Mobile Communications,
1992. M. Mouly and M.-B. Pautet

, GSM Protocol Architecture: Radio Sub-system Signalling ...

Page 49
styx.uwaterloo.ca/~jscouria/trio.html

Overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications 1

History ...
The GSM System for Mobile Communications . published by the authors, 1992.
17] Jon E. Natvig, steinhansen

, and Jorge de Brito. ..

www.item.ntnu.no/fag/ttm4130/stottelitteratur/GSM_overview.pdf

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Guide GSM by GSM WORLD .it: Bibliografia

M. Mouly and mb Pautet, The GSM system for mobile communications, Celle
& Sys, Parigi, 1993. jd Parsons,

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www.gsmworld.it/biblio.htm

BIBLIOGRAPHY
M. Mouly and Marie-B. Pautet, The GSM System for Mobile Communications,
M. Mouly. et Marie B. Pautet

Palaiseau, France (1992). ...

Page 50
Bibliographic information
Title The GSM system for mobile communications
Authors Michel Mouly, Marie-Bernadette Pautet
Edition Illustrated
Publisher Michel Mouly and Marie-Bernadette Pautet, 1992
Original from the University of Michigan
Digitized 10 Dec 2007
ISBN 2950719007, 9782950719003
Length 701 pages
Subjects Technology & Engineering

Mobile & Wireless Communications

Cellular telephones

Digital communications

Digital telephone systems

Global system for mobile communications

Mobile communication systems

Technology& Engineering / Mobile & Wireless

Communications

Page 51