AI Simplified by Aiforkids.

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NLP Class
Project 10
Cycle
AI Notes
 NATURAL LANGUAGE
PROCESSING
Process to simplify human lang.
The ability of a computer to Start
to make it understandable.
understand text and spoken words
NLP Process
Data Processing
Ex. Mitsuku Bot, Clever Bot,
Jabberwacky, and Haptik. What Text Normalisation
Sentence Segmentation
Tokenisation
Chat Bots Removal of Stop word
Converting into same case
Smart Bot
Stemming and Lemmatization
Script Bot Applications
of NLP Bag of word Algorithm
Automatic Summarization Why
TFIDF
Sentiment Analysis
Term Frequency
Text classification Inverse Document Frequency
Virtual Assistants Applications of TFIDF
Problems in Understanding
human languages by computers.
Human Language CLICK TEXT TO OPEN THE LINK

Computer Language
Human Download Revision Notes Pdf
Arrangement of words & meanings VS
Computer Solve Important Questions
(Structure) Syntax
(Meaning) Semantics Practice VIP Questions PDF
Multiple Meanings of a word Practice Sample Papers
Perfect Syntax, no Meaning Ask and Solve Doubts at
Aiforkids Doubts corner
Practice NLP Explanation Video

Youtube.com/aiforkids Aiforkids.in/class-10/nlp

Learning is not a course, Its a path from passion to profession

" ~Lalit Kumar
"
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What is NLP?

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the sub-field of AI that focuses on the

ability of a computer to understand human language (command) as spoken or
written and to give an output by processing it.

Applications of NLP → Feel Deta h, NLP KA

Automatic Summarization
Summarizing the meaning of documents and information
Extract the key emotional information from the text to understand the reactions
(Social Media)

Sentiment Analysis

Identify sentiments and emotions from one or more posts

Companies use it to identify opinions and sentiments to get feedback
Can be Positive, Negative or Neutral

Text classification

Assign predefined categories to a document and organize it to help you find the
information you need or simplify some activities.
Eg: Spam filtering in email.
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Virtual Assistants
By accessing our data, they can help us in keeping notes of our tasks, making
calls for us, sending messages, and a lot more.
With speech recognition, these assistants can not only detect our speech but
can also make sense of it.
A lot more advancements are expected in this field in the near future
Eg: Google Assistant, Cortana, Siri, Alexa, etc

Revising AI Project Cycle

Project Cycle is a step-by-step process to solve problems using proven

scientific methods and drawing inferences about them.

1 Components of Project Cycle

Problem Scoping - Understanding the problem

Data Acquisition - Collecting accurate and reliable data
Data Exploration - Arranging the data uniformly
Modelling - Creating Models from the data
Evaluation - Evaluating the project

The Stakeholder Who

[Problem
Have a problem Issue/Problem What
Statement
When/While Context/Situation/Location Where Template]
Ideal Solution How the Solution will help Stakeholders Why
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ChatBots

One of the most common applications of Natural Language Processing is a chatbot.

Example: Mitsuku Bot Jabberwacky Rose

Clever Bot Haptic OChatbot

Types of ChatBots

Script bots Smart bots

Easy to make Comparatively difficult to make

Work on the script of the programmed set. Work on bigger databases

Limited functionality Wide functionality

No or little language processing skills Coding is required

Example: Customer Care Bots. Example: Google Assistant, Alexa,

Cortana, Siri, etc.
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Human Language VS Computer Language

1 Human Language

Humans communicate through language which we process all the time.

Our brain keeps on processing the sounds that it hears around itself and
tries to make sense out of them all the time.
Communications made by humans are complex.
2 Computer Language

The computer understands the language of numbers.

Everything that is sent to the machine has to be converted to numbers.
A single mistake is made, the computer throws an error and does not
process that part.
The communications made by the machines are very basic and simple

Errors in Processing Human language

Arrangement of words and meaning

Different Syntax, Same meaning Our Brain
Different Meaning, Same Syntax
Listen Prioritize
Multiple Meanings of the Word
Perfect Syntax, No Meaning
Process
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Arrangement of the words and meaning

Syntax: Syntax refers to the grammatical structure of a sentence.

Semantics: It refers to the meaning of the sentence.

Different syntax, same semantics: 2+3 = 3+2

Here the way these statements are written is different, but their meanings
are the same that is 5.
Different semantics, same syntax: 3/2 (Python 2.7) ≠ 3/2 (Python 3).

Here we have the same syntax but their meanings are different. In Python
2.7, this statement would result in 1 while in Python 3, it would give an
output of 1.5.

1 Multiple Meanings of a word

To understand let us have an example of the following three sentences:

1. "His face turned red after he found out that he had taken the wrong bag"
Possibilities: He feels ashamed because he took another person’s bag instead
of his OR he's feeling angry because he did not manage to steal the bag that he
has been targeting.
2. "The red car zoomed past his nose"
Possibilities: Probably talking about the color of the car, that traveled close to
him in a flash.
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3. "His face turns red after consuming the medicine"

Possibilities: Is he having an allergic reaction? Or is he not able to bear the taste of
that medicine?

2 Perfect Syntax, no Meaning

1. "Chickens feed extravagantly while the moon drinks tea"

Meaning: This statement is correct grammatically but makes no sense. In
Human language, a perfect balance of syntax and semantics is important for
better understanding.

Data Processing

Since we all know that the language of computers is Numerical, the very first
step that comes to our mind is to convert our language to numbers.
This conversion takes a few steps to happen. The first step to it is Text
Normalisation.

Text Normalisation

In Text Normalization, we undergo several steps to normalize the text to a lower

level. That is, we will be working on text from multiple documents and the term
used for the whole textual data from all the documents altogether is known as
"Corpus".
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1 Sentence Segmentation
Under sentence segmentation, the whole corpus is divided into sentences. Each
sentence is taken as a different data so now the whole corpus gets reduced to
sentences.

Example:

Before Sentence Segmentation After Sentence Segmentation

“You want to see the dreams with close You want to see the dreams with close eyes
eyes and achieve them? They’ll remain and achieve them?
dreams, look for AIMs and your eyes They’ll remain dreams, look for AIMs and
have to stay open for a change to be your eyes have to stay open for a change

seen.” to be seen

2 Tokenisation
Tokenisation

A “Token” is a term used for any word or number or special character occurring in a
sentence.

Under Tokenisation, every word, number, and special character is considered

separately and each of them is now a separate token.
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Corpus: A corpus can be defined as a collection of text documents.

Example: You want to see the dreams with close eyes and achieve them?

You want to see the dreams with close

eyes and acheive them ?

4 Removal of Stopwords

Stopwords: Stopwords are the words that occur very frequently in the
corpus but do not add any value to it.

Examples: a, an, and, are, as, for, it, is, into, in, if, on, or, such, the, there, to.

In this step, the tokens which are not necessary are removed from the token
list. To make it easier for the computer to focus on meaningful terms, these
words are removed.

Along with these words, a lot of times our corpus might have special
characters and/or numbers.

if you are working on a document containing email IDs, then you might not want
to remove the special characters and numbers
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Example: You want to see the dreams with close eyes and achieve them?

the removed words would be

to, the, and, ?

The outcome would be:

-> You want see dreams with close eyes achieve them

5 Converting text to a common case

We convert the whole text into a similar case, preferably lower case. This
ensures that the case sensitivity of the machine does not consider the same
words as different just because of different cases.

6 Stemming

Stemming is a technique used to extract the base form of the words by

removing affixes from them. It is just like cutting down the branches of a tree to
its stems.

Might not be meaningful.

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Example:

Words Affixes Stem

healing ing heal

dreams s dream

studies es studi

7 Lemmatization

In lemmatization, the word we get after affix removal (also known as

lemma) is a meaningful one and it takes a longer time to execute than
stemming.

Lemmatization makes sure that a lemma is a word with meaning

Example:

Words Affixes lemma

healing ing heal

dreams s dream

studies es study
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Difference between stemming and lemmatization

Stemming lemmatization

The stemmed words might not The lemma word is a meaningful

be meaningful. one.
Caring ➔ Car Caring ➔ Care

Bag of word Algorithm

Bag of Words just creates a set of vectors containing the count of word
occurrences in the document (reviews). Bag of Words vectors is easy to
interpret.

The bag of words gives us two things:

A vocabulary of words for the corpus
The frequency of these words (number of times it has occurred in the
whole corpus).

Here calling this algorithm a “bag” of words symbolizes that the sequence of
sentences or tokens does not matter in this case as all we need are the unique
words and their frequency in it.
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Steps of the bag of words algorithm

1. Text Normalisation: Collecting data and pre-processing it

2. Create Dictionary: Making a list of all the unique words occurring in
the corpus. (Vocabulary)
3. Create document vectors: For each document in the corpus, find out
how many times the word from the unique list of words has occurred.
4. Create document vectors for all the documents.

Example:
Step 1: Collecting data and pre-processing it.

Raw Data Processed Data

Document 1: Aman and Anil are Document 1: [aman, and, anil, are,
stressed stressed ]
Document 2: Aman went to a Document 2: [aman, went, to, a,
therapist therapist]
Document 3: Anil went to Document 3: [anil, went, to,
download a health chatbot download, a, health, chatbot]

Step 2: Create Dictionary

Dictionary in NLP means a list of all the unique words occurring in
the corpus. If some words are repeated in different documents, they
are all written just once while creating the dictionary.
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aman and anil are stressed went

download health chatbot therapist a to

Some words are repeated in different documents, they are all

written just once, while creating the dictionary, we create a list
of unique words.

Step 3: Create a document vector

The document Vector contains the frequency of each word of the
vocabulary in a particular document.

In the document, vector vocabulary is written in the top row.

Now, for each word in the document, if it matches the
vocabulary, put a 1 under it.
If the same word appears again, increment the
previous value by 1.
And if the word does not occur in that document, put a
0 under it.

aman and anil are stressed went to a therapist download health chatbot

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Step 4: Creating a document vector table for all documents

aman and anil are stressed went to a therapist download health chatbot

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

In this table, the header row contains the vocabulary of the corpus and
three rows correspond to three different documents.
Finally, this gives us the document vector table for our corpus. But the
tokens have still not converted to numbers. This leads us to the final
steps of our algorithm: TFIDF.

TFIDF
TFIDF stands for Term Frequency & Inverse Document Frequency.

1 Term Frequency

1. Term frequency is the frequency of a word in one document.

2. Term frequency can easily be found in the document vector table

Example:
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aman and anil are stressed went to a therapist download health chatbot

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

Here, as we can see that the frequency of each word for each document
has been recorded in the table. These numbers are nothing but the Term
Frequencies!

2 Document Frequency

Document Frequency is the number of documents in which the word occurs

irrespective of how many times it has occurred in those documents.

aman and anil are stressed went to a therapist download health chatbot

2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

We can observe from the table is:

1. Document frequency of ‘aman’, ‘anil’, ‘went’, ‘to’ and ‘a’ is 2 as they
have occurred in two documents.
2. Rest of them occurred in just one document hence the document
frequency for them is one.
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3 Inverse Document Frequency

In the case of inverse document frequency, we need to put the

document frequency in the denominator while the
total number of documents is the numerator.

aman and anil are stressed went to a therapist download health chatbot

3/2 3/1 3/2 3/1 3/1 3/2 3/2 3/2 3/1 3/1 3/1 3/1

Formula of TFIDF

The formula of TFIDF for any word W becomes:

TFIDF(W) = TF(W) * log( IDF(W) )

We don’t need to calculate the log values

by ourselves. We simply have to use the
log function in the calculator and find out!

aman and anil are stressed went to a therapist download health chatbot

1*log 0*log 0*log 0*log

1*log(3/2) 1*log(3) 1*log(3) 1*log(3) 0*log(3) 0*log(3) 0*log(3) 0*log(3)
(3/2) (3/2) (3/2) (3/2)

0*log 1*log 1*log 1*log

1*log(3/2) 0*log(3) 0*log(3) 0*log(3) 1*log(3) 0*log(3) 0*log(3) 0*log(3)
(3/2) (3/2) (3/2) (3/2)

1*log 1*log 1*log 1*log

0*log(3/2) 0*log(3) 0*log(3) 0*log(3) 0*log(3) 1*log(3) 1*log(3) 1*log(3)
(3/2) (3/2) (3/2) (3/2)
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After calculating all the values, we get:

aman and anil are stressed went to a therapist download health chatbot

0.176 .477 0.176 0.477 0.477 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.176 0 0 0 0 0.176 0.176 0.176 0.477 0 0 0

0 0 0.176 0 0 0.176 0.176 0.176 0 0.477 0.477 0.477

Finally, the words have been converted to numbers. These numbers are
the values of each document.

Here, we can see that since we have less amount of data, words like ‘are’
and ‘and’ also have a high value. But as the IDF value increases, the value
of that word decreases.

That is, for example:

Total Number of documents: 10
Number of documents in which ‘and’ occurs: 10
Therefore, IDF(and) = 10/10 = 1

Which means: log(1) = 0. Hence, the value of ‘and’ becomes 0.

On the other hand, the number of documents in which ‘pollution’ occurs: 3
IDF(pollution) = 10/3 = 3.3333…
This means log(3.3333) = 0.522; which shows that the word ‘pollution’
has considerable value in the corpus.
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Important concepts to remember:

1. Words that occur in all the documents with high term frequencies have the
least values and are considered to be the stopwords
2. For a word to have a high TFIDF value, the word needs to have a high term
frequency but less document frequency which shows that the word is
important for one document but is not a common word for all documents.
3. These values help the computer understand which words are to be
considered while processing the natural language. The higher the value, the
more important the word is for a given corpus.

Applications of TFIDF

TFIDF is commonly used in the Natural Language Processing domain.

Some of its applications are:

1. Document Classification – Helps in classifying the type and genre of

a document.
2. Topic Modelling – It helps in predicting the topic for a corpus.
3. Information Retrieval System – To extract the important information
out of a corpus.
4. Stop word filtering – Helps in removing the unnecessary words from
a text body.