rganisms Ee? i REPRODUCTION AND VARIATION Reproduction is the process by which all living organisms produce offsprings similar to them to continue the population of their respective species on the planet. e Variation is the difference in characteristics among individuals of the same species or different species or different genera. Importance of Variation MODES OF REPRODUCTION Asexual ot 01 Reproduction Reproduction Involves a single parent @ Involves two parents @ No gametes involved @ Involves male and female gametes © Offsprings are identical to the parent and are called © Offsprings are similar to clones parents © Offsprings have combination of genes from both parentsAsexual Reproduction Vegetative Propagation Fission Fragmentation Spore Formation [i> FISSION The division of parent body into two or more daughter individuals, identical to the parent. It mostly occurs in unicellular organisms. Ela Fission Multiple Fission Simple binary fission: Plasmodium Amoeba og Longitudinal binary fission: + wuu | © Transverse binary fission: ParameciumTypes of Asexual Reproduction The process of breaking up of an organism into two or more parts. Each fragment grows into a new individual. E.g., Spirogyra. It is the process of restoration of any lost part of the body or the formation of the body from a small fragment. It is carried out by some specialised cells (totipotent) present in the body of an organism. E.g., Planaria. q @ @ @ m= 8 @ VV Og It involves the production of a new individual from an outgrowth or small projection from the parent called a bud. E.g., Hydra, Yeast, etc. « a J qQ) «J 7 t i re EY Some fungi like Rhizopus, have tiny blob-like structures on its tip called Sporangia which contain spores. They burst open and release spores into air which in contact with moist surface grow as new individuals. wre gt Laat , It is a type of asexual reproduction carried out by vegetative parts of the plant like leaf, stem, roots. E.g., Grapes, Jasmine, Rose, etc.fil, NATURAL METHODS OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION E.g., Potato, Yam. ¥ & E.g., Banana, Mint. “at % ee * oT ol col g * ne 4F; ° E.g., Ginger, Turmeric. aa P celui E.g., Onion, Garlic. ie[lll ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION E.g., Mango, Guava. Dormant rootstock Scion wood cut Graft junction wrapped, cut for grafting andinserted buds will shoat in spring E.g., Mint, Lemon. Parent ag Ont at slant 0 Blade E.g., Rase, Grapes. LayeringSexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Stamen Essentia WhorlsGl POLLINATION It is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma. Self Cross Pollination Pollination Transfer of pollen grains from Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the anther to the stigma of a the same flower different flower Pollinating Agents Wind Water Insects (Anemophily) (Hydrophily) (Entomophily) E.g., Rice, Wheat E.g., Valisineria E.g., Salvia, Fig Fertilisation: It is the fusion of male gamete with female egg cell to form zygote. AST eTih Triple Fusion: aes ame) Minis Fusion of second PET nino: ease ee Double to form zygote Wine e@aes Fertilisation hom (elaui) Endosperm esPost Fertilisation Events Parts before fertilisation Sepals, petals, stamen, style and stigma Parts after fertilisation Usually wither and fall off Fruit Ovule Egg Zygote J [il ADOLESCENCE AND PUBERTY Adolescence is a phase of life between childhood and adulthood. Puberty is the period during which adolescents achieve sexual maturity, fill CHANGES DURING PUBERTY Physical Males « Testosterone Secondary sexual characteristics Sperm production Females e Estrogen & progesterone Secondary sexual characteristics © Production of egg © Regulation of menstrual cycleSexual Reproduction in Humans Female Reproductive System Primary Sex Organs Ovaries: ® Situated on both sides of the lower abdomen. @ Has 60,000 to 80,000 ovarian follicles which contain ovum. @ Responsible for maturation of ova. © Helps in the secretion of estrogen and progesterone. Cervix Fallopian . Tube Secondary Te Ol ge 119 Fallopian tubes: ® Site for fertilisation. Uterus: Hollow structure that holds the developing embryo during pregnancy. Cervix: ® The the lower portion of the uterus. Vagina: e A muscular and elastic tube that extends from cervix to the outside of the body.Primary Sex Organs Testis: © Two in number. @ Produce sperms and male sex hormone. e Responsible for secondary sexual characteristics in males. ® Present outside the body in a sac-like structure called scrotum. e The temperature inside the scrotum is lower than the normal body temperature as it is necessary for sperm production. Vas deferens Sexual Reproduction in Humans Male Reproductive System Seminal vesicle Prostate gland / ae Penis. “hE Fe comper's gland mom XK eye , Testis Secondary AT 3 0 Ol g=e- 11) Duct system: Epididymis and vas deferens. Accessory glands: Prostate gland, pair of seminal vesicles and Cowper's gland. Penis: « External organ of the male reproductive system. © Responsible for passage of urine and sperms to outside of the body.@ Amale reproductive cell. a4 Tall Mitochondrion Nucleus Umbilical Core Placenta ConvexMenstruation Ovulation[ll REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. lm, CONTRACEPTIVES ¢ Condom ¢ Diaphragm © Cervical cap ® Oral Pills e Spermicides e Copper-T e Loop « Vasectomy ¢ Tubectomy ¢ Bacterial infections like Gonorrhea and Syphilis ¢ Viral infections like HIV-AIDS and warts e High birth rate, low death rate, desire for male child, etc. result in poverty, communicable diseases, global warming, disproportionate standard of living, etc.