1.1 Define the unit; metre/second? Kilogram, meter, second, Newton, meter/second, ond, Newton/kilogram, kilogram meter/second. ogram — The ki called 1 Kilogram, Hogram is the basic unit of mass. The mass of 1 liter of pure water is Meter ~ This i the base or basic unit of length. The distance travelled by the light in vacuum in + __ i 299792458 of a second is called 1 meter. Second — oscillations The time needed for Caesium-133 to perform 9192631770 complete called 1 second. Newton — The force required giving an acceleration of 1 m/s? to an object of 1 kg is called one Newton. Meter/second (m/s) — This is the unit of velocity. If an object travels a distance of | m in one second then the speed of the object is 1 m/s. Meter/second? ~ If an object changes its velocity by 1 m/s in one second then the acceleration of the object is Im/s*. Newton/kilogram — This is the unit of gravitational field strength. If the force applied by a planet on an object of one kilogram is 1 Newton, the gravitational field of that planet is 1 N/Kg (newton/kilogram). Kilogram meter/second ~ This is the unit of momentum. If an object of I kg has the velocity of | m/s then the momentum is km/s. (b) (1.2P) define the Nm), kilogram meter/second, Newton meter: Thi is the unit of moment. If the force is !N and the distance between the pivot and the line of action of the force is 1m then the moment produced is called 1Nm. m meter/second: This is the unit of momentum. If an object of 1 kg moves with a speed of I m/s then the momentum of the object is 1 kgm/s. 1.4 a) What do you mean by distance and displacement? ‘The change of position of an object is called distance. The diagram shows an oN ITN igure 1 shows an object changes its position from A to B. So the distance travelled by the object is AB example: splacement — The change of position of an object in a particular direction is called displacement, >re 2 shows another ot faa | the displacement sat need Changes its position from C to D through curved path but be straight distance from C to D. ‘The differences between distance and displacement are given below: Ez ‘The total path travelled. T. The shortest distance in the direction of start to end. 2. Between two points there might be 2. Between two points there might be only many distances, two displacements. 3._Itis sealar quantity. 3._Itis vector quantity. Q03: (1.4) What is average speed? What is instantaneous speed? Pg: 1, 2. Average speed ~ The rate of change of distance travelled is called speed. The unit of speed is m/s. distance travetted Speed = Stance traveled time taken a Or,V = t Most objects or bodies do not move at constant speed. For example, the sub-way train starts from rest at a station, moves faster and faster until it reaches a constant speed and then slows down to a stop at the next station. It is therefore more useful to define average speed rather than the actual speed. Instantaneous speed ~The speed of an object at a particular moment is called instantaneous speed. It is measured by taking ratio of distance travelled by the shortest possible time. As Instantaneous speed= Lt (limit) == At—0, onv=s 04: (1.4) What are the differences between speed and velocity? Pg: 3, eS bis rate of distance travelled is specd. The rate of displacement travelled is veloc [sre be inany direction. Velocity is speed in particular direction, Speed is a scalar quantity. Velocity is a vector quantity, 405: (1.5) 2 A (1-5) How to measure the speed of an object such as a toy car or a tennis ball. P: 2 (i) Using clickwheel and stopwatch sone we oe reat q 2 See sp dec hen or paver sure shows the three stages of measuring the speed using a vehicle. Stage 1: = Measure the distance which is to be travelled by using a click wheel as shown in the diagram. = Now, me and my mate stand on the two ends from cach other, at a position where we can communicate by physical signs. Stage 2: = From the figure above, we see when the car crosses the man he waves his hand and the woman starts the stopwatch on her hand. Stage 3: = As the car crosses the woman, she stops the stopwatch. = Thus, the time required to travel the known distance is measured. Now, measure the speed using the equation speed: distance me time card 045 Lc | oy en cC> | iy}(iii) Ticker-time method A ticker-tape timer is an electronically operated device that marks very short intervals of time onto a tape in the form of dots. The timer is connected to an alternating electricity supply from the mains to cause er to vibrate 50 times every second. By means of carbon paper disc, the vibrating metal strip causes the paper tape that is, pulled past the timer to record 50 dots in one second. The time interval between two consecutive dots is the metal strip attached to the 1/5 or 0.02 s. As such, ticker-tape timer is a kind of clock that measures time in 0.02 s intervals or ticks. One useful application of the ticker-tape timer is in the determination of the acceleration of the free fall, g. Attach a card of measured length centrally to the top of the toy car. Air track ensures a frictionless surface for the toy car. A gentle push can move the toy car at a steady speed. Arrange the card to block a light gates beam as it passes through it. Electronic timer measures how long the card takes to pass through the beam. Now calculate the toy car's average velocity as it passes the light gate by: length of card interruption time ticker tape —~! carbon. power magnet 1 paper input maar | | disc ‘A tape pulled through at a steady. slow speed. The ticker timer makes 50 dots each second, so every 5 dots show the distance moved in 0.1 second. ‘A tape pulled through at a steady, faster speed. ‘A tape being accelerated through the timer. weExperimental Sample Tickertape Ticker timer | Trolley Runway Procedure 1. Sct up the apparatus as in the diagram. 2. Connect the ticker timer to a suitable low-voltage power supp! 3. Allow the trolley to roll down the runway “4, The trolley is accelerating as the distance between the spots is increasing. 5. The time interval between two adjacent dots is 0.02 s, assuming the ticker timer makes fifty dots per second. 6. Mark out five adjacent spaces near the beginning of the tape. Measure the length s1. 7. The time ty is 5 «0.02 = 0.1 s. 8. We can assume that the trolley was travelling at constant velocity for a small time interval. 9, Thus initial velocity u= 10. iY int spaces near the end of the tape and find ‘larly mark out fiv the final velocity, v. 11, Measure the distance s in metres from the centre point of u to the centre point of v. 12. ‘The acceleration is found using the formula: v? =u? + 2as ora = v? -u? 2s 13. We can also determine the acceleration by a = ; where t is the time between the center point of u and center point ofv. (iv) Video (sequence) method ‘A tennis ball is let to move on a track at a steady speed. During the ball moves, video the ball moving along in front of a calibrated scale (a scale where there is marking in ength) attached to the slope. aPlay the vi advances Hehe to get the snap shots taken at atime, Measure how far the ball seer Se eRyeen snaps from the scale, The video camera can take 25 snaps each s . So the time between each snap is 0.04 second. Now calculate the balls average velocity between snaps using the following I ie velocity vi nem gk between sn: ig low distance moved between snaps 0.04 Velocity = (v) Toy car or trolley Diagram Slotted masses Apparatus Toy car or tennis ball, meter rule, slotted masses, stopwatch, thread. Procedure 1. Put toy car on bench and attach pulley to the comer of the bench as shown in figure. | 2, Attach one end of the thread with toy car and other end with slotted masses while hanging them over pulley. 3, Keep toy car & pulley one meter apart with meter rule. 4A. Hold the toy with hand so that it remains there immovable. ‘5, Time by stop watch when you let the toy to move a meter distance. » 6. Repeat this & record reading for different distances in the following chart. SJ Distance |__Time (s) No. | (m) 1] 23 | Mean 0.2 0.4 06 08 5 [10 7, Draw graph to find out average speed, which can be found by finding the gradient of the graph. Blelyye \o