Chapter 5

Data Presentation
Elements
 Data Presentation Elements
 The data presentation element is the final element in the
measurement system, its function being to communicate the
measured value of the variable to a human observer.

 It is important that the measured value is presented as

clearly and easily as possible, otherwise the value
registered by the observer may be different.

 Observation error depends on many factors:

o Distance of the element from the observer

o Ambient lighting

o Eyesight, patience, and skill of the observer

 Data Presentation Elements

Classification of data presentation elements

 Pointer–scale indicators

• These are analogue display devices

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Pointer–scale indicators

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 Pointer–scale indicators
 An equivalent circuit for a moving coil indicator connected to
a Thévenin signal source ETh, RTh. The coil is situated in a
radial magnetic field of flux density B, so that a current I
through the coil produces a deflecting torque:

 where A is the cross-sectional area of the coil and

 N is the number of turns.

 This deflecting torque is opposed by the spring restoring

torque:

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 Pointer–scale indicators
Where:

 c is the spring stiffness and

 θ the angular deflection.

 Assuming negligible frictional torque, the resultant

unbalanced torque on the coil is TD−TR.

The current I is given by:

The total back e.m.f. for a coil of n turns is:

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 This is equal to the product of moment of inertia I and
𝑑2 𝜃.
angular acceleration
𝑑𝑡 2

The differential equation for pointer–scale indicator

By defining ∆𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝐸𝑇ℎ to be deviations from initial

steady-conditions 𝜃 0 − , 𝐸 0 − .

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 Pointer–scale indicators

Transfer function for pointer–scale indicator

where

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Digital display principles

1) Character displays

2) Graphic displays

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 Character displays
 These are used to display the numerals 0 to 9, the letters of
the alphabet A to Z in either upper or lower case format, and
a few other symbols such as punctuation marks.
 Common character format used
o Seven-segment
o 7x5 dot-matrix
 Each character format has its own limitation Basically, the
character is formed by an array of segments or dots, referred
to as (pixel= picture element)

 To display a character each pixel must be separately

switched ‘on’ and ‘off’ independently of the other pixels. 11
Digital display principles
Dot-matrix display

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 Graphic displays
 Graphic displays are used to show line diagrams, graphs,
waveforms, bar charts, etc. and consist of a large number of
pixels arranged in rows (along the y-axis) and columns
(along the x-axis).

 To display a graphic, the principle of pixel matrix

multiplexing, which is based on time division multiplexing
is [Link] a 3x3 pixel matrix (six electrical conductors for
nine pixels)

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Digital display principles

(a) 3 × 3 pixel matrix

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 Digital display principles

(b) Voltage waveforms.

Reading Assignment: Refere your textbook page 292

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To understand the production of voltage in all columns and
Rows in the pixel.
 Digital display principles

 A color display produces images containing a wide range

of colors. The screen of a color CRT is coated with dots of
three different types of phosphor.

 One type of phosphor emits red light, the second green light,
the third blue light. Dots of each type are arranged in
equilateral triangles called triads.

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 Digital display principles

• A "vertically polarized" electromagnetic wave of wavelength

λ has its electric field vector E (red) oscillating in the vertical
direction. The magnetic field B (or H) is always at right
angles to it (blue), and both are perpendicular to the direction
of propagation (z).

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Digital display principles

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 Digital display principles

 Digital display enables to show:

o Character (aplha-numeric=alphabetical + numerical
information)

o Graphic (line diagrams, graphs, waveforms, bar charts, etc.)

 Current, digital display technology

o Light emitting diode, LED

o Cathode ray tube, CRT

o Liquid Crystal, LC

o Electro-luminescence, EL
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 Digital display principles
1. Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) do not emit light but use
light incident on them from external sources.
 Consequently LCDs use significantly less power
(microwatts) than LEDs (milliwatts).
 As the orientation of the molecules changes so there is a
corresponding rotation of the plane of polarisation of the
incident light.
 An applied electric field can alter both the orientation of the
molecules and the plane of polarisation of the light, thus 20
creating light and dark areas.
Digital display principles
• Colour liquid crystal displays:

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 2. Light-emitting diode (LED) displays
• When a semiconductor diode is forward biased, as shown in
Figure ,a current iF flows, which depends exponentially on
the forward voltage VF:

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 Light-emitting diode (LED) displays
 LEDs have the special property that when forward biased:

o They emit electromagnetic radiation over a certain band of

wavelengths.

 Two commonly used LED materials are:

1. Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP), which emits red light, and

2. Gallium phosphide (GaP), which emits green or yellow light.

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 3. Cathode ray tube (CRT) displays

 Cathode ray tubes are used to create large-scale displays.

 These devices are often referred to as monitors.

 Based on electron beam (electrons are emitted at the cathode

and accelerated towards the anode)

 Pixels are formed by phosphor dots (semiconductor material)

which emit visible radiation in response to the impact of
electrons.

 High power consumption, and bulky but good for graphic

display.
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4. Electro-luminescence Displays (EL)
 Light is emitted, due to (electro-luminescence effect) when
a voltage is applied across phosphor material (zinc sulphide
doped with small amount of metal)
 Pixel matrix multiplexing technique is used to obtain a
graphic display
 Higher operating voltage and greater power consumption
than LCD. But good contrast ratio (brighter) and viewing
angle.

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 Recorders/Printers
 Laser printers
 The printer receives input data in parallel digital form

 For characters this could be in ASCII format.

 For graphics it will be in vector format, where geometrical

shapes are encoded into numerical values.
• The operation of the printer is controlled by a computer
acting as a print controller.

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 Thermal printers
 Is a digital printing process which produces a printed image
by selectively heating coated thermochromic paper.

 The coating turns black in the areas where it is heated,

producing an image.

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 Chart recorder
 A chart recorder is an electromechanical device that
records an electrical or mechanical input trend onto a piece
of paper or in paperless mechanism.
 The input voltage 𝑉𝐼𝑁 is opposed by the feedback voltage
𝑉𝐹 to give an error voltage e:
 The pen writes on a chart which is driven at a constant
speed along the x-direction,

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Chart recorder

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Example 1
1) moving coil indicator is connected to a Thévenin signal
source of resistance 125 Ω. Use the data given below to
answer the following questions.

 Number of turns on coil 𝑛 = 100

 Coil resistance = 75 Ω
 Coil area 𝐴 = 10−4 𝑚2
 Coil moment of inertia 𝐼 = 2.5 × 10−5 𝑘𝑔 𝑚2
 Magnetic flux density 𝐵 = 150 𝑊𝑏 𝑚−2
 Spring stiffness 𝑐 = 10−3 𝑁𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑑 −1

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Example 1
a) Calculate the steady-state sensitivity (rad V−1), natural
frequency and damping ratio for the system.

b) What additional resistance must be connected into the

circuit to give a damping ratio of 0.7? What is the
sensitivity of the modified system?

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