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Introduction

There is a great need for batteries in our daily use of

electronic appliances and their use is increasing every day.

thus, this project is based on a practical analysis of the factorss

affecting the internal resistance of a cell
when the internal resistance of a cell is decreased, we can
increase the potential around it hence, making it more reliable

INTERNALRESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the
clectrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions battery
B
-
Its S.I unit is the ohm (0)

For a cell of E.M.F(E) and internal

resistance (r) connected to an external|
resistance (R) such that (1) is the
current flowing through the circuit,

Emf, E
E= V + Ir
Internal Resistance r=EY gradient r

Caption
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ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
Electromotive force, also called E
.M.F (denoted and measured in
volt), is the voltage developed by
any source of electrical energy
such as a battery or dynamo. It is
generally defined as the electrical
potential for a source in a circuit.
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Practical analysis

Obiective
To study the various factors on which the internal
resistance/E.M.F of a cell depends.

Apparatus
A Potentiometer, a battery (battery climinator), two-way keys, a
rheostat of low resistance, a galvanometer, a high resistance,
ammeter, a cell, a Jockey a set square, connecting wires,
water bath, thermometer(0-100°C), burner, tripod stand, wire
gaugc.

Theory
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to
the low of ions. The internal resistance of a cell

i. Is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.

ii. Is inversely proportional to the facing surface area of the electrodes in

the electrolyte.

ii. Decrease with an increase in temperature of the electrolyte.

iv. Is inversely proportional to the concentration of clectrolytes.

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The internal resistance of a cell is given by

Where ' and' are the balancing lengths without resistance and with resistance
(shunt), respectively and R is the shunt resistance in parallel with the given
cell.

Procedure
1. Draw the circuit diagram showing the scheme of
connections.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sandpaper
and make tight

3. connections according to the circuit diagrams.

Tight the plugs of the resistance box.

To see the efect of the distance between the electrodes on internal resistances
while keeping the other factors constant, vary the separation between
electrodes and measure internal resistance in each case.

4. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and cell and see that e.m..
and see that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of the
given cell, otherwise null or balance point will not bec
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obtained (E>E).

5. Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat

resistance small.

6. To test the corrections of the connections. (insert the plug

in the key "and note the ammeter reading. Take out the
000 ohm resistance plug from the resistance box. Place
the jokey first at the end P of the wire and then at the end
t h e galvanometershows dellection in opposite
direction in the two cases the connections are correct).

7. Without inserting the plug in the key "adjust the

rheostat so that a null point is
obtained on the 4th wire of the potentiometer.

8.
8 Insert the 2000 ohm plug back in the position in the
resistance box and by slightly
adjusting the jockey near the previous obtained position
of the null point, obtain the null point position accurately,
using a set square.

9. Measure the balancing length h between the point and

the end P of the wire.

10. Take out the 2000 ohm plug again from the resistance
box R.B. introduce plugs in the key ", as well as in key "
. Take out small resistance (1-5 2) from the resistance box
R connected in parallel with the cell.
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11. Slide the jockcy along the potentiometer wire and obtain
the null point.

12. Insert 2000 ohms plug back in its position in R.B. and if
necessary make further
adjustments for the sharp null point.

13. Measure the balancing length ' from endP.

To see the effect of the temperature of electrolytes on internal resistance by

keeping otherfactors constant.
Keep primary cells in a water bath to heat the electrolyte. Determine the
internal resistance at various temperatures.

14. Remove the plug keys at and *. Wait for some time and the same
value of current (as shown by ammeter) repeat steps 7 to 13.

15. Repeat the observations for different values of R repeating each

observation
twice.

Calculate the internal resistance of the cell by using the above relation
forrr.

To see the efect ofconcentration (nature) of electrolyes on internal

resistance by:- Keeping the other factors constant, decrease the
concentration of electrolytes by adding the distilled water and
determining the internal resistance of the cell in each case.
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Observations
Theinternal resistance of the cell
Table for internal resistance
S.No. Ammeter Pos. of null point (cm) Shunt r -4/ R
Reading Resistance
(A) With R(1) Without R R(Q)
()
0.3 660.5 35.5 0.94
0.3 660.5 77.2
108.3 2.51
0.3 660.5

To study the effect of separation

between theelectrodes
Table for the effect of separation between electrodes

r/d
S.No. Separationbetween Balancing Balancing
length
(-1,
length
R
Electrodes-d (cm) (cm) ( ) | (cm)(1) (Q)
1.2 26.6
326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38
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Effect of temperature of electrolyte on

the internal resistance
Table for the effect of temperature

S.No. Temperature Resistance

r R
(T) (cm) (cm) R () (OK)
40 325 12 .96 301.44
32 552 23.6 0.95 291.96
27 660.5 35.5 0.94 283.87

Conclusions
1. The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is
equal to E =
0.98 Volt
2. The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to
the separation between
the electrodes.
3. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the area of the
electrodes dipped in an electrolyte.
4 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the temperature of
clectrolytes.
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5. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional

to the concentration of the electrolyte.

PRECAUTIONS

1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.

2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the
observations are to be
taken.
3. The positive poles of the battery E and cells El and E2
should, all be connected to
the terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It
should touch the wire
gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observations. If
necessary, adjust the rheostat for this purpose.
6. The e.m.i. of the battery should be greater than the
e.m.f.'s of either of the two
cells.
7. Some high resistance plugs should always be taken out
from the resistance box before the jockey is moved along
the wire.
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Diagramns
Circuit Diagram
K
Power Supply

Leclanche cell

R.B.

Shunt

Flow Chart Conclusion

Foctors Afecting internal Resistonce of o Cell

Canc of
of
Eectods Eiecrdyfe

erperature
Dsnce

between of
Eecthodes Eectolytes

Caption
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