Module 1: Legal Basis of Rizal Course

Recognizing one’s purpose and potential to become a hero

What is the importance of studying Rizal’s

life, his writings and other heroes? LEGISLATION OF RIZAL LAW
 R.A. 1465 is Rizal Law/
 It is important to study Rizal's life and his
writings including other heroes because the
contribution they give to the country is priceless.  Jose P. Laurel is the father of Rizal Law.

 The youth know only the little background of their  Former Vice President Salvador Laurel, son of
lives and works and we are already moved, what Jose Laurel facilitated the proper placement of
about if we dig deeper into this? Rizal Law in the academe.

 We will learn many lessons and inspirations with  Rizal died in 1896, and 60 years had passed before
their works. Rizal Law was promulgated in 1956.

 The love they give for the country, especially Dr.  Carlos P. Romulo, in 1969 ordered the course Rizal
Rizal, who is the mightiest. to be offered as a 3-unit course and as a
prerequisite for graduation.
 The principle of pen is mightier than the sword.
 The wounds made by verbal weapons won't be  Legal basis of Rizal course in college.
healed easily and creates more damage to the
personality of the tyrant Spaniards that is why  As mandated by Republic Act 1425, this course
Rizal is haunted by them. covers the life and works of the country's national
hero, Jose Rizal.
 If all of the youth also inherit this kind of concern
and patriotism for the country, for sure we will have  Among the topics covered are Rizal’s biography
a nonstop cycle of dignified youths that soon will be
and his writings, particularly the novels Noli Me
leaders.
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, some of his essays
and various correspondences.
WHY STUDY RIZAL?
 Rizal Law
 requires the teaching of the course Rizal in
 It is of great importance that students understand
college and orders the reproduction and
the rationale behind having to take up a Rizal
reading of the uncut version of
course in college.
 The law has made the reading of both novels
 For high school students, the Noli Me Tangere and obligatory.
the El Filibusterismo are injected into the Filipino
subject as part of the overall curriculum.

 In tertiary education, Rizal is a subject required of

any course, in any college or university in the
Philippines.

HERO
 Is a person who is admired for having done
something very brave or having achieved something
great .
 Module 2: A hero is born

JOSE PROTACIO AKA PEPE  In Spanish, the letter 'P' is pronounced as 'peh'
giving rise to the nickname Pepe for Jose.

 Baptized in the Catholic church

 Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda
 On June 22, at 3 days old

 is the full name of the Philippines’ national  Fr. Rufino Collantes

hero. – “Parish Priest” a Batangueño

 Suggestive of his time, Rizal has 6 names.  Fr. Pedro Casanas

 There are two given Christian names and four – Joses’ “Godfather” a family friend
surnames.
He was simply;  “Jose” his name was chosen by his mother who was
a devotee of San Jose / St. Joseph
 Pepe  Father Collantes noticing Joses’ unusual head size
prophesized :
 To his family and friends
Pepe Rizal  “Take good care of this child, for someday
 to the family's friar-friends he will become a great man.”

 As a medical practitioner Story about Pepe's Big Head

 Dr. Jose Rizal  Jose Rizal's mother almost died during the
delivery because of his big head.
 In the academe  As he recounted many years later in his student
memoirs: -"I was born in Calamba on June
 Dr. Jose Rizal, Jose Rizal or Rizal. 19, 1861.
 Between 11 o'clock and midnight, a few days
before full moon.
 for his great grandchildren;  It was Wednesday and my coming out in this
vale of tears would have cost my mother her life
 Lolo Jose had she not vowed to the Virgin of Antipolo to
take me to her sanctuary by way of pilgrimage."
 Joe (Zaide, 1997).
 For his live-in partner, Josephine Bracken.
 Fr. Rufino Collantes

Rizal  Who baptized Rizal, was impressed by the baby's

big head, and told the members of the family who
 Born on June 19, 1861
were present: "Take care of this child, for someday
 the 7th child of Don Francisco Mercado and Doña
he will become a great man."
Teodora Alonso.
 His words proved to be prophetic, as confirmed by
 He was christened Jose Protacio, in honor of two
subsequent events. (Zaide, 1997).
saints.
 And so, at the course of Rizal's life, his "big head"
 His mother was a devotee of Saint Joseph while indeed contributed multifarious, patriotic great
Saint Protacio is the patron saint for June 19. events towards the shaping of the Filipino
 In Latin, San Jose's name is always followed by the nationhood.
letters 'P.P' for pater putativus.
 Module 2: A hero is born
 At age 8, he wrote his first poem entitled "Sa
Aking Mga Kababata"
Who chose Rizal for a family name?
 Rizal couldn't carry out a tune.
 The great grandfather of Jose Rizal was a Chinese
merchant Domingo Lamco, who later on adopted
the surname Mercado.  He admitted in his memoirs that singing was not
his cup of tea.
 In Laguna, many families adopted the family name
Mercado.
 He was influenced by his three uncles – Jose
 So, to distinguish Lamco-Mercado from other
Alberto, Gregorio, and Manuel.
Mercados who are not related to them, the alcalde
mayor (their family friend) suggested addition of
another surname, Rizal. Domingo Lamco-
THE RIZAL’S FAMILY
Mercado .
 Was a merchant while Francisco Mercado-Rizal -  Francisco Mercado Rizal
Was a farmer. Accordingly, the family name Rizal  Francisco, the father, was a serious looking
could be traced from the word ricial which means man of sturdy build. He was born in Biñan,
green fields. Laguna on May 11, 1818.
 This is a Spanish term which means "a field  He studied Latin and Philosophy at the College
where wheat stalks are cut still green, to sprout of San Jose in Manila.
again” (Daquila 2009).  A tenant-farmer of the Dominican-owned
hacienda.
 Died in Manila on Jan. 5, 1898 at the age of
80.
The Child Rizal
 Jose was the 7th among the 11 children of Don
Francisco and Dona Teodora.  Doña Teodora
 A vigorious and persevering woman with a
 He was a frail, sickly and undersized child. benevolent heart and a likable personality.
 Born in Manila on Nov. 8, 1826.
 He experienced his first sorrow when his younger  Educated at College of Santa Rosa, well known
sister Concepcion died at age 3. college for girls.
 Died in Manila on Aug. 16, 1911 at the age of
 He fears when his nanny threatened that aswang, 85.
tikbalang and heavy-bearded Bombay would take
him away if he would not eat his supper. THE RIZAL CHILDREN
 Rizal was afraid of ghosts, like Pepe, many children  1. Saturnina (1850-1913)
grew up fearing mysterious creatures.  Eldest of the Rizal children.
 Neneng
 At age three, he learned the alphabet from his
mother
 2. Paciano (1851-1930)
 Rizal was a happy student. Unlike some students,
Rizal loved school.
 The second child in the family and Rizal's
only brother.
 Module 2: A hero is born
 3. Narcisa (1852-1939 )

 Her pet name was Sisa

 4. Olimpia (1855-1887)
 Ypia was her pet name.

 5. Lucia (1857-1919)

 Herbosa died of cholera and was denied

Christian burial because he was a brother-in-law
of Dr. Rizal.

 6. Maria (1859-1945)

 Biang was her nickname

 Became the wife of Daniel Faustino Cruz of
Biñan, Laguna.

 7. Jose ( 1861-1896)
 The national hero of the Philippines.
 His nickname was Pepe
 In Dapitan, he lived with Josephine
Bracken , Irish girl from Hong Kong.
 Had a son with her but died few hours after
birth.
 Named his son as Francisco.

 8. Concepcion ( 1862-1865)
 Her pet name was Concha.
 She died of sickness at the age of 3.
 Her death was Rizal’s first sorrow in life.

 9. Josefa (1865-1945)
 Her pet name was Panggoy
 She died an old maid at the age of 80.

 10. Trinidad (1868-1951)

 11. Soledad (1870-1929)

 The youngest Rizal child

 Pet name Choleng
 Became the wife of Pantaleon Quintero.
 Module 3: Childhood Days in Calamba and Martial Law in the Philippines

Calamba, the Hero’s Town  CONCEPCION OR CONCHA

 Of his sisters, Jose loved most the little Concha
 “Craddle of a Genius.”  Unfortunately, Concha died of sickness in 1865
 Calamba was an hacienda when she was only three years old.
 The death of little Concha brought him his first
town which belong to the
sorrow in life
Dominican Order.
 South looms Mount Makiling
 Beyond this mountain is the province of
Batangas INFLUENCE ON HERO’S BOYHOOD
 East of the town is the
Laguna de Bay  Hereditary Influence
 North is the distant  Malayan ancestors- love for freedom; innate
Antipolo desire to travel and his indomitable courage.
 Rizal loved Calamba with all his heart and
soul.  Environmental Influence
 In 1876,  Places, Associates, Events
 when he was 15 years old and was a  Beauties of Calamba
student in Ateneo, he remembered his  His 3 uncles
beloved town.
 Aid of Divine Providence
 UN RECUERDO A MI PUEBLO
 God endowed him with the versatile gifts of a
genius, the vibrant spirit of a nationalist, and
 The Spanish poem that Rizal wrote in memory
the valiant heart to sacrifice for a noble case
of his hometown.

RIZAL’S UNCLES WHO HELP HIM A

Earliest Childhood Memories LOT IN HIS DEVELOPMENT

 His first memory in his infancy was his happy

days in the family garden when he was 3  GREGORIO
years old.
 An aya (nurse maid) was employed to look after  Was a lover of books.
his comfort because he was a frail, sickly and  He instilled into the mind of his
undersized child precocious nephew*Jose) a great love for
 Aya related to the Rizal children many stories books.
about fairies, legends and folklore like  He taught him to work hard, to think for
asuang, the nuno, the tigbalang. himself, and to observe life keenly.
 Another childhood memory was the daily
Angelus prayers.
 Another memory of his infancy was the walk in  JOSE ALBERTO
the town especially when there was a moon  Who had been educated at Calcutta, India,
was the youngest brother of Doña
Teodora.
 He encouraged his nephew to paint,
The Hero’s First Sorrow sketch, and sculpture.
 Module 3: Childhood Days in Calamba and Martial Law in the Philippines
 MANUEL  Typically, the imposition of martial law
 Was a big, strong, and husky man. accompanies curfews, the suspension of civil
 He looked after the physical training of law, civil rights, habeas corpus, and the
his sickly and weak nephew. application or extension of military law or
military justice to civilians. Civilians defying
 He encouraged young Rizal to learn martial law may be subjected to military
swimming, fencing, wrestling and other tribunals (court-martial).
sports, so that in later years of Rizal’s frail
body acquired agility, endurance and  Facism
strength.
 A way of organizing a society in which
government ruled by a dictator controls the lives
of the people and in which people are not
First Poem by Rizal
allowed to disagree with the government.

 At the age of 8, wrote hisfirst poem “ Sa Aking mga  Proclamation of Martial Law: On Sept. 21, 1972,
Kababata” Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos placed the
 (To My Fellow Children) Philippines under Martial Law.
 This poem reveals Rizal’s earlist nationalist  The declaration issued under Proclamation 1081
sentiments. suspended the civil rights and imposed military
 The poem revolves about the Love of one’s language authority in the country.
 Marcos defended the declaration stressing the
First Drama by Rizal
need for extra powers to quell the rising wave of
violence allegedly caused by communists.
 At the age of *, wrote his first dramatic work which
 The emergency rule, according to Marcos’ plan,
was Tagalog comedy.
was to lead the country into what he calls a “New
 It was staged in the Calamba festivals
Society”
 He is also a boy magician which he learned various
tricks such as making a coin appear.

THE NIGHTMARE OF MARTIAL LAW

WHAT IS MARTIAL LAW?
 The trouble with Martial Law is that although it has
only one true father, Ferdinand Marcos,
 Martial law is law administered by the military  it has many godparents, in the form of those who
rather than a civilian government, typically to conspired to set it in motion, and later, those who
restore order. kept it growing stronger and more terrible,
encouraging it with hubris and entitlement, and
letting it gorge on the bodies of the innocent and
 Martial law is declared in an emergency, in a
victimizing thousands more with torture, rape,
response to a crisis, or to control occupied
and trauma.
territory.
 And amidst the silence and fear of the ordinary
Filipino, Martial Law became a weapon of abuse
 When martial law is declared, civil liberties,
against the weak, an opportunity for self-
such as the right to free movement, free
enrichment for the greedy, and a channel of
speech, protection from unreasonable
disinformation for those who wished to keep
searches and habeas corpus laws may be
their crimes hidden
suspended.
 Module 3: Childhood Days in Calamba and Martial Law in the Philippines
 Martial Law was nominally ended in 1981, and only the facade of law and order.
more properly dismantled in 1986, Martial Law
has never quite left our midst.  What I fear the most, and the anniversary has come
upon us once more, is that if Martial Law were to
 It is hard to speak of the exile of the monster, much be unleashed upon us once more, we will all be to
less the slaying of the ghost, when the architects blame the second time around.
still remain in our midst, and the beneficiaries
continue to live off the the wealth that never rightly  For we refused to listen to the cries of those we
belonged to them. have lost, refused to learn to the stories that
needed to be told, refused to remember the story
of us, the nightmare that was Martial Law.
 In fact, over the last thirty years the children and
grandchildren of Martial Law like to encourage Who are the heads of the Philippines
lies about their father’s history, inventing new who have enacted the Martial Law in the
lies, recreating and rewriting narratives that
country?
never existed, yet easily swallowed by the gullible,
or by those desperate to forget what really
 Governor General Ramon Blanco
happened.

 Date commenced and Date lifted

 “This is why we beg the question if Martial Law
ever truly left, or remains lurking in our midst, not
just the bogeyman told to frighten children, but a  (Aug. 30, 1896- Dec. 10, 1898) .
true beast waiting to be summoned by its followers  Territorial Extent
and high priests, to once more prey on the unwary,
and if we are all not careful, devour us all for  Province of Manila, Bulacan, Cavite ,
good.” Pampanga, Tarlac, Lagu na, Batangas,
and Nueva Ecija
 This is why we beg the question if Martial Law ever
 Legal Basis
truly left, or remains lurking in our midst, not just
 Official Proclamation stating that
the bogeyman told to frighten children, but a true
beast waiting to be summoned by its followers and  The civilian government and civilian
high priests, to once more prey on the unwary, and judicial authorities shall continue
if we are all not careful, devour us all for good. functioning in all matters appropriately
belonging to their attributes that do
not refer to public order and this last
 The tragedy facing us today is that we never
matter to whatever the military allows
understood what Martial Law really did to us
them to do or delegates to them,
thirty-one years ago, because we were too afraid
requiring each one to give the other
to really face the beast. Perhaps this is so because
any news that will reach their
we did not want to see the beast among us and
knowledge
within us.

 President Emilio Aguinaldo

 Perhaps we were too afraid to remember, and in so
doing, if we are not careful, allow it to creep back,
 Date commenced and Date lifted
in new subtle forms, taking out one-by-one those
who could prevent its return, while convincing the
majority that it had never brought harm before, but  (May 24, 1898- June 23, 1898).
 Module 3: Childhood Days in Calamba and Martial Law in the Philippines
 Territorial Extent  (Sept. 21, 1972- Jan. 17, 1981).
 Territorial Extent
 Nationwide
 Legal Basis  Nationwide
 Legal Basis
 Revolutionary Decree instituting a  Proclamation No. 1081
Dictatorial Government under a  Proclaiming the State of Martial law in the
Dictatorial leadership Philippines
 I am compelled to establish a
Dictatorial Government with full
authority, civil and military, in order
to determine first the real needs of the
country

 President Jose P. Laurel

 Date commenced and Date lifted

 ( Sept. 23, 1944- Aug. 17, 1945)

 Territorial Extent

 Nationwide

 Legal Basis

 Proclamation No. 29
 The danger of invasion being imminent
and the public safety so requiring, I,
Jose P. Laurel, President of the
Republic of the Philippines, pursuant
to the authority conferred upon me by
section 9, article II, of the
Constitution, do hereby place the
Philippines and all parts thereof under
martial law and suspend the privileges
of the writ of habeas corpus therein.

 President Ferdinand D Marcos

 Date commenced and Date lifted

 Module 4: School Days in Binan

INTRODUCTION aboard a carromata.

 Rizal has his early education in Calamba and

Biñan. ACTIVITIES IN BINAN
 It was a typical schooling that a son of an
illustrado family received during his time,  Rizal’s daily activities were systematic and
characterized by the four R's methodical. His manner of life was simple.
 Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, and Religion He said: “I heard the four o’clock mass, if
there was once; or I studied my lessons at the
same hour and heard mass afterwards.
THE HERO’S FIRST TEACHER
 Upon returning, I looked for a mabolo fruit
 The first teacher of Rizal was his mother. in the grove and I ate it. Afterwards I took
my breakfast, which consisted of a plate of
 It was his mother who first discovered that her son
boiled rice, and two fried sardines. Then I
had a talent in poetry.
went to class, which was over at ten. I went
 His parents employed private tutors to give him
home immediately.
lessons at home
 Maestro Celestino
 Maestro Lucas Padua  “If there was a particularly appetizing dish,
leandro and I were told to take it to the house
 Leon Monroy of my aunt’s sons (a thing which I never did
 former classmate of RizaI's father at home, and would never have done). I
returned without saying a word, ate with
 He was the teacher of the young Rizal them, and then applied myself to studies.”
who taught him writing, reading, Spanish
and Latin.
 “I went back to school at two, and was out at
five. I played for a while with some good
After Monroy's death, his parents decided to send cousins before going home. There I studied
their gifted son to a private school in Biñan. my lessons, doodled a little, afterward taking
my supper of one or two plates of boiled rice
and an ayungin. We said our prayers and
 MAESTRO JUSTINIANO AQUINO CRUZ then, if there was a moon, my friends would
call me out to play in the street in the
 Former teacher of Paciano. company of others. Thanks to God, I never
felt sick when away from my parents.”
JOSE GOES TO BINAN/ FIRST DAY IN BINAN
SCHOOL  Beside the house of Rizal’s teacher was the
house of an old painter who was called
 In 1869, Don Francisco decided to send Jose Juancho. He was the father-in-law of his
to Biñan, to continue his studies. teacher. Every time Jose was free from his
daily chores in the classroom he would rush
out and watch the old man paint.
 Accompanied by his brother, Paciano, they
reached Biñan after one-and-a-half hours ride  Old Juancho was so impressed by the extra
interest of the Calamba lad, and gave him
 Module 4: School Days in Binan
lessons in drawing and painting. In due sufficiently provoked.
time Jose Rizal, together with Jose
Guevarra, a classmate, became the favorite  He would not forget Pedro, the son of the school
class painter. master and Andres who nearly broke his arm.
He described both fellows:
 In the classroom Jose was without peer. He
surpassed all his classmates. In his own  “Pedro must have been older than I, and he had the
words, “he said: “I usually won the classroom advantage of me in height, but when we started to
contests; nobody beat me; and as a result, I wrestle, I kicked him, and twisted him back-I don’t
surpassed many in class standing, but inspite know by what lucky chance over some benches in
of the reputation I had of being a good boy, the classroom. I let him go, leaving him
the day was unusual when I was not laid out considerably mortified. I have made a name among
on a bench and given five or six blows.” my classmates by this feat, perhaps because of my
small size, and so, after class a youngster Andres
Salandanan challenged me for arm wrestling
TO CALAMBA match. He put up an arm; so, did I; I lost and nearly
cracked my head against the pavement of the
 The lad from Calamba was extra-ordinarily house.” (Daquila, 2009 p.122).
gifted. He learned fast and in due time Maestro
Justiniano instructed Jose to go home for he had
learned all there was to be taught at his place.

 December 1871, one o’clock on Saturday.

 his sister Saturnina sent him a letter

informing him of the arrival of the
steamship Talim which would take him to
Calamba.
 He was thrilled and excited because this
was his first time to see and ride on a
steamer. Aboard the ship, he was left to the
charge of a Frenchman, Arturo Camps an
old friend of his father
 Talim

 The name of the steamship that Rizal boarded

when he came back home in Calamba, December
17, 1871.

Excerpt on Pepe’s fight with a Bully

 Jose was also serious and touchy. Though small

and short, he would not allow himself to be bullied
by others. He would keep silent and would hold his
peace as much as possible, except when he was
 Module 5: Triumps in Ateneo

INTRODUCTION  Jose was the first of his family to adopt the

 4 months after the GOMBURZA martyrdom surname “Rizal”
 Rizals mother Donya Teodora was still in
prison during this period  The first teacher of Rizal in Ateneo was Father
 Jose had not yet celebrated his eleventh Jose Bech.
birthday was sent to Manila
 He had two teachers he could not forget. They
 ATENEO MUNICIPAL were Francisco de Paula Sanchez, a young,
 Formerly, Escuela Pia upright, serious, and one who rejoiced at the
 A charity school for poor boys advancement of his students.
 Supervised by Spanish Jesuits
 Bitter rival of College of San Juan de Letran  On the contrary, Fr. Jose Vilaclara, a teacher in
 Established by the city gov’t in 1817 and philosophy and sciences found poetry useless.
now known as Ateneo de Manila Trying to convince his students to follow what he
firmly believed in, he discouraged Rizal from
writing.
Rizal before he enters Ateneo
 Despite his resentment on the remarks of Fr.
 Accompanied by Paciano went to Manila Vilaclara, Rizal did not allow criticisms to
 Took entrance exam at San Juan de dampen his fascination in literature.
Letran, and passed them  He continued writing and secretly sent his
 Returned to Calamba to attend the town composition to Fr. Sanchez who likewise
fiesta corrected them enthusiastically.
 His father decided to send him to Ateneo  He first boarded in ahouse outside Intramuros
instead  Boarding house owned by Titay who owed Rizal
family P300
 Since Mercado, the first surname of the family  Jose boarded with her in order to collect part of debt
had come under suspicion of the authorities as it
was the name used by Paciano when he was
studying and working with Father Burgos, in
whose house he lived, Jose adopted the second
surname, Rizal.

JESUIT SYSTEM OF EDUCATION

RIZAL ENTERS ATENEO
1. It trained the character of students by rigid discipline
 Fr. Margin Ferrando, the college registrar and religious instruction.
refused to admit Jose for two reasons:
 He was late for registration 2. It promotes physical culture, humanities and scientific
 He was sickly and undersized for his age studies.

3. Aside from academic courses leading to AB, it offers

 They seek the help of Manuel Xerez Burgos
vocational course in agriculture, commerce, mechanics
(nephew of Father Burgos of GOMBURZA) and
and surveying.
eventually Rizal was admitted to study at Ateneo

4. They were given splendid professors.

 Module 5: Triumps in Ateneo
5. They acquired prestige as an excellent college for  He was a newcomer and knows a little
boys. Spanish
 He was an externo, hence was assigned as
 In the first two terms the classes were divided into Carthaginians, occupying the end line
groups of interns and externs: the first constituted  After a month, he became “emperor”
the Roman Empire and the second, the Carthaginian  He took private lessons for Spanish in Sta.
Empire. Isabel College during noon
 He paid three pesos
 Roman Empire  Rizal did not try hard enough to retain his
- consisting internos (boarders) academic supremacy in the second half of
 Carthaginian Empire his first year
- composed of externos (non- boarders)  He resented some remarks of his professor
 He place 2nd at the end of the year,
although his grades were remarked
 In each empire there were five dignitaries or ”excellent”
student’s ranks: Emperor, Tribune, Decurion,
Centurion, and Standard-Bearer.  He had reason to feel proud of his
advancement; and so, when he went
 Emperor home on vacation that year, he ran
- best student alone to see his mother in the prison
 Tribune and tell her the happy news.
- 2nd best
 Decurion Second Year in Ateneo (1873-74)
- 3rd best
 Centurion  He repented having neglected his studies the
- 4th best previous year
 He again became an emperor; he also
 Standard- bearer received excellent grades in all subjects and a
- 5th best gold medal.

 These dignities were won by means of individual  March 1874, he returned to Calamba for his
competitions in which it was necessary to catch vacation.
one’s adversary in error three times.

 The empires considered themselves in perpetual

Third year in Ateneo (1874-1875)
warfare, and when an individual of one empire was
caught in error by one belonging to the enemy
 His grades remained excellent in all subjects
empire, a point was counted in favor of the latter. At
the end of each week or two, the points in favor of
each  He only got 1 medal in his Latin subject, then
on March 1875 he returned to Calamba.

RIZAL’S FIRST YEAR IN ATENEO  He failed to win the medal in Spanish because
his spoken Spanish was not fluently sonorous.
( 1872-1873)
 First heard mass at the college chapel.
 Fr. Jose Bech was his first professor.
Fourth Year in Ateneo(1875- 76)
 Module 5: Triumps in Ateneo
 he became an internee in the Ateneo.  But this love story didn’t last long as Segunda
was already engaged to be married to her
 One of his professors this time was Fr. Francisco townmate Manuel Luz.
Sanchez whom inspired Rizal to study harder
and write poetry.  The last time they talked to each other was
before the Christmas vacation on 1877 before
 Considered as ‘best professor’ they both live and return to their hometown.
 Described as model of uprightness, “Well, good-bye. Anyway— I’ll see when you
earnestness, and love for the pass Calamba on your way to Lipa”, the last word
advancements of pupils. Rizal said to Segunda before they will apart
 He inspired Rizal to study harder and to forever.
write poetry
 Won 5 medals at the end of term

Last year in Ateneo (1876- 77)

 He excelled in all subjects

 Rizal finished his last year at Ateneo in a blaze of
glory
 Obtained the highest grades– “excellent”
 The most brilliant Atenean of his time
 He was truly “the pride of the Jesuits”

 March, 1876 he returned to Calamba.

 Rizal became the pride of the Jesuits and
He obtained highest grades in all subjects.
 He received the degree of Bachelor of
Arts with highest honors during
commencement exercise.

First Romance of Rizal

 Shortly after his graduation from the Ateneo,

Rizal, who was then 16 years old, experience his
first romance— “that painful experience which
comes to nearly all adolescent”.
 Segunda Katigbak is the girl who stole Rizal’s
heart, she is a pretty 14 years old Batangueña
from Lipa.
 He used to know Segunda because of his friend
Mariano Katigbak, brother of Segunda, during
weekends Rizal visit Segunda’s place—La
Concordia College and came to know her more
intimately.
 Module 6: At the University of Santo Tomas

Fortunately, Rizal’s tragic first romance, with its

bitter disillusionment, did not adversely affect his LEONOR VALENZUELA
studies in the University of Santo Tomas. His love for
 Notwithstanding his academic studies in the
higher education proved to be greater than his love
University of Santo Tomas and extracurricular
for a pretty girl.
activities in the Ateneo.
 In April, 1877, Rizal, who was then nearly 16
years old, matriculated in the University of  Rizal had ample time for love. He was a romantic
Santo Tomas, taking Philosophy and Letters. dreamer who liked to sip the “nectar of love.” His
He enrolled in this course for two reasons: sad experience with his first love had made him
1. His father liked it wiser in the ways of romance.

2. He was still “Uncertain as to what career to  Shortly after losing Segunda Katigbak, he paid
follow.” court to a young woman in Calamba.

 He had written to the Father Pablo Ramon,  In his memoirs, he called her simply Miss L,
Rector of Ateneo, who had been good to him describing her as “fair with seductive and
during his student days in that college, asking for attractive eyes.” After visiting her in her house
advice on the choice of career. several times, he suddenly stopped his wooing, and
the romance died a natural death.
 Unfortunately, the Father Rector was in the
 Several months later, during his sophomore year
Mindanao and during those days it took several
at the University of Santo Tomas, he boarded in
months foe a letter to travel between Manila and
the house of Doña Concha Leyva in Intramuros. The
Mindanao.
next-door neighbors of Doña.

 Consequently, during his first-year term

 Concha were Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday
(1877-79) in the UST
Valenzuela, parents of a charming girl named
Leonor.
 he studied Cosmology, Metaphysics,
Theodicy, and History of Philosophy.
 Rizal, the medical student from Calamba, was a
 School term (1878-1879)
welcomed visitor in the Valenzuela home, where
 Rizal took up medicine, enrolling
he was the life of the social parties because of his
simultaneously in the preparatory medical
clever sleight-of-hand tricks.
course and the regular first year medical
course.
 He courted Leonor Valenzuela, who was a tall girl,
 The reasons why he studied medicine were:
“almost as tall as Jose himself,” and had a regal
 (1) he wanted to be a physician so that he
bearing.
might cure his mother’s failing eyesight
 (2) the Father Pablo Ramon, Rector of
Ateneo, whom he consulted for a choice  He sent her over love notes written in invisible
of career, finally answered his letter, ink. This ink consisted of common table salt and
recommending medicine. water.

 It left no trace on the paper. Rizal, who knew his

chemistry, taught Orang (pet name of Leonor
ROMANCES WITH OTHER GIRLS Valenzuela) the secret of reading any note written in
 Module 6: At the University of Santo Tomas
the invisible ink by heating it over a candle or  The vague figure was a lieutenant of the Guardia
lamp so that the lettering may appear. Civil. With a snarl, he turned upon Rizal, whipped
out a sword and brutally slashed the later on the
 But as with Segunda, he stopped short of proposing back. The wound was not serious, but it was painful.
marriage to Orang.
 When he recovered, Rizal reported the incident to
General Primo de Rivera, the Spanish Governor-
LEONOR RIVERA General of the Philippines at that time.

 Rizal’s next romance was with another Leonor-  But nothing came out of his complaint, because he
Leonor Rivera- his cousin from Camiling. was an indio, and the abusive lieutenant was a
Spaniard.
 In 1879, the start of his junior year at the University,
he lived in “Casa Tomasina,” a boarding house  In a letter to Blumentritt, dated March 21, 1887
managed by his Uncle Antonio Rivera, at No. 6
Calle Santo Tomas, Intramuros.  he related: “I went to the Captain General
but I could not obtain any Justice; my
 His landlord-uncle had a pretty daughter, Leonor, a wound lasted two weeks.
student at La Concordia College, where Soledad
Rizal, the Champion of Filipino Students
(Rizal’s youngersister) was then studying.

 Leonor, born in Camiling, Tarlac, on April 11,

 Rizal was the champion of the Filipino students in
1876, was a frail, beautiful, “tender as a budding
their frequent fights against arrogant
flower with kindly, wistful eyes.” Between Jose
and Leonor sprang a tenderly beautiful romance.
They became engaged.  Spanish students, who insultingly call their brown
classmates,
 ”Indio, chongo!”. In retaliation, Filipinos
 In her letters to Rizal, Leonor signed her name as
call them ”Kastila, bangus!”. Hostility
“Taimis,” in order to hide their intimate
often exploded in angry street rumbles.
relationship from their parents and friends.
 Rizal participated in street brawls.

 In 1880, he founded a secret society of Filipino

Victim of Spanish Officer’s Brutality students in UST called Compañerismo
 When Rizal was a freshman medical student at (Comradeship), members were called ”
the University of Santo Tomas, he got his first Companions of Jehu”.
taste of Spanish brutality.
 Rizal was the chief of the secret society and his
 One dark night in Calamba, during his summer cousin from Batangas, Galicano Apacible was the
vacation in 1880, he was walking in the street. secretary.

 He dimly perceived the figure of a man while  There was a time in their fights, when Rizal was
passing him. Not knowing the person due to wounded on the head, his friends brought him in his
darkness, he did not salute or say a courteous “Good boarding house and Leonor Rivera aided and
Evening.” washed his wound.

UNHAPPY DAYS AT THE UST

 Module 6: At the University of Santo Tomas
Rizal was unhappy in the Dominican institution because:

 The Dominican professors were hostile to him

 The Filipino students were racially discriminated
against by the Spaniards
 The method of instruction was obsolete and
repressive.
 He failed to win high scholastic honors due to the
attitude of his professors.

Rizal’s decision to study abroad

After finishing Rizal’s fourth year of medical course,
he decided to go to Spain because he could no longer
endure the discrimination and hostility in the UST.

Many approved this plan. However, for the first time, he

did not seek his parents’ permission for he knew that
they would disapprove it.

 He also didn’t tell his beloved Leonor because he

knew she couldn’t keep it a secret.

 Rizal’s parents, Leonor, and the Spanish

authorities have no idea of his decision to go
abroad to finish his medical studies in Spain.

 He believed that professors in Spain were more

liberal than of those who were in the UST.

 Jose Rizal was disgusted with the antiquated

method of instruction in UST (Domincan-owned
university) and racial prejudice of Dominican
professors against Filipino students.

 He decided to complete his studies in Spain,

because the government of Spain at that time was
constitutional monarchy, which granted human
rights to the people.

 Aside from this, his another reason, more

importantly than finishing his course was his ”secret
mission”.