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Xam Idea Chemistry

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Xam Idea Chemistry

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Mohammed Ammaar
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Kam "SAMPLE PAPERS Chemistry. Strictly according to CBSE Sample Paper a “Class XII 2023 Syllabus CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION, NEW DELHI CHEMISTRY (Theory) (Code No. 043) CLASS-XII Total Periods (Theory 160+ Practical 60) ime: 3 hours 70 marks “Unit ‘Title | No. of Periods ‘Marks 1 _[ Solutions 15 7 T__| Electrochemistry 18 2 THI | Chemical Kinetics 15 7 TW |deand flock Element 18 7 | Goordination Compounds 18 i “VI_| Haloalkanes and Haloares 15 6 Vit [Alcohols Phenols and Ethers mm 6 VIII _[Aldchydles, Ketones and Carboxyhie Acids 15 8 TX Amines 1 6 X__| Biomolecules 8 7 Total 160 70 Unit k: Solutions (15 Periods) Types of solutions, expression af concentration of solutions of solid in liquids, solubility of gases in Viuids, solid solutions, Raoult’ law, coligative propertes—relaive lowering of vapour pressure, elevation cof boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using coligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Van't Hof factor. lectrochemistry (18 Periods) Redox reactions, EMF of a cel, standard electrode potential, Nemst equation and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs energy chanke and EME of a cell, conductance in electrolytic Solutions, speciic and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlausch’s Law, elecrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary ideal, dry cell-elecroytic cells and Galvanic ells, lead! accumulator, ue cells, comosion Unit tl: Chemical Kinetics (15 Periods) Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rte of reaction: concentation, temperate, catalyst order and molecularty ofa reaction, rate law and specific rate constant, integrate ‘ate equations and hal if (nly for zero and fist order reactions), concept of collision theory elementary dea, no mathematical treatment, activation energy, Arthenius equation. Unit Vs d- and Block Elements (18 Periods) General ntti, electronic configuration, occurence and characterises of transtion metal, general teends in propeties ofthe fist row transition metals ~ metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation sates, joni ri, colour, catalytic prope, magnetic properties, ites compounds alloy formation, Drepatation and properties of K,Cr,O, and KM, Unit [Lanthanids—Elecronic configuration, oxidation sates, chemical eactiviy and lanthanold contraction and its consequences, ‘Actnoids—Eectronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids. : Coordination Compounds (18 Periods) Coordination compounds—Introductio, ligand, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, LUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner's theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomer'sm, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, ‘xraction of metals and bilogial system. Unit Vis Haloalkanes and Haloarenes (15 Periods) Hialoalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of CX bond, physical and chemical properties, optical rotation, iechanism of substitution reactions. Hialoarenes: Nature of CX bond, substitution reactions (Ditective influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of-lichioromethane, tichloromethane, tetrachloremethane,iodoferm, eons, DDT. Unit Vil: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers (14 Periods) Aleohals: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols ‘only, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehyeation, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of ‘phenol electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, Unit VII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids (15 Periods) Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic dition, reactivity of alphalhydrogen in aldehydes, uses. ‘Carboxplic Acids: Nomenclature, acidicnature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, Unit 1%: Amines (14 Periods) Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, ses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. DDiazanium elt: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in yetheic organic chemistry. Unit X: Biomolecules (18 Periods) Carbohydrates: Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides glucose and fructose), OL configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose, polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates. Proteins: Elementary idea ot—amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins - primary, Secondary, Teriay structure and quatemary stuctures|(qualtatve idea oaly, "enatration of proteins enzymes, Hormenes—Clementary dea excluding siructure. ‘Vitamins: Casieation and functions. [NacleeAckdss DNA and RNA. Unit Design of Question Paper CHEMISTRY (Theory) CLASS-XII (2022-23) ‘S.No. Domains "Total Marks ‘Remembering and Understanding Exhibit memory of previously learned material by recalling facts, terms, basic ‘concepts and answers. Demonstrate understanding of facts and ideas by ‘organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving descriptions and stating ‘main ideas 28 40 “Applying: Solve problems to new situations by applying 21 30 Examine and break information into parts by identifying motives or causes. Make inferences and find evidence to support generalizations Present and defend opinions by making judgments about information, validity of ideas ‘or quality of work based on a set of criteria Compile information together in a different \way by combining elements in a new pattern ‘or proposing alternative solutions al 30 Note: {© There will beno overall choice inthe question paper. {© However, 33% internal choices wll be given inal the sections. ‘The change or aver INT 82-2) intra 5 as NT RY cl arsed ania es (2021-22) Existing Year-end Examination Boat, | gC Per Special Scheme of Asessment for Board Examination Circular No. Acad 512021 da 05.07.2021) Ean nation (Theory) 202-25) Mosifed ‘Annual Scheme) © Term 1 ~ Muliple Choice |@ Compateney Based Questions woud Question induding ease based | be and awerton reaoning PE] These can be ia the frm of Mutipl MCQs~ 100 % re quesions| Choice Queaions Cae-bated competency based) {Questions Source Based Integrated mpeatin © TermiT- Case baseltSiomtion | Questions or any ther ype hie, Openendedahont |® Objective Questions will he 30 % answer/iong answer (20% |@ Remaining 505 Short Answer/Long MM, 10,_ Dilution formula: Ifthe solution of some substance is iluted by adding solvent from volume V, tovolume Vs then Also, m MY = Sin ly, 11, Molarity ofa mixture: If V; mL-ofa solution of molarity Mis mixed with another solution of same substance with volume V and molarity Mf, then molarity of the resulting mixture of soltion (can be obtained as: MU AMY, bth 12, Relationship between molarity (M) and mole fraction of solute (x5) MxGMM, “8 (GMM, GNM, "10004 1000 xd X-xy Cy 5X GMM, +, GNM, 13. Raoult’ law for volatile solute Pa=Pity 90d Pp ‘where p, and pg are partial vapour pressures of component ‘A’ and component ‘in the solution, 1p and pare Vapour pressures of pure components “A° and °B respectively ‘Total vapour pressure, Pat P= + Pie 4. 15, 16. ra Raoult’s law for non-volatile solute 2 te Me My Gmina ag eg oa te saltion my <<) ‘where is mole fraction of solute and Elevation in boling point where, Depression in freezing point Osmotic pressure (x) Bk ReT oe n=ChTwber'Cismolaiy (smote prefs esl tothe relative lowering of vapour pes, levation in bling oi and depresion in eezing pont sccording tthe following relatos: Pio Pa\ axpxr eV My anxaxaxt To xK, and aXT THK, where dis the density of solution at temperature *T. 18, van’t Hoff factor [Normal molecular mass ‘bserved molecular mass Observed collgatve property Calculated colligative property on “Toa number of moles of particles after association dissociation ‘Number of moles of particles before association/dissocition Modified forms of colligative properties: Bi- Pa (@ Pe Ling () AT, =1Kym on gk = nt" per formula of the compouad. w. a=4 where ais degree of disso jon,“ van’ Hoft factor,‘ isnumber of fons produced 3s the numberof molecules of solute that associate to form an sored nae ax My 21. Moll leraton ont y= Tea A 22, Molal depression constant, Chapter-2: Electrochemistry 1 ao) -oxctcatin Aa Am of secon othe dens 1 F xc constant “—m where, x = Conductivity or specific conductance 1000 A, - 0 where, A,, = Molar conductivity Molarity ofthe solution, AQU,B,)=2NA” )+ YALE) \where, A’, = Molar conductivity at infinite dilution, x andy are the numberof cations and anions produced by one formula unit ofthe electrolyte on complete dissociation. ster, = Degen 15 = Gp ltivty aR oein Fora we hiny cewine AB Ne where, K = Dissociation constant Fea” Foote ~ Fe [Nemst equations fora general electrode reaction M+ ne? —-M. er, (Mi RT), M_ ‘8 Nemst equation fora general electrochemical reaction: aA+ DB eC +dD AT, (C1 oF arr a azosrT (Ci wyt a nF aay Fug Fy 9 og HOT. a9 uray 9 8 K.= FaR97! where, K,= Euilirium constant 10. A,G°=—nFES 4,0 =-2303R7 08K, ‘where, 4,G° = Standard Gibbs energy ofthe reaction MM. Q= her ‘where Q = Quantity of charge in coulomibs 1 ="Time in seconds 1, mazxixt where ass of the substance deposited at the electrodes In, ™ Chemisty — Chapter-3: Chemical Kinetics 1, Instantaneous and Average rate of reaction CConcentran of products —e 2 wet Tine — @ 22. General Expression for Rate of Raton: Fora general reaction, ah + bB—> eC + dD =. Ala) 1 S161 ar 1 Alc) 3. Mechanism of reaction: A series of elementary reactions proposed fo account for the overall reaction is called mechanism of reaction. The overall rate of the reaction is controlled by the slowest step ina reaction and is called the Fate determining step, Consider the ection, 21503 scl 24,0 + Os ie oto evtina gle tet not fot to Step I. Ho, + 1» Sw Step I. HO, + 10 —F8t_, HO +1 + 0, gi iy tw hcetng pte I ii tone toca Safran tpt cover pens te cent goes naonpepaes Feat — onde Let rate = klAJ" (B)" (CP ee mre ‘The rate equation for this re Rate H,O + 10” (Intermediate) fof formation of | Overall order ofreation = m+ m+ Units of rate constant: Foran nh onder reaction, A ——» Product Rate = KAY" a [Rate _ concentation ia" dime * (concentration) (concentration)! ~" time’ On considering $1. unit of concentration as mol L-" and time as seconds, the unit of = (molL') ts! ‘5. Determination of Order of reaction (a) Graphical method: This method is applicable to those reactions wherein only one reactant is involve. ‘Cancentaion—> Concarion—>(Coneeiraiony?—m (Ganssnvaten)™—> (b Integrated Rate lave method (i Fora ar ord ection: [Rly = LX) 1a), 7 and a= ae a= ape of ‘vai tine ae vtec Ay —> Novation tcoceaionwih Plu veut Wrctressoctnicodon cotati yes a0 ‘rarer (i) Fora fist xr reetion 303, ng, 0685 78 TR hog Wy Amount of te sobstance left after n hal lives of Ist onde reaction = Se In, *® anne 91 —+> 3 tel see «ss Cs oT Potato [versus ¢ Pot of loa [RIA versus tie 6. Arrhenius Equation k=Aet™ 4 £, [h-7 oo meee eel] coca ped ate constant at T, totem anton Er Renton ‘Sct — | | r : . $A resets i t Freecom i i i Foor > ogg havea > iret Avon ny 1 Ani soe (ina plot og ke i098 fogk—> 7 tog kvs ur EEE Sample Papers ' A\ Chapter-4: The d- and f- block Elements 1, deBlock Elements: The d-block elements are those elements in which the lst electron enters the d-subshell of penultimate shell. The general electronic configuration of these elements is (n—1)a!ns! where n is outermost shell. The d-block consisting of groups 3-12 occupies the large mide section ofthe periodic abe. 2, ‘Transition Elements: The elements of d-block are known as tanstion elements as they possess properties that are transitional between the sand p block elements. A transition element i defined asan clement which has incompletely filled d-rbitas in its ground state o any one of its oxidation states. There are four series of transition elements spread berween group 3 and 12. First transition series or X-series: Scandium (,,Sc) to Zin (Zn) ‘Second transition series or dd-series:Yurium (5¥) to Cadmium (4,Ca) ‘Third transition series or Sd-series: Lanthanum (La) and Hafhium 3H to Mercury (Hg) (Omiting Ce to Lu) Fourth transition series or 6d-series: Begins with Actinium (Ac) is tl incomplete 3. Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements: (a) Potassium Dichromate, KCr,0;! It is prepared from the chromite ore. Different reactions involved in the preparation of potassium dichromate from ehromite ore are: AFeCI,O, + 8N2,CO, +70, —BEL+ gNasCIO, + 2Fe,0, + 800, 2Na,CrO, + H,SO, ——> NayCr,0, #Na,S0, + H,0 NaC, + 2KCl_ ——> K,Cr,0,+ 2NaCl K,Cx0, is separated by fractional erysalisation, Properties: When potassium dichromate is heated with any ionic chloride (e, NaCl, BaCl,, te.) and concentrated H,SO,, fed vapours of chromyl chloride are obtained. K,C0,+4KC1+6H,S0, — 2CrO,Cl, |* 6KHSO, *3H,0 Potassium dichromate is powerful oxidising agent. In acidic medium, its oxidising action can be represented a follows: K,Ch,0, + 4H,S0, ——> K,80, + C160), + 4H,0+ 310) Cr,0F + 14H" + Ge ——> 2CP* +7H,0 (B=4131¥) Go teoriies enous erie (CROP +148" + Ge ——> 2Cr** +7H,0 Ret ——> Fe +e] x6 Trea oT (Gd Ieoxiises stannous to stannic. C0 + 14H + be" ——> 2¢8* + 7H,0 Sa” —— sal? $2 13. COP + SS FH ——> 26P" + 350 + THO (a) Wostses sp oxide tsp ai C0} 4 4H + 6 ——> 50, + 24,0 ——> ace 4 7H,0 SOP +44 26°] x3 GEO} + 380,120 ——> 20 (ie) Itoxidises hydrogen sulphide to sulphur CeO} + 14H + 66° —> us —> Pr 3807 + H,0 2cr* + 7H.0. 2H + S426] x3 2c 4 38+ 7H,0 CaO} + 3H,S + SH (©) Hoxiises iodide to iodine. ©,0} + 4H"+ 6 —> ~— Cora a —— ace" +7840 1+ 26188 264, F7HO Structures of chromate and dichromate ions: | oe | Ne, J\| bo Chromite en Diet on ‘The chromate and dichromate ions are interconveribe in aqueous solution depending upon the pH ofthe solution 2cr0}+2H" — c,0% +H,0 ‘erg 0% +208" — 20,07 +#,0 Potassium dichromate i used as primary standard in volumetric analysis. (©) Potassium permanganate, KMnQ, Iis prepared by fusion of pyrolusit, MnO:, with KOH Jn the presence of an oxiising agent like KNOs. Ths produces the dark green potassium ‘manganate, K;MnO, which disproportionate in a neutral or acidic solution to give purple permanganate 2Mn0; + 4KOH + 0, ——> 2K,MnO, + 2H,0 3MnO} + 4H’ ——> 2MnO; + MnO, + 24,0 Commercially, itis prepared by alkaline oxidative fasion of MnO followed by the electrolytic oxidation of manganate (VD, MnO, — a wi a or KN, EEE Sample Papers Mn0}> By sue M40, In the laboratory, KMnO, is prepared by oxidation of manganese (I) ion salt by peroxodisulphate to permanganate M0? 2Mai*+ 58,0) +8H,0—+ 2Mn0, + 10803 + 16H" cee Pemsgune Properties: Potassium permanganate i «dark purple crystalline sli, (On heating, it decomposes at 513 K and O, i evolved. 2KMn0, K.MnOy MnO: +02 Potassium permanganate acts as a powerful oxidising agent in acidic, alkaline and neutral ‘media. Few important oxidising reactions of KMnO, are given below: 4 In acidic medium potassium permanganate oxidises: (@ Iodide to iodine MnO; + 8H’ + Se ——> Mn + 4H,0)%2 2 — 2095 2Mn0; +101 + 16H” ——> 2Min" + Sly + 8H0 (di) Ferrous to ferric MnO; + 8H + Se" ——> Mal + 44,0 Fe Ss Re be 1xs a0; + SFe" + SH —> Mn™ + SFe" 4 41,0 (iti) Oxalate to carbon dioxide MnO; + SH" + Se” ——> Mn + 48,0) 2 COP > 200, + 2 1x5 INOS OF + 16” ——> 2M + 1000, + BHO (@) Hydrogen sulphide to sulphur ‘MnO + 8H" + Se” ——> Mat + 48,0} 2 sh sv renxs 2MnO, +58" + 16H" ———> 2M" + SS + BHO (0) Salphiteo sulphate Maj + 8H" + Se) ——> Mat + 4H,0)«2 SOF + H,0 ——> Sod +2H"+ 271 x5 “5807+ 2MnO, +68" ——> 2Mn™ + 5807+ 31,0 yt (od Nite to nitrate MnO; + 8H’ +5 ——> Mn" + 4H,01x2 NO} + HO ——+ Nos +247 + 26 ]«5 2 In neutral or fainlyallaline solutions potassiam permanganate oxides: (a) Lode oiodate 2Ma0; +1" +H,0 ——> 105 + 2Ma0, + 200° (0) Thiosulphate to sulphate MnO; + 38,07 +0 —+ 8Mn0, + 6S0}-+208- (c) Manganous salt to MnO, in presence of zine sulphate or zine oxide 2Mn0; +3Mn?*+2H,0——> SMnO, + 4H" ‘The MO} and M0; are tetrahedal the green MoO3-is paramagnetic with one unpaired electron but the purple Ma; is diamagnetic i i mI cai Prd angen ‘er pms on ry ‘ean 4 Diterenes between Lanthanoid and Acting a eT. a © | Artal progeny arial pope fled 5 kinins jam to Sy WE [Tag Show A. no a | Oty pragaen toe pile ive | Tey aire an ccs They a nore © | pee popes ws es come So a" ode Chapter-5: Coordination Compounds 1, Coordination Compounds: Coordination compounds are the compounds which contain complex ions, ¢. [Co(NH,)]Cly, K,lFe(CN)gl ete. These compounds contain a central metal atom or cation which is attached witha fixed number of anions or molecules (called ligands) through coordinate bonds 2 Coordination Entity: A coordination entity constitutes a central metal stom or fon bond fixed number of molecules or ions (ligands). {Co(NH,) Ch. (Fe(CN), [CulNH), 3. Central Atom of Ton: Ina coordination entity, the atom or ion to which fixed numberof ions, ‘or molecules are bound in a definite geometrical arrangement. For example, in the complex ion [CoCKNH,),}" the Co! ion isthe cena ion, 4. Ligands: Ligands are the atoms, molecules or ions which donate a pair of electrons to central ‘metal atom orion and form a coordinate bond with i. Depending upon the numberof donor atoms available for coordination, the ligands may be classified as = Unidentate ligands: Contain one donor tom. e.¢.. NH, :C ‘= Bidentate ligands: Contain two donor atoms, ee. leit Ginn even! doen 2 0. fra e0e ttl 00" rt yc tyrant en 0H ‘= Ambidentate ligand: A ligand which contains two donor atoms but only one of them forms & Cordon! avunewicin/ mea! domo cad an anew Sone Sune xp agen wince Meoeo pa, a Sore Bins we sen tenes uote Hots. =, sires, og ee 2 fd Sores eee = Chelating ligand: When a bidentate or a polydentate ligand uses its two or more donor tom to bind a single metal ion, then a ring-like structure is obtained. Its called ebelate and the ligand is known as chelating ligand. The chelating ligands form more stable complexes than the unidentate ligands. This is because when chelation occurs entropy increases and the process becomes more favourable. Some Important Monodentae Ligands Tianna Name” | Donor tom | Ligand Name__[| Donor atom 140 “a, | 0 1 oto r ‘NH ‘ammine | N cw syano ‘Corn co eabomt | 0 on doo ° NO. sing N NO; sito N GaN | wre | _N ‘OKO. om ° F theo | GHjCOO | acct, ° a ation | a SCN | toeyanao s Be ‘wom Be NCS | totioeyanto | N ne imide x Nit; ‘mio N Some Important Bidentate Ligands Ligand ‘Name Donot atoms ‘00 oralinio Cando. I coo ‘cine eb Nando ‘lending or etaoe Nand ‘alain en) Tinaiglayoxinats Nani (OMG) 2,2 ay) Ned 5. Coordination Namber : The coordination number ofa metal on ina complex may be defined as the total number of igand donor atoms to which the meal ion is directly bonded. For example, in thecomplexions, (Co(NH,),}" and [Fe(C,0,);]*the coordination numbers ofboth Coand eis. ‘6. Nomenclature of cationic complexes: The cationic complexes are named by writing the name ‘ofthe complex cation followed by the name ofthe anion present in the complex. Thus, following sequence is observed while writing the name ofa cationic complex. Namberand name of | Common name of the cental | (oxidation statein | Name ofthe Tiga ‘metal tom or on Roman numeral) ‘ston 7. Nomenclature of anionic complexes: The anionic complexes are named by writing the name of the cation present in the complex followed by the name ofthe complex anion. Thus, following sequence is observed while writing the name of an anionie complex. ‘Nameof the cation ‘Number and ame of finds ‘Name ofthe ental metal on with atic ste (ldaion tate tr Roman rueral) |& Isomerism in coordination compounds ‘Structural Isomerism Isomerism > + ronistion isomerism |— Coordination isomer |— solvate isomerism |— Linkage isomerism ‘— Ligand isomerism Geometrical Stereoisomerism Optical 9. (@) Hybridisation and Geometry of some common complexes aecording to Valance bond theory. Coordivation | Hibriiolaion | Arrangement | Geomeiriealstape | — Brample ‘number af the complex formed z 7 Tar TAROT, (sae 7 e “Tiga paar Tet 7 we Tea INCOM, | trsesti | (eae LS | cenoiy a iF Sere pana TNE wen rowes? Jn, * Chemisty — 5 aren Tiga od bina TraCond, [Moc feuc) [sve 3 cg ‘eabedad Tan, or Teen we [Co(NH))*, ecu [cnNH))" (0) Crystal eld theory (© According to crystal field theory, the bonding between Cental metal ion and ligand is purely electrostatic. Ligands are considered as point charges incase of anions or dipoles in case of neutral molecules (© The five orbitals in an isolated gaseous fetal atomvion have same energy, ie. they are degenerate orbitals. However, in a complex duc to asymmetrical negative field of ligands, the Lotbitals ae no more degenerate and spit into two sets of orbitals. The pater of spliting depends upon the nature ofthe crystal field (© Inn octahedral envionment, the djs_,2 and 2 orbitals which point towards the axes along the direction of ligand will experience more repulsion and will be raised in energy; and the diy dye and dj, orbitals Which are directed between the axes will be lowered in energy as compared to average energy in the spherical erytal field, Thus, in an octahedral complex, the degeneracy ofthe five -orbitals is partially removed duc to ligand electon-metal electron repulsons to yield three orbitals of lower energy, fy, Set and two orbitals of higher energy, ey ‘© The spliting ofthe degencrate orbitals due tothe presence of ligands in a definite geometry [sknown as crystal field spliting and the difference of energy between wo sets of degenerate onbitals as a result of crystal field spliting is known as erystal field stabilisation energy (CFSE). Is usually denoted by symbol A, (the subscript o stands for octahedral) itd et Sin 2A, abv te rang ay eld tw 2 5h below the average energy level ete ORO wag eae TRIS gfe Te, recs Soe Laporemmngergal oto menpalig hs reso AGI Sect tht cco ‘nemation Te age ogists mth ofa el Stop uel pone te 1
Pi becomes more energetically favourable forthe fourth eeston 0 ‘occupy oti with configuration Thus ligands for which >, are ‘known as strong field ligands and form low spin complexes. ‘© In totahodel coordination ets, the d-orbitalsspiting is inverted and is smaller as compared to the octahedral eld spliting yt Mn.” ee EEE Sample Papers Evesay i Fo ieee Cineontal Senahete inspherealeystal os ‘stale dsonvas sation Fertesane nal he neigidiinal gd dts, Csr tail iting arg 6 nay meh Ming erm sincniguatonar lobed 2 Caeerin cman compote fd erste ot conten anyon od enlisted eng eas Inocutalconpltr an tom gi tins nel cole In be Sue ofan esl el oping sma cara ees ese “Sina orca rem ote om 00105 henge ‘Shuts Sala np G80, 5 we ba C80, S10 be nc © Litas oti Bl tery: (0 Ave pniacnsoe sp ariel po std ee trove lingeti Hore essa ii ewe ed a Sooo lipemic (ger SRE cetacean B \ Chapter-6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Haloalkzanes or alkyl halides ae the compounds which have the general formula RX, where Ris ‘an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X isa halogen (F, CI, Br, D)- Likewise, haloarenes or aryl halides are the compounds containing halogens attached ditetly to an aromatic ring, They have the general forma ArX (where Ar is phen or substituted phen), RX Ax ‘An alkyl halide ‘An aryl halide (Fatoalkane) (Fatoarene) R=Alkylorsubstituedalkyl —_Ar= Phenyl orsubstitted phenyl X=F.CLBrI ication of halogen containing organic compounds (Cassiication Based on the umber ‘Based on hybridisation of halogen atoms of erbon atom Monohologen —Dihalogen_Polyhalogen. ‘Compounds Compounds ee.CHX 6g.CHX — eg.CHaX conning containing sPC—X bond sPC-X bond Ginx gux @=F.C,Bn) crax Lv anytnaldes Vint aides : : i ao ‘Cum-dealies Vie-thaiges tgs Hau c-cHy-cH cl A -Anyl halides x Hee ty aes Oo aoe Scrx, enzylic halides cHx 3. Common and IUPAC names of some halides: I cece no Peat bromide Structore ‘Common Name TUPAC Name cic Methyl chloride Chlorometane CH—CH, CHF ‘-Peopy Dueride EFluoropopane cH Isopropyl hide 2.Chloropopane Ci cH—c. CH= CH.—CH,—CH—CI_ | n-Buyl chloride -Chorobutane (CH, CH, CHCA i sec Butyl chloride 2.Chlorobatans| c cH ooh eho 1-Chow-2mety propane CH —CH—cH,—ct ci I cH. ——cn, ter Buty bromide 2.Bromo-2-methypopane cH {-Bromo2, 2eimethyropane = i, om Isopentyl chord |-Chor 3-moty thane CH,—CH—cH,—cH,=01 ca=cH—cl Ving hla Chloroethene CH=CH_CH.— Be Ally bromide 3-Bromoprop- Lene cH, Methylene chloride Dichloromethane CaCI, ‘Chron Tichlorometbane coh Caton tachloride “Tetracloromethane i 2.Chlortluene " -Chlertotune or |-Chor-2-metytbenzene Benzyl chore CCalerophenyimethane EEE Sample Papers 25 FHS oar a—"W Wa “w= "HD THON "HoH Tso RNE DW HOH AR Sooo WwW aa HO =9—HO—"HD 'HO"HI000—"HD 5-45] ‘HN—"HO—*HD- Ke, vannn "ao—Ho—-0—*Ho—' 1D om 9 Tama HO HOW aaa 22 yo"H—"HO HoH poe HO HOH Ho—HO—"HD. HD Chemisty — ‘8. Nucleophilic substitution reactions of Haloarenes: ‘© Substitution by —OH group (Dow's process) 1H 9 NSO, 625K 300 ‘elrosnzene Prod ‘© Subssitution by —CN group a CN eX. Du aK ‘© Substitution by NH, group ve et witc= O ‘6. Mechanism of Nucleophilie Substitution in Allyl Halides: ‘The nucleophilic substitution reactions in alkyl halides cantake place by either of two mechanisms Sul and $32 Substitution nucleophilic unimolecular (1) ® 8 Bsc. BOP Se ox seen RScx Se BSc sx ® x sep BSc ene LS rk t Bch. CFs rmchne a ow 7 1 Ht et ) aversion) ici, Substitution nucleophilic bimolecular (8,2) 1 HM we Asia 7 Ga +e Sy2eaetions of optically active halides ave accompanied by inversion of configuration, 7. Important Name Reactions: (a) Sandmeyer’s Reaction: ¢ bs 6 - Cynatenene (©) Finkelstein Reaction: CH,CHCI + Nat 2228+ CH CHa! + NaCl Tastee nde CHACH,Br + Nal <2". CH,CH.I + Nae Tay boide ‘yl (©) Wurtz Reaction: CHyBr + 2Na + Br—CH, 2" CH,CH, + 2NaBr ie aie rahe CH cH CHs CH CHy—CH—Br + 2Na + Br—CH—CH, —P°* CHy—CH—CH—CHy + 2NaBr ‘erent ome "Dinette (d) Wartz-Fitig Reaction: Ores anes crcH, E+ O)-cn, + act Opa- e+ cor B+ Opony sama "ye (ous Recon: Opo1+ 2x4 AG) —E samc ieee (f) Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: os OQ ener i. ©) i. Beare i & ees & mike oxsiene (@) Dow's Process: . § nnn tee GS (h) Hunsdiecker’s Reaction: R—COOAg + By SE RB AgBE'+ CO, CH,CH,COOAg + Br, CH\CH.Br + AgBr + COs (@ Gatterman’s Reaction: Orne 285) Opa- v, Ona —2 Oho ew ona Chapter-7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers |. Alcohols and phenols are the compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups (OH). The alcohols contain the —OH group attached tothe alkyl group whereas in phenols, the —OH group is attached tothe aromatic rng Aleohols: CH; —OH Phenols: & Mat aldo "Monsyan) oxnapne) 2. Conversion o Alcohols {A} Ascent of Series (a) Conversion ofa Lower Primary Alcohol to Higher Primary Alcohol. For example, methanol ethanol CH,OH cH, 22 cHcn ——cH,CH.NH, Neto Intent aie A eee 2. ci,.cH,oH cron cH) cag, YO cH cH,OMt eta Ieoachne Mey agin ‘hn Pa 82. cH,c11,0H (0) Conversion ofa Primary Alcobal fo aHigher Secondary Alcobol. For example, conversion of ethanol to isopropyl alcoho (propan-2-1) chy cnycuyon 21, crigeno— 2°80, crion anol tans “MOM CH hogy! aot) (6) Conversion ofa Secondary Alcohol oa Higher Tertiary Aleohol. (cy ,cHon (cry, c — 0PM rt ,c—_o8 {B] Descent of Series (@)\Converion ofa Highe? Primary Alcohol to a Lower Primary Alcohol Ff example Bieverson of satel tens CH4,cH,0H LE cH4ycHO—°L + cH,COOK— "2+ City taal Acslicyse ‘cic asd (egy) Meine o, ha cHon KOH Hyer Mishoo hsometine (6) Conversion ofa Higher Secondary Alcohol into a Lower Primary Alcohol. For example, the conversion of secondary butyl alcoho! to ethanol 0 v0, y= GHC EE cycA Tp CHICHO Sah Late, cxycri;08 (©) Conversion of a Tertiary Alcohol into a Lower Secondary Alcohol. Example, conversion often. butanol to isopropanol (city: co4 CH), cHON cmt, io) 7 A001 prop alebo (CH; js C—O EHS (CHy yC=CHy OL uate fen Beylaaol 720) \abcne ON. HcHo "4 cH,on Fonoadeiyds Mea (Wehaa IC] Interconversion of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols (q) Primary Alcohol into Secondary Alcohol. Example: conversion of -propanol to isopropanol ci,ci,cH,0n S42. crete, par ve a oF CH,CHICH, bacuiomen, (©) Secondary Alcohol into Tetlary Atcoho. Example: Conversion of fopropy coh into tertiary buy aleobol (CH, jp HOM Ls CH), C-0 WEAN, (cHy, jy C—O come atl ecene | HO baba [D) Interconverson of Homeric Alcohols (@) Conversion oa Secondary Alcohol tTsomerie Tertiary Alcohol Example, conversion of + methyibtan?-l into isomeric 2-methybuan-2- oh CH I ch CEI Hci SBS, cH, —C= CH CH Hy *Metibaee ‘s oi, > Seinen cH, cH oy cc, 421 can, crc, | bu 2dr (Usomerictert-aleobol) "yt (8) Conversion o Primary Alctol int bomerk Tertiary Alco Example conversion of isobutyl aleahol te. bu alcool CH CH; cH; Hs ms HS04 im Un 0% cy crt, — en —crt,01 SEY cry C= cn Hs cat, -e-crh, 22% crt, -C~ chs en ac 2a | on sta es way ky 24. Metioas o Preparation of Als: (From lanes (By aid ctlyed hye Acton ocr acotng Markov’ RcucH, +0 A RocHcH, bu i Byhybortion oxidation Aiton cain ord wih nt Mashovaio' ale kere rb), ———s @ecH,-cyB wae NO cri _cH OM + 180, "* 1° Aleohot (iby ofjeerain dene ‘Addition occurs according to Markovnikov's rule cri crmen, SHEE yee coc, ” OW a cfc, on Prpanot (©) From carbonyl compounds (© By reduction of aldehydes and ketones: een 2a EAM cron ih. PAlchat Boon, Nie RY, pocao rH; MER BS cH_on Keone 2 Akebod In, ® Cheney — (id From Grignard’s reagents sHcHo. [eo > R-CH,—OH + Mg(OH)X Akin Rex ———} #8210, FScui_on + Mgiowx Grignard reagent 0 Re Alcohol Lo eR + Muotox ou ake Cup By redvtion of carboxylic aks and esters: e-coon MMe coon Casbonylic wid Ong Alcohol Hr R—coor’ — 2. R_cH, on + ROH ser pen) (6) By the hydrolysis of haloalkanes RX + KOH (ag) —> ROH + KX ‘On hydrolysis with aqueous KOH, primary ay halides give good yield of primary alcohols; secondary alkyl halides give @ mixture of alcohol and alkene while tertiary alkyl halides mainly give alkenes, 4. Chemical Properties of Alcohols (a) Reactions involving cleavage of oxygen-hydrogen (O—H) bond Order of aciity of aleohots R BN RocH on > 8 ScHon > BCom alot neat RS (© Reaction with metas: 2R-O—H + 2Na——> 2R—ONa + so ote cHLch08 + Na+ CH —cHt,-dia + TBhyt alcool Satu tonite G(CH,),—C—OH 4241 + 2((CH),—C—0),AL_ + 3H, Bul alot “Abmioom en -bucrise i Esteritcato R—COOH + ROH RCOOR’ + H,0 Cabosyicacid kool ser (R-CO),0 + ROH AS R_COOR’ + R-COOH Aid bye er R—Cocl + ROH -Piy R_COOR’ + HCL (6) Reactions invotving cleavage of carbon-oxygen (C—O) bond, In such typeof reactions, the order of reactivity of alcohols is 3°Aleohol > 2°Alcohol > I°Alcohol ( Reaction with hydrogen halides: R-OH +} HX ——» RX 4 H,0 CH;—CH;—OH + HCL SL, CH, —CHy Ch + H,0. (@ Reaction with phosphorus halides: ROH +PCl, —-R—CI+POCI, +HCL 3R—OH+PCL, —+3R—Cl+H,PO, HOE 3H, PO, SR—1-4HPO, ROH+S0C1, —+ R—C1+S0, 1#HCIt {€) Reactions involving both the allyl as well as the hydroxyl group @ Dehydration: The ease of dehydration follows the following order 3° Alcohol > 2° Aleahol > 1° Alcohol ct —cHON BS cry + 140 tae ‘aoe 3R—OH +PBr, arom spi, EMH OP .., SEL CHyCH-CH, + H,0 Isopropyl abcobo! ee ‘Propylene ts ty omen, 2H cr becn + n0 % tune sen-anlelesol Onidat waar Ge 1 Alebot Mn AMeyde carboxy ais clis-cri-ch—cH,-on "> cH, —cHACH-cHO ‘Bt 2nt cal 2° Alcohols ae oxidised to ketones by CxO RY, oo, Ry, BScu—on S26 Beno oe Hy one SS cH bee but tase cH—coon «2 on, Reacne| HOR cH (i) Dehydrogenation Primary slcools dey ogee aldehyde. R-CH-of —S+ R_CHO + Hy Walt PE Aueyde Secondary alcohols ate dehydrogenated to ketones Ry, oo RY, Root on + BSc=04 8: Panett Keone “Tena aleohols undergo detycration ive alkenes, Hy My cc, HS a tocn, +110 be sebfene sed EEE Sample Papers ‘5. Preparation and properties of phenols HL 1H Moca), SOM _HNOytone) ONSEN SO,H No, Ht sBnincss 73K Brome NaC 031504 OH tee onan Benztinone oe o= _suncaf os 5 an CHecH-cH, cHee=cH, —a H Ho wy, * anne i 7 (6. thers: Ethers re the compounds with general formula of CyHs,..0 (same as monohydric alcohols), These are represented by general structure, ROR’ 7. Preparation of Ethers: (@) By dehydration ot alcohols 2CH;—CH—O8 SASS cHy_cH,—0—CH—CHh + 120 ro Dis er ‘This method is suitable for the preperation of eters having primary alkyl groups only (6) Witiamson synthesis RX + Na—O—R’ ——» R_O_R’ + NaX Ra O-cHy ser O89) ruc ‘Chemica reactions of ethers: (@) Cleavage of €—0 bond: Carbon oxygen bond ineters canbe cleaved by theus of reagents Jlike halogen acids, sulphuric acid and phosphorus pentachloride, etc. Cleavage with halogen acd: Eiers can be cleaved by the use of hydoiodc acid or Iydrobromie acd to give ally halide and aleoboL, R-O-R + HX ROH + RX (K=BRD) ther faut HOCH, + HEE 0,408 + C11 In case exces of HT nud, the alobol formed eats further with HI form ky odie ‘The overall eetion can be writen as CHOC Hy + 2H 2C,H,1 + H,0 If one group is methy! and other group is tertiary alkyl group, the main product is meth sleohl and tertiary alkyl halide It is because the departure of leaving group (CH;-OH) creates a more stable tertiary carbocation, cH on cHy-C-0ck, + a 2 cH bo + cron. ) hy, Mebsaleta acne gi rion bm om pl nt ey oe a OQ m2 Oe am = EN ne ‘The bond between O—CH, is weaker than the bond between O—C,H, because the Carbon ‘of phenyl group is sp” hybridised and there isa partial double bond character. Therefore, the attack of I ion breaks O— CH, bond to form CH (6) Ring substitution in aromatic ethers: The alkoxy group (OR) attached to aromatic ring sctvate te ring towards electrophilic substitution and directs the incoming eletrophile to ‘ortho and para postions. 30R *OR + OR +OR OR, G—&—H—-B—} ‘The presence of negative charge at ortho and para postions indicates that eletron density is ‘more a these positions. Therefore electrophil is likely to attack on these postions resulting inthe formation of ono and para substituted products OCH; OCH; Nea oe i oad oe oc, cuties om, ‘(Friedel craft alkylation) . ‘ion as puede om o— ‘ocH, OCH Sa < eee . Gov png ae a OCH; OCH; We nism . Orel = =, ont sal EEE Sample Papers 9. Some Important Name Reactions (@ Kotbe’s reaction: Bana Some ek = == ona} ee oe ococH, coo ‘conc. H;$Oy ‘COOH + (cHjc0,0 SEBS sougped Sanjie tea ea ie co) (ii) Reimer—Tiemann react H ol ONa ONa Soccer | 7) au, SY” [ne on om Saeed yee) ii) Oxymercuration and demercuration of alkenes: ee ¢ bit feore sam oa there, ou saya (in Fries rearrangement ococh, on on - oo Pt OCH, ane Faron Rox) hyn’ > ROBE NK mM 10. ‘Test for Primary, Secondary and Tertiary aeohols: Toca tt ‘Alcohol + Lucas reagent [@ Turidiy appears immediatly Tenia ‘wici+zact,) aleatol 4 Tubidiy appears in minues in secondary alcobo! ‘© Turbidity appears only upon heating in primary aloo! of 11, Tetfor Ey alebol er any th compound conning soup CH LH one Todeform test] Alcohol, NaOH] Yellow pt of odofirm indicate the presence of ethyl aleohol ran alcohol containing group 2: cu, 12, Test for Phenol Ferrie Chloride] Phenol FeCl, ‘Volt complex indicates Phenol test Chapter-8: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids 1. ‘The carbonyl group in Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxsi nis whe he lose Keone Cuesyieacd (he aye Hor any aly Gober Rand may be be Ray be H can ally oteranil! gee) ‘ne ef all Stora) gp) ‘leranltyl sex) 2. Preparation and properties of Acctaldehyde: CHCeN cuycen —Haitit CHs—CH,—OH CH; —CH=CH-CH, HOHE» CH CH (OCH): on sso I r > CH,—CH-S0;Na MEOH CH, —CH=NOH SUNS CH, —CH=NNH, cH —CH=NNHC GH, ee. ee ni a tee! CHy—COO + Cu,01 OH 1 . cH ¢H1—crt,—cHo (CHs—CH=CHCHO on ° t i OMS CH, CHC, 2+ Cty CCH on on i i HO. cri,—CHcw 82 cH, CHH-COOH EEE Sample Papers ‘3. Preparation and properties of acetone: Pn “ “2801 (CH) —C-SO,Na (CH,),—C=NOH (CH,),C=NNH, a (CH), —C=NNHC,H, ate (Ht), C=NNHCON, tn Gt Infirm ew p> te crt, crt, cy ciao nec cH;—cH,—cH, Taher a on oH "4.04, -¢ cv 44, C coo on cH, sou, ee (CH) —C—O# 4. Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids (@) By oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes. R-cH,—on 28H R_cooH R—CHO + [0] SEE R_COOH ‘ase copia, Satcelt (©) From alkyl eyanides and amides. i i Rican HHO Cnn, HOH RCo wy Aisles HO "adam s ayia cue a <2. ci» —cooH Acetoitite a ka (6) From Grignard reagent ° ae 1. ES Wk & no it n_C-on Rive + Go es pdb eee ie Casboxyc acid ° ° SC cli Nine i, Sit 2 ox cope et (d) By hydrolysis of acyl halides and acid anhydrides 140 __.R cooH + cr p ato _ fotos Loop boom 2 kon Caron (CeHisC0).0 2 2¢,H,—COOH. ‘etm hte Terie ssid ait a onl co mines (CHy—CH—CHy—COOCH;—CHs Ss Biylbwymie CH, CH, CH, -COONa + CHy-_CHy_OH ¥ (CHs—CH, CH, COOH utc id Preparation of benzoic acid (@ From alkyl benzene Hs Ke Hy-cHy- CH, AMrO-KOH, a oO ‘Tolvene In a 1-Pheag pao semi (i From nitrites and amides N ont, ‘coon (ab By nydroyss of esters COOCH,=CHs oon 8 + CHOH Ethyl Benzoate ‘Benzoie acid ‘Bie (>) From Grignard reagent ° cutee Biigoe 22 coon enzo acid a Gadine Mirani () Reaction involving —COOH group (@ Reduction: R—coon, Witte Bats a R—CH,—OH imo Aleta (i Decarboxylation: 00% wast. © reco, 5 (Hetvohard Znsy reaction) i Rcr,-coon 28% 5 R_LicooH ‘5. Preparation and properties of Benzoic acid COONa G9 coon Ons ‘mBromebenalc cid Broninaony Z- = In, * anne ‘CONE, NH aig a= g Bennie Ane cH,—on CHa. Ly O o Benzyl al Deny hei coc CHO wn 2) agin, Gy x= a Oy guion v0 one “500, onan, OL. 1130, se Qh, a a snow ssoucm, Ay won, AY _ nor P< Gi outs soon nani cies Oo 0; om os * ramacaieg I) aisoccont CI Taso. con rane Yo To. ‘6. Important name reactions (@ Eeard reactios 4 _OCKOHC, . Socworcl, + c0,c, Sy Tower (di) Gatterman-Koch reaction: o O ites $ boven Dewalt Gy Friedel-Crafts alkylation: b Orono + net (i) Friedel-Crafts cya oct, Oreos ma. Gp a (6) Wott Kshner reduction: cH ai Sono aces on ow CHy (i) Clemmensen reduction: & enalehye HL CH-CHy +N, Propane cit cit,-ci, cH + Ee cry -cti-Cry + HO Sane pee (Adal contensatioa: ry t,o, don cn, Cas be-e,-co B88 ciyL—ct,chio eT rey ol snp sips ccc cno In, * Chemisty — (wi) Cross aldol condensation: —~ o I a ly sto ea + BP cn Se 9 ong Ho—cH, ct + cc, CConsbignamy im pte (2) Cannizzaro reaction: fim ot vexnins Denna) Stn ze (2): Het Votnard-Zatiny reaction: ci —cH,—co0K S82 cx, -E OH & 7. Test for Aldehydes and Ketones: ‘Carbonyl group tt | Carbon compound ra] Yellow or range pptdcaes carbonyl group iniropheny hyerazne “Tolle test “Aldehyde + Tole! eager | Silver mimorindlsis te presence of ade de (ammonia ver itate ston). Fehling’s tet ‘Aliphatic aldehyde >| Redsh bawn ppt oF capo oxide indices Fling sation the presence of aldehyde ‘Sodium bicarbonate | Acids NaHCO, Brisk ellerescence of CO indian the presence test ofeaboxsic aed group Chapter-9: Amines 1, Introduction ‘Alkyl or aryl derivatives of ammonia are regarded as amines, These are obtained by replacing one cor more hydrogen atoms by alkyl or aryl groups. Amines ae classified as primary, secondary or tertiary depending upon whether one, two or three atoms of hydrogen have been replaced by alkyl rary groups NH, —G> CHANH: Ge (CHy),NH SE (CH)N remem Pani Sena) in iste eo? I | aa, ct = kot Tactic igen int te frp Sete ay releaSahgs oanatyuenen = i pute [wax 2. Preparation of Amines: Amines are prepared by the following methods: (@) Reduction of nitro compounds: RANO; + 3H; —“~ R-NH, + 24,0 CH,—CH,—NO, + 61H] MM. Cr, —cH, NH, + 211 Sone) Pies (6) Ammonolysis of alkyl halides: ROX + INH, —- RLNH, + NHAX (ser roe) If alkyl halide isin excess, the amine formed further reacts with alkyl halide to form 2°, 3° amines and finally quatemry ammonium salts. eee Ho ane = me (©) Reduction ost: N+ 2H, —“. R-CH,—NH) ROC = N+ any PSO RCH, Ny c=N CHy-NH cs (d) Reduction of amides: R—CONH, * 41H) tate R_CH;—NH, + 0 R—CONH, + Bip + 4NQOH —~ R-NH, + NajCOs + 2NaBr + 2430 haw aia en i op Spey = ‘Aromatic amines cannot be prepared by this method because ary halides do not undergo ‘veophilic substitution with the anion formed by phthalimide Preparation of Aniline: (@) From nitrobenzene Ko; nH, Oo + offence) oO + 2H0 Niteobenzene Reet, Anite () By Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction 3, Chemical Properties of Amines: (@ Allgaton: c,—cl—nty SELES crt crease, HE CHC \<. ge (6) Acylation: ° ° I RONH + R—C—CI ° ccHcry.nn + clr 6 c,h nc ‘Diewlamine Ace corde Scu-cu, + Hel cH i (CHs—CH,—NH + O—> CHy—C—-NH—CH)—CH + CH;—COOH Thinline CH Meytcnide ia ww ° wp, ts ca , * Sep — + ety_pgon 18 Phytases i oe Qe. borin Methyl amine enamylcterde ——_N-Metiybenzamide Ra “—NH- oO . 6 ana OC . Asie Benzyl crise Bea (6) Reaction with chloroform (Carbylamine react RENH + CHCl; + 3KOH (ale) —*~ RENC + 3KCI + 3 i ws ‘ g 26 "ye (d) Reaction with nitrous acid: Reaction with nitrous acd helps in distinguishing between amines. Primary amines react with nitrous acid to form alcohols. RONH, + HONGO —S*2:Hic Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form a yellow green oly layer of N-nitrosoamines N-Nitrosoamines on warming with crystal of phenol and a few drops of cone. H,$0, form green solution which when treated with aqueous NaOH, turas deep blue and then red on dilution, This reaction is called Liebermann’s nitroso reaction R,NH + HNO, —~ R,N-N=O + H,0 ROH +N; + 1:0 tert-Amines readily dissolve in nitrous acid forming crystalline trilkyl ammonium nitrite RN + HNO: —+ __ RsNHNO; “Talk ammonite — MH NENCI “shade (f) Hlectrophilic substitution reactions: Due to resonance, electron density increases at ortho and para positions as compared to meta positions. Therefore, —-NH, group diects the incoming group to ortho and para positions ext, th XH, se Ri, os 8} (© Bromination: 2.4,6Teteoaiine ° i wien, NH_C_ cH, NH a ow Br je) PBrensetne (@ Nitration: Oe. 6. Go Ge In strongly acidic medium, significant amount of meta isomer i obtained. This is due to the formation of anilinivm ion which is meta directing. However, the p-itr derivative ‘an be oblained as the major product by protecting the —NH group by acetylation ° ° NH wat_ca, wit city Nt Lcxooxo 1 90, R. ae ae of a ie i urd rire (i Sutphonat Ru, Auisisoy tt au, oO 14904 (ene) Oo ask oO o a -nydiogensl 0,8 80; ad ‘Sulphate acid Zwitter ion (Gv) Friedel-Crafts reaction: go x25 Vac, ———> Lewdsbase Due to salt formation, nitrogen of aniline acquires postive charge and thus acts a8 a strong deactivating group and hence does not allow Friedel-Crafts reaction to occur, "ye “ae FHIVT " SHOHN: ON aie ers fos Hos See eee GC = Dxey-e) onl * 3 suz-80z_ 2. — be Lear a mh aN : ae ome 9 3. 00351 oO spn & THNOD eT Tr te "HDODHN “HoooHN N ato ‘on Ton ‘ON, aoe WHO TOR “ONT POOF oHN SHOOOHN "HOOOHN ‘auyuy Jo sopodord pue uonexedaig “y a7 EEE Sample Papers ‘5. Dinzontum Salts (@) General formula: RN3X- where stands fOr an aryl group and X~ ion may be Cl’, Br, HSOg, BFj, ee. The No(N=N) is called the diazonium group. (©) Stabiity of aiazonium sats: ‘Areneiazonium salts ae much more stable than alkyl diazonium salts. The stability of arene - Hel 71. Some Important Name Reactions (@) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis: ° ° Aa: sn, GAG, ee, opel (ee pwn EH, on tio, Ce 8 6 Sate HOH “ “COOH =? ‘COOH tact (6) Hoffmann bromamide reaction: Bo wa OE ahve mp (6) Sandmeyer's reaction: culo Benzene zona Bronson ‘Sioe ~ cuceiKen en (d) Gatterman's reaction: ol ea +Np + CuCl Carbone Be (cu +N, + CuCl Bromtentene (€) Carbylamine reaction (Isocyanide test RANH, + CHCl, + 3KOH (ale) “+ RNC + 3KCI + 31,0 i ye © + eves + snowae) 2+ GJ aker «40 a es. 8. Tot Anins eiabort — ar ao ate cca Soames en geieeee ae fap AE in 'N-N-dialky! benzene sulphonamide oscars RG aa Re teres geeneare Taare — amt TET oar gm ae oS Pau aa) Baa ae oa posh Za a Sie eta dd ry a Chapter-10: Biomolecules 1, Biomolecules: Macromolecules which are naturally occuring in biological systems are called biomolecules. Examples: polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, ee), proteins, enzymes, vitamins, hormones, ete. 2. Carbohydrates: These are optically ative polyhydroxy aldehytes or ketones or the compounds hich produce such units on hydrolysis glucose, sucrose, cellulose, starch, ete 3. Classification of carbohydrates: (a) Monosaccharides: The simple carbohydrates that cannot be broken further into smaller units ‘on hydrolysis, e.., glucose and fructose, ribose, et. (©) Oligosaccharides: These are the carbohydrates which on hydrolysis give two to fen units of ‘monosaccharides, e.g. sucrose, maltose, raffinose, sachyos, ete (6) Polysaccharides: ‘These are the carbohydrates which produce a large number of monosaccharide units on hydrolysis, ¢.., starch, cellulose, et. 4. (@ Reducing sugars: Those carbohydrates which contain fee aldehydic or ketonie group and reduce Fehling’s solution and Tollens’ reagent ae called reducing sugars, e.g, all monosaccharides, maltose and lactose (6) Non-reducing sugars: Those sugars which do not have fe aldehydic or ketone group and {do not reduce Feblng’s solution or Tollens' reagent are called non-reducing sugars, e.g. 5. (a) Structure of Glucose: cHo u——on notton cho n—t}—on i Lo onon DorGheatldlyd> ——Drchene — Lecpahoaiee pee Hos u—|—on vo }—n | = u—t~ou / un u—}—on *cu,08 *cH,0H ScH,0H aD (-yOhoene BDA »Ghcoe (©) Haworth Structures o 4 ou brace Drang 6. Reactions of Glucose: x onl PN on (cuore cH,08 os etna gooH gu (Cxot, ASO (EHO), CH CHh—CHte-CH— CHC boon bx,on os seston wes 74 coon oat (v0 (cHom, Gx011 ‘ 2) ome cH.011 nent fas dxt-o-k_cu, 7. Structure of Fructose: fon Ho—c—eu1,0H1 if Ho} —4 ° wot—n 4 | oO 4| wor u—}—on , 5| 4 a 1 hon “CHO Pn ed feiolane BDO} Frctafuanane INS 9 a po + HO —— CoHi206 + — CoH20¢ DeitrGhase Race psc Tntoee Oy aDGmae BD-Fucie (6) Ring structure of a maltose molecule: Gx,08 1 8 on y HO\ H ae 60g Done meee 0H 0H Ho JIS uf % oH ae qu y" Kee Kee Hound! Heal 9. Polysaccharides: (@) Starch: (6) Cellulose: on OH eins 10, Nucleic Acids: (@) Structure of Nucleoside HO—H.CS Base H on OH (6) Nucleotide ° oboe? es Phowtatoner | 6 ‘ag AL. (@) Codon: The sequence of nucleotides in mRNA molecules are readin a serial order insets of hee (ple) ata time, Each triplets called a codon, It specifies one amin acid The mRNA. codon recognises the amino acids through iRNAs which carry specific amino acids. (6) Gene: The sequence of bases or nucleotides in the DNA molecule which regulates the synthesis ofa specific protein is called a gene. Every protein inthe cell has coresponding gene, The relationship between a nucleotide triplet (codon) and the amino acid is called genetic code, (©) Mutation: The chemical change inthe sequence of bases in the DNA molecule can lead to synthesis of protein with an altered amino acid sequence i called mutation. This is brought bout spontaneously by exposure to UV-rays, X-rays and chemicals. "yt 412, Vitamins: Vitamins are generally regarded as organic compounds required in the dit in small amounts fo perform specific biological functions for normal maintenance of optimum growth and health ofthe organism, ‘Vitamins are classified into two groups depending upon ther solubility in fat or water: () Fat-soluble vitamins: Vitamins A, D, E and K are soluble in fat and oils but insoluble in ‘water. They re stored in liver and adipose tissues. (dé) Water-soluble vitamins: Vitamins belonging to group B and vitamin Care soluble in water. They must be supplied regularly in diet because they are readily excreted in urine and cannot be stored (except vitamin B) in our body. Some Important Vitamins, their Sources and thei Deficiency Diseases [S.No.[_Name of Vitamins ‘Sources Deficiency Diseases 1 | Miamina Fst Iver oil caro, | Xeropthalmia (hardening of comea of 0, aster and mike night blindness z ‘Yeast mil geen) Berber (loss of appetite retarded row) vegetables and cereals 3 | Yiamie Bs ‘Mik, egg white, ver, | Cheibsis (issuing af comen of mou Riboflavin) Kidoey and lips), digesive disorders and burning Sensation of the ski, + | Vianin Yeast, milk, egg yolk, | Convulsions Pyridoxine coral nd grams 5 | Vieamin ‘Mest fish egg andeurd | Pemicious anaemia (RBC defen! la nseroglbin) 6. | viamin ‘Ca rasan und | Scurvy (bleeding guns) (Ascorbic seit) | green ely vegetables, 7 | vitamin D Exposure w sunlight, | Ricks (Gone deformies in elem) and fish and eg yok ‘eswomalcia (Soft bones and joint pain in sul) | amin \Vegpableoilstike wheat | Tneeased Fg of RBG. and mule germ ol. sunilower oi, | weakness 9 | vin ‘Greon ely vegeubles_| Tneveased blood doting ine 13. Hormones: Hormones are molecules that act as intercellular messengers. These are produced by ‘endocrine glands in the body and are released directly inthe blood stream. From here these are transported tothe ste oftheir action, Functions of hormones: They help fo maintain the balance of biological activities in the body. For example, insulin Keeps the blood glucose level within the range, epinephrine and norepinephrine mediate response to external stimuli, growth hormones and sex hormones play role in growth and development. i The hormones released by gonads are responsible for development of secondary sexual characters ii) Adrenal conex release glucocorticoids and mineralocontcoids. The glucocorticoids control the carbohydrate metabolism, modulate inflammatory rections an are involved in reactions tostress. The minerslocrticoids control the level of excretion of water and salt by the kidney. 14, Differences between DNA and RNA. ‘Seractera diference DNA RNA (GO|) The sapar preset in DNA is 2-deoxy-D‘O)-| The sugar present in RNA D.C bow. ribose Go| DNA contains cytosine and) thymine as | RNAcontaingyfosine and uracil pyrimidine pyrimidine bases, tases Gi) | DNA nara double arandedacbelixamicte, | RNA Rasa Sle sanded aelix Rte (|) DNA mosis are very lage he molecol| RNA molecules awe uch smaller wih mass may vary from 6 10" 163 10x. | molecular mass ranging from 20,000 40,000 Funetlonaldiferences (OT DNA as unique propery of replicon, TRNA wally does pot elit (Wo | DNA contos the wansmiision of Reeaiary | RNA Gonos the syatbess of prs ects, Some Important Vitamins, their Sources and their Deficiency Diseases [S.No Name of Vitamin ‘Sourees Detiieney Diseases 1 | Wiamina ch Iver oil, carats | Xeropthalmia hardening of comea of e), twtr and milk ih blindness 2 | viaminB, Yeast mil, geen | Berber dos of appetite, retarded grow) (Thiamine) venetian eels 3 | visio 8 ‘Mik, egg white, ver, | Cheibsis (Essuing af comes of mou ‘iborlvin) Kidey and lips), digestive disorders and. burning “scsation ofthe skin 7 | Viena By Yeast milk, ap yolk, | Convulsions Pyridoxine, cereals and grams 5 | Vieamin By ‘Meat fish ggandGurd | Pemiciows anaemia (RBC deficient ia -nseeoglbin) © | wramine ‘Cia rs onan | Scurvy Ceding gums) ascorbic acid) | green ely vegetables, 7 | ¥iamin D Exposure wo sunlight, Rickets Bone deformities in cilen) and fish and egg yolk ‘eswomalacia (oft bones and joint pain ia dul) © | Viamio ‘Vegeubleilstike wat | Increased fagiliy of RBCS and muscular germ ol, sunflower oi, | weakness 9 | viene Green ely vegetbles_| Toereased blood cloning ine CBSE SAMPLE QUESTION geet ‘Time ped: 3 hours General Instructions (a), There are 35 questions in this question paper with intemal choice. (Section A consists of 18 multiple-choice questions carrying ] mark each. (6). Section B consists of 7 very short answer questions carrying 2 marks each (d)_ Section C consists of 5 short answer questions carrying 3 marks each (6) Section D consists of ? case-based questions carrying 4 marks each Section E consists of 3 long answer questions carrying S marks each. () Ail questions are compulsory (h)_Use of og tables and caleulators is nor allowed. SECTION-A ‘The following questions are multiple-choice questions with one correct answer. Bach question carries ‘L mark. There is no internal choice in this section. 1, The major product of acd catalysed dehydration of I-methyleyclohexanol is: (@ t-methyleyclohexane () emetbyleyclohexene (©) Leyelohexylmethano 4) L-methylenceyclobexane 2. Which one of the fllowing compounds is more reactive towards Syl reaction? (@ CH,=CHCH,Be (©) GHCHBr © CCUG HBr (@ CQHJCHCH BE 3. KMn0, 6s coloured due to: (a) ded transitions (@) charge transfer from ligand to metal (© unpaired electrons ind-orbital of Mn (4) charge transfer from metal to ligand 4. Which radioactive isotope would have the longer halflife "0 or "0? (Given rate constants for 0 and 0 are 8.63 x 10° $" and k = 2.38 x 1075 respectively.) @ "0 @ "0 (©) Both will have the same half-ife @ None of the above, information given is insufficient 5. The molar conductivity of CH,COOH a infinite dation f 390 Sem"/mol. Using the graph ‘and given information, the molar conductivity of CH;COOK will be: abet 2 xs "ons = ns| so oy 02 Os tent? (@) 1008 em*/mot (b) 115 $ em’hmol (©) 1808 em*imol @) 125Scm*imol 6, Forthe reaction, A+ 2B» AB, the order wr4 reactant Ais and Ow reatant What will be change in rat of reaction if the concentration of Ais doubled and B is halve? (@ increases four mes (0 decreases foursines (© inreses two tines (2 sochange 7. Arrange the following in the increasing order of thelr boiling points: ‘A : Butanamine, B: N, N-Dimethylethanamine, C: N-Ethylethanamine @ C A+ B (a) A =CgHGCH,OH, B= Cyl (6) A=C,HGCHLOH, B= C,H,Br (© A= CAlsCHy, B= CBr (@) A= CAHsCHBr, B = C,H,OH. 10, Which ofthe following statements is not correet for amines? (@) Most alkyl amines are more basic than ammonia solution, (© pk, value of ethylamine is lower than benzylamine. (©) CHNH, on reaction with nitrous acid releases NO; gas. (4) Hinsherg's reagent reacts with secondary amines to form sulphonamides. Jn, ® anne EEE Sample Papers 11, Which of the following tests reactions is given by aldehydes as well a keto @) Fehling’s test, (@) Tollen’s test, (© 24DNPtest (@ Cannizzaro reaction 12, Arrhenius equation can be represented graphically as follows: ink oH ‘The (intercept and (i) slope ofthe graph are: @ MMAGER OME, © OMAW@-ER AWE, 13, ‘The number of ions formed on dissolving one molecule of FeSO, (NH,);S0,,6H,0 in water is @3 wos 5s 6 14, ‘The oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde by chromyl chloride is called (@) Brard reaction (@) Riemer-Tiemann reaction (©) Stephen's reaction (d) Cannizzaro's reaction In these questions (Q. No. IS 1 18), to statements are given — one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below: (@) Both A and R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A. () Both A and R are true but R isnot the correct explanation of A. (6) Ais true but R is false (@) Ais false but Ris true. 15. Assertion (A): Anetheris more volatile dan an alcobol of comparable molecular mass. Reason (R) + Ethers are polar in nature 16. Assertion (A): Proteins are found to have two different rypes of secondary structures viz alpha-helix and beta pleated sheet structure Reason, (R) + The secondary sructare of proteins is stabilized by hydrogen bonding. 17. Assertion (A): Magnetic moment values of actinides are lesser than the theoretically predicted values. Reason (R) + Actinide elements are strongly paramagnetic. 18, Assertion (A): Tertiary amines are more basic than corresponding secondary and primary amines in gaseous state Reason (R) etiary amines have thre alkyl groups which cause +I effect. 1 \ SECTION-B ‘This section contains 7 questions with internal choice in two questions. The following questions are very short answer fype and earry 2 marks each, 19, A firstorder reaction takes 69.3 min for $0% completion. What is the time needed for 80% ofthe reaction o get completed? (Given: log § =0.6900, log 8 = 0.9030, log 2 = 0.3010) 20, Account for the following: (@) There are $ OH groups in glucose _(b) Glucose is a reducing sugar oR ‘What happens when D ~ glucose is treated withthe following reagents (@) Bromine water HNO, 21. Give reason forthe following: (2) During the electophilic substitution reaction of haloarenes, para substituted derivative is the major product (@) The product formed daring Sy react is racemic mixture oR (2) Name the suitable alcohol and reagent, from which 2-Chiloro-2-methypropane can be prepared @) Outof the Chloromethane and Fluoromethane , which one has higher dipole moment and why? 22. The formula Co(NH,),CO,CI could representa carbonate or a chloride. Write the structures and ames of possible isomers. 23. Comosion is an electrochemical phenomenon, The oxygen in moist sir reacts as follows 0,6) + 28,00) + 4e° > 401 (aq) Write down the possible reactions for corrosion of zine occuring at anode, cathode, and overall reaction o form a white layer of zinc hydroxide. 24, Explain how and why il th rate of reaction fr a given reaction be affected when (@) scatalystis added. (@) the temperature at which the reaction was taking place is decreased. 2S, Writethereaction and IUPAC name of the product formed when 2-Methylpropanal isobutyraldehyde) {is treated with ethyl magnesium bromide followed by hydrolysis. SECTION-C ‘This section contains 5 questions with internal choice in two questions. The following questions are short answer type and carry 3 marks each. 26, Write the equations forthe following reaction: @ s (©) Tertbutyl chloride is treated with sodium ethonide. (©) Phenol is treated with chloroform in the presence of NaOH. lye acid is treated with acetic anhydride in the presence of conc H,SO, 27. Using Valence bond theory, explain the following in relation to the paramagnetic complex [Mn(CN),)" (@) ype ofhybrisizaton (©) magnetic moment value (©) ype ofconpiex mer, ower oi 28, Answer the following questions: (@) State Henry aw andexplin why ae the tanks sed by scuba divers ile with riled with helium (11.7% helium, 56.2% nitrogen and 32.1% oxygen?” (©) Assume that argon exer a paral pressure of 6 bar. Calculate the solubility of argon ga in water. (Given Henrys law constant for argon disolved in water Ky= 40 Kha 29. Give reasons for any 3 ofthe following observations: (@) Axilne is acetylated before nation reaction. (©) pK, of aniline slower han the me-itroniive (©) Primary amie on treatment with benzenesulpony! chloride forms a product which is sluble in NaOH however secondary amine gives product which is nslube in NaOH, (@) Asilne doesnot ect wit meth! chloride inthe presence oPanydrous AICI; aay. 30, (@) Henify the major” product formed when 2-yelohexyleloreethane undergoes a Sn?"(ag)-+2 Curis) 34. A hydrocarbon (A) with molecular formula C,Hlo on czonolyss gives two products (B) and (C) Both (B) and (C) give yellow precipitate when heated with iodine in presence of NaOH while only (B) give a silver miror on reaction with Tollen's reagent. (Identify (A), (By and (C), () Woite the reaction of B with Tollen’s reagent. (6) Woite the equation for iodoform test for C (2) Weite down the equation for aldo condensation reaction of B and C. oR ‘An organic compound (A) with molecular formula C,C1OsH is obtained when (B) reacts with Red P and Cl. The organic compound (B) can be obtained on the reaction of methyl magnesium chloride with dy ice followed by acid hydrolysis. (@) entity & and B (6) Write down the reaction for te formation of A from B. What is this reation called? (©) Give any one method by which organic compound B can be prepared from its corresponding seid chloride, "yt (®) Which wit be the more acc compound (A) or (B)? Why? (©) Write down the reaction to prepare methane from the compound (B) 38. Answer the following: (2) Why are all copper halides known except that copper iodide? (Why isthe E93 value for vanadium comparatively ow? (©) Why HCI should not be used for potassium permanganate itations? (@) Explain the observation, atthe end ofeach period, there isa sight increase inthe atomic radius of d-block elements (©) What iste fect of pH on dichromate ion solution? ——V¥ Answers 9. 10. n, 2 1B. M4. ® © o @ ® @ @ ® @ © © © © @ According to Saytzeff rule ie. highly substituted alkene is major product. Here dehydration reaction takes place alkene is formed duet the removal ofa water molecule, Due to more stable C,H,CH(C,H) * carbocation. “The Mn atom in KMnO, has +7 oxidation state wit clectron configuration [Ar]3d°4. Since no Lnpaired electrons are present, d-d transitions are not possible, The molecule should therefore, be colourless Is intense purple due to L-> M (igand to metal) charge transfer 2p(L) of (0 t0 341M) of Mr ‘The rte constant forthe decay of O-15 i less than tha for O-19., Therefore , the rate of decay ‘of 0-15 will be slower and will hve a longer half life A°CH,COOK = A°CH,COOH + A°KC1- A°HCt = 390 + 150 — 425 = 115 8 emimol Rate =[AF IAT i doubled then Rate! [AT =4 Rate In primary amin intermolecular association due to Hchonding is maximum while in tertiary it a= (8) «1400 cn! 200 ca! Cie O— Ope OBA G AG -on-wec ay CCH,NH; on reaction with nitrous acid releases NOs gas i wrong statement, The evolution of| nitrogen gas takes place inthis reaction Fehling's test, Tollen's test and Cannizzaro reaction is shown by aldehydes only Arrhenius equation: k=Ae tar E Ink= Ina AA plotof Ink vs 7 isastraght line, whose slope isp and intercept is In IF, 250} and 2NH; ions tard reaction: Chromyl chloride oxidise toluene to chromium complex which on hydrolysis fives benzaldehyde OCKOHC: 7 SOCHOMC!, ia + csc wef Tole enzaletyde 18, (b) A.andR ae wo ferent statements shout eters. The comet reson is that hydrogen bonding doesnot exist amongst ether molecules 16, (b) The cect explanation i alpha -elix structure results dv to regular coiling of polypeptide hain while due to steching of peptide chain upto maximum extension form beta plated sheet, 17, (b) The magnetic moment is less as the Sfeletrons of actinides are les efecsively’ shielded which results im gucnching of orbital contributions they ae strongly paramagnetic dc to presence of unpaired electrons 18, (@) Both Aand Rare te and R isthe comect explanation of A 19, Given: Halflife yy =69.3 min For first onder eaction 4 = B ha 0931 i = 2G 1-001 min w 303, Rol = Boge wo 2.303, 100 1 = EMS jog 2303109 5 log 5 = 0.6990) t= 160.9 min (A) 20, (a) Acetylation of glucose with acetic antydride gives glucose pentacctate which confims the presence of five OH groups. Since it exists a & stable compound, ive —OH groups should be tached to diferent carton atoms @ (©) Glucose seduces Feblings reagent, Hence it i reducing sugar. Hp \4 HO 0 i # = H—C_OH fot Hae, 29:0 ——~ HH +Cu,0+4H" Hon on 1t_oft I ou 0 Ht fe) HOH, HAS Hy ® CHr0H Gon re “008 © i otton, Lom, ® (GON is HOM chon Coon sas "ye Jn, Chemisty — 21. (@) There is higher steric hindrance at the ortho position than p-position, hence para isomer is usually predominate and is obtained in the major amount rn () During the Sy1 mechanism, intermediate carbocation formed is sp” hybridized and planar in nature. Ths allows the attack of nucleophile fom ether side ofthe plane resulting in a racemic mixture 0 oR (@) Tercbutyaleohol or2-methypropan-2-l using Luces reagent, mixture ofeone IC and ZnCl, the reaction wll follow the Sy1 pathway. « (©) Chloromethane is having higher dipole moment. Due to smaller sie of urine the dipole ‘momen of fuoromthane is comparatively lesser. ry 22, [Co(NH,),CO,ICI and [CoCNH,),C1}CO, arm Peniaaminecarbonatocobalt lDehlride % Pentuaminechlordacobal(l}arbonste ) 23. Anode: Za(s) —= 2a (oq) + 26 %) Cathode: 0,(g)+2H,0() + de” —= 401" (ag) * Overall: 2a(s) +0, (a) +2H,0() — 22n""(aq) +404" (ag) 2zn(9)+0,(@) +2400) — 220108), o 24, (a) The rate of reaction will increase. The catalyst decreases the activation energy of the reaction therefore the reaction becomes faster. (44%) () The rate of reaction will decrease, At lower temperatures the kinetic energy of molecules ‘decreases thereby the collisions decrease resulting in a lowering of rate of reaction. (V4 +¥4) dove 25, (CH) ,CHCHO +C,H,MeBr (CH) ,CHCH(C,H)(OMgB0) o (CH) ,CHCH(C,H. (MgB). (cH1) ,CHCH(C,H1)(08) a SECTION-C 26. () Aspiinis formed o coon coon OH . OCOCH, +(cH:Co0— + CHsCOOH ; “sn () (CH,),Ccl =". (CH,),C a eae (6, o-nydroxybezaldehyde wil be formed o on ono Oo" 27. IMC) Mn = [Ar] 34542 (Anis Mn (ground sat) mor) fi Mn in-43 state ToT Mnin MINN). Ties) &) pep) pS iynaton 2x ecko nt yHeig CN ‘Type of hybridization ~ dsp! ‘Magnetic moment value= n(n 2) = ¥(@@+2) =287 BM o Type of complex inner orbital o 28, (a) Henry's laws The partial pressure ofthe gus in vapu phase (ps proportional othe mole fraction of the gas (inthe solution. @ ‘The pressure underwater is high, o the solubility of gases in blood increases. When the diver ‘comes to surface the pressure decreases so docs the solubility causing bubbles of nitrogen in blood, to avoid this situation and maintain the same partial pressure of nitrogen underwater t00, the dilution i done. @ @ p=Kye A mole fraction of argon in water x= 2 = Sx 10% = 15 «10+ « 0 29. (a) Aniline is acetylated, before nitration reaction in order to avoid formation of tary oxidation products and protecting the amino group, so that p-nitro derivative can be obtained a= major produc. a (®) pK, of aniline i lower than the m-nitroailine oF the basic strength of aniline is more than ‘m-nitroaniline. pK, vale is inversely proportional to basic strength. The presence of electron withdrawing group decrease basic strength @ (©) Due to the presence of acidic hydrogen in the N-alkylbenzenesulphonamide formed by the treatment of primary amines tis soluble in NaOH, @ (W), Aline des not react with methylehloide inthe presence of AICI, catalyst, because aniline is ‘a base and AICI, is Lewis aid which lead to formation of sal, @ (ary3) 30. (a) The major product formed when 2-cyclohexylchloroethane undergoes dehydohalogenation reaction is I-cyclohexylethene. The reagent which is used to cary out the reaction is etanolic KOH. a+p (®) Haloatkanes are more reactive than haloarenes and vinylic halides because of the presence of Partial double bond character C—X bond in haloarenes and vinylic halides. Hence they da not undergo nucleophilic reactions easily @ oR (@) Mothylenecyctohexane CH chy O-=6 =e |-Methyleyelohexene CH; a Hs b= cary (Allyl chloride shows high reactivity asthe carbocation formed in the frst step is stabilised by resonance while no such stabilisation of carbocation exists in the case of n-propyl chloride. (1) SECTION-D 31. (@) A=100, s07= 100 (C= 150,10G= 150 ‘Total mueleotdes = 100 + 100 + 150 + 150 = 500 a () ‘They studied the nucleotide composition of DNA. It was the same so they concluded thatthe samples belong to same species. «@ (© A=T=20% But G isnot equal to C so double helix is ruled out “ “The bases paits are ATGC and not AUGC soitis not RNA % ‘The virus isa single helix DNA virus ® oR According to Charagraff rule all double helix DNA will have the same amount of A and T as well as C will be same amount as G If this isnot the case then the helix is single stranded @ 32, The meting point ofc isthe freezing point of water. We ean us the depression in feezing point Property inthis case (a) 3 reating for 05 g there has to be an increas in depresion of feerng point and therefore decrease in rezing point so also decreas in meng poi when amount of sls neeased but the tend ea lllgped ons case. @ (0) sets eadig sip wo avoid eorin data collection and give mor objective ta, Ch) Tk, «0461000 sf © Aty(tvcoe) = “SOC 2x ,*0.6%1000 . arene) - ee “% 2K, <06%1000 38 = Sao a Divide equation by 2 ATMO) sys aa > 2x0 ‘Ay (lucose = 0.6, Freezing point or Ming point = 082°C oR Depression in freezing points directly proportional to molality (mass of solute when the amount of solvent remains same) (03 g depressions 19°C (06 g depression 638°C 1.2 g depression willbe 38x2=7.6°C SECTION-E 33, (a) The cell potential remains constant during it om in solution whose concentration can change during its fe ime KCI") — K (ag)+ C1 (og) Cathode: H,0() +e" — 4H,(@)+OH-(aq) ued — 9) —- heya [Net reaction: KCH(ag) + 1,00) — K'(ag) +08" (ag)+ Fle) +518) (©) Given, potential of hydrogen gs electrode = 059 V Electrode reaction: H #«° — 05H Applying Nernst exuation, «0059.15, Hal" Fey” Face mE Even Form a) 059 | Secton-A | Secion-8 | Section | Section-D | Section. | weightage s mca | vsaa | saa |casetasea) aa. ie 7 Questions mark | 2marks | amarks | Amaris |S marks 4, [Solutions - — [a | w [| m 2. [Btectrochemistry wm | a | — — [| sm | s 3. [Chemical Kinetics 3a | 4@ | — — — | 4. |The d-and pBlock Elements | 22) | — = = | sa | 8, [Coordination Compounds 2a |oam | 3m. | 18) 6. |Haloatkanes and Haloarenes | aay | 2a) |. 3a) |) — = | « 7. |atcohols, Phenols and mers | 3) | — | 3m | — = | [Aldehydes, Ketones and © eeainse 2a | a} — — | sa | 9 9. |Amines of = [am f= = | 10, [Biomolecules 1a | 2a) ay [| = | [Total isas) | 14m | 18 | 8a) | 188) | 7008) Number of question(s) isiare given within brackets and mark(s) outside the brackets The above Blue Print is only a sample, Suitable internal variations may be made for generating similar Blue Prints keeping the overall weightage to different form of questions and typology of questions same, l SAMPLE PAPER A\ AEN ‘Time allowed: 3 hours General Tn ‘Same as CBSE Sample Question Pape SECTION-A ‘The following questions are multiple-choice questions with one correct answer. Fach question carries, |L mark. There is no internal choice in this section. 1, The boiling points of alcohols are higher than those of hydrocarbons of comparable masses ‘due to: (@) Hydrogen bonding ® Ton~ dipote iteration ©) Dipole- dipole interaction (@) Van der Waals forces. 2. Which of the following isomer has the highest melting point? (@) 12-

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