Lecture
1.7.photohs-1.7.7.Photonstatistics.in
their
propagation photons
µ¥§
can be ""
described as am EM -
wave i
wt)
eickt
-
Ect, E) =
Eo
has shown Photoelectric effect
However ,
quantum optics
.
hoof
that
§§¥u
they have
properties of
;E
particles too with E- = too T
.
Consider a
light beam with
power Peel .
The photon flax 4 gives the
average
number
(off
-
→
of photons passing through the cross -
section of the beam :
§=¥wphotong
The detector
average count rate of with
efficiency y is given by
:
.
R-yoleytfa.com/-ss#
⇒ Light can be classified by the statistics of the photon flux
(
average and standard deviation )
-
I
c-
L
•
To do this
,
we deride the beam into segments of length L .
Then
,
the
average number
of photons per segment is
n-=T
and ⑥ is its standard deviation .
Assuming that the
photons randomly distributed results
-
are in
a Poisson Ian distribution for the number of photons per segment .
PqE with standard deviation
sn=⑦
wecan-lassitylightbeamsas.es
•
Poisson ian on
super - Poisson ian Ah > Ful
r
sub -
Poisson ian sniff
Poison
•
.
Perfectly coherent light beam with constant
intensity htt
↳ laser
.su#Toissoniani Time Ict) -7 Incoherent or thermallight
varying intensity
.
sub-poissonian.NO classical equivalent -7 quantum light
*
g b b D
→
At
•
Using photon counting ) statistics
( to
classify light beams is
challenging :
Loses (
absorption lreflection ) alter the statistics towards
-
Poisson ian .
.
Low detection efficiencies Cn car ) alter the statistics towards
Poisson Ian .
Detectors with high
"
efficiency dead time of
"
have a
~
7µs
-
⇒ We need a better
way
to
classify light beams !
T.7.2.Photonco-re.at
s
light beams be characterized in robust the
can a
way using
" "
correlation
second-order
ion g' ),
CT where
g
Col is known as
degreeofsecoud-ordercohereace.clasgicalpicturei.tn
the measured
the classical EM -
waves picture it is defined as :
oi↳I
•
It can be measured in a
Hanbury and Brown Twiss CHBTI type
of experiment :
For with constant
beam
intensity LIED LICHEN
•
a
average
-
⇒g"uy=I"
For Arlly coherent beam Ict) ICE te) gooey -1
•
=
a →
.
For
any
beam in the limit T-7 A Ict) and Ice it) become
-
uncorrelated -7 ghee -
so,
-1
It can be shown that for conceivable time dependence
•
any
g"CT)
" "
co) 77 and co) 3
g g
ghcolcanbeusedtocharactevizelightbe.am#.g9o
⇒
light
"
coherent
"
1
)
-
"'
co) bunched light
"
"
> 7
g
-
.
g'4014 impossible in classicalpicture
"
Note co) is insensitive to losses due to normalization
g
•
:
Photonpictvre
•
In the photon picture D, and Dz detect
single photons
⇒gMo¥7¥+⇒ I 2
For with constant
a beam average intensity
•
( HCE) ) =
ch Cftc) ) .
gcqg°!¥d
since phot at Bork, obtain ;
•
a we
2
< n
>
•
Wecanclasgifylightbeaonsasi
coherent light g"co) 7
-
- i - . . . . .
"
-
bunched light :
g' co) 77 . . . . . . . . o. . .
"
light g lol y
-
anti bunched : . . . . .
Experi mentalconsiderationsis
•
Efficient detectors avalanche
single photon are
single photon
diodes Csptllsl and
superconducting single photon detectors CSSPDSI
↳ tutorial
see
•
galoot can be measured for continuous and pulsed streams
continuously Pulsed
Fvltyqvaytizedpicture
.
In the
fully quantized picture photons ,
are
represented as
excitations of a harmonic oscillator .
En -
cut E) Kw with a Yn =
n Yu
Eigenstates are
represented as
in>
•
I = Gta
*
Creation operator It : Itm > -
- Tutt In -177
.
Annihilation operator an i dm> = Th In -27
I 107
-
-
o
Using this g'401 can be written as :
g%r÷÷
svmmaryokleo.to
Light beams can be characterized by the statistics of the
photon flux :
a
Poisson ian sniff
super -
Poisson ian Sh > TF
•
Sub -
Poisson ian Snc Fn
•
A more robust characterization and quantification can be done
by
photon correlations :
'
classical picture :
guy =
< Ice, 72
Lh Cn -717
•
Photon picture i
g" ) co =
( natator a >
"
Quantum picture co)
-
g
-
-
: -
satay
'"
r
g
co) -
1 : coherent light
"
co) 77 : bunched light
g
•
'"
.
g Col 4 : anti -
bunched light
+
Examplescseetvtorialli
.
Perfect /
sparge single photon
-
source :
g'401=0
•
Laser :
gtfo) -7
.
Perfect N -
photon source :
g" , co
=
Sparse 2-
photon source :
g%o1 =
If
gtfo)
" "
•
Good
single photon
-
source : i 2. Pz
