Anatomy 403: The Human Body
CRANIAL NERVES V AND VII
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
A. General
1. Mixed nerve – sensory and motor (from pons)
2. The major somatic sensory of the face, orbit, nasal cavity, and oral cavity
3. Provides the somatic motor supply for the muscles of mastication as well as the two “tensor” muscles of
the head (tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini)
4. Trigeminal ganglion (semilunar ganglion) - location of sensory cell bodies of trigeminal nerve
5. Has 3 divisions (branches) arising from trigeminal ganglion
V1 - Ophthalmic nerve ! eye (pure sensory) superiororbitalfissure
V2 - Maxillary nerve ! cheek (pure sensory) foramenrotund
um
V3 - Mandibular nerve ! mandible (motor + sensory) foramenovale
6. Serves as a conduit for the parasympathetic functions of CNs III, VII and IX
7. Disease
a) Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux) - mainly the mandibular division, sometimes the
maxillary division
thatmic puresensory foreheadandeye
popmaxillary puresensory midfacecheek
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B. Ophthalmic division (V1)
1. Somatic sensory only dendritestrawl totrigeminalganglion sensory allbodies axons
pons
2. Leaves the orbit via the superior orbital fissure and passes through the cavernous sinus
3. Main branches: frontal, lacrimal,
and nasociliary
3. Supplies sensation to the frontal and frontal sphenoidayethoida
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4. Supplies sensory innervation
(general) to nasal cavity
5. Supplies sensation to the upper
eyelid, side of the nose, forehead and
i it
scalp (supraorbital nerve)
6. Provides a conduit for the
postganglionic parasympathetic fibres
from CN III after the ciliary ganglion
a) short and long ciliary nerves
parasympathetic tii
b) pupillary constriction & nasal itself
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C. Maxillary division (V2)
1. Somatic sensory only
somaticsensory
2. Enters the floor of the orbit via the inferior orbital fissure
3. Passes through the pterygopalatine fossa
4. Enters the cranial cavity via the foramen rotundum and passes through the cavernous sinus
5. Main branches: zygomatic, superior alveolar, and infraorbital
6. Supplies sensation to the maxillary air sinus
7. Supplies sensation (general) to the nasal cavity
8. Supplies sensation to lower eyelid, skin of cheek, upper lip (infraorbital nerve)
9. Innervates maxillary (upper) teeth and gums
also softpalateClesserpalantinen and hardpalategreater
palantinen
10. Provides a conduit for the postganglionic parasympathetic fibres from CN VII after the pterygopalatine
ganglion
a) zygomaticofacial nerve
b) lacrimation onits to thelacrimal
wayup gland
civilpalate
4
C. Mandibular division (V3)
1. Largest branch
2. Mixed nerve - sensory and motor
3. Leaves the cranial cavity via the foramen ovale
4. Enters the infratemporal fossa (area medial to the mandible)
5. Splits into several main branches: muscular, buccal, auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar, and lingual
6. Sensory functions
a) Sensory to meninges of middle and anterior fossa (nervus spinosus)
a) Sensation to the lower lip, skin of mandible
b) Innervates mandibular (lower) teeth and gums (inferior alveolar nerve)
c) Supplies anterior 2/3 of tongue with general sensation (lingual nerve)
d) Ends as mental nerve (chin) subcutaneous
span
e) Carries proprioceptive information from muscles of mastication to brainstem - force of bite
7. Motor functions
a)Supplies muscles of mastication - Masseter, Temporalis, Medial pterygoid, Lateral pterygoid,
accessory muscles of mastication
8. Provides a conduit for the postganglionic parasympathetic fibres from CN VII after the submandibular
ganglion and from CN IX after the otic ganglion
a) CN VII - Submandibular and sublingual glands
b) CN IX - Parotid gland
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D. Muscles of mastication and chewing
1. Innervated by V3
2. Rotational movements occur at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
3. Rotation of condyle on the undersurface of the intra-articular disc
4. Jaw opening or depression (ie. abduction) ! results mainly from anterior pull of the lateral pterygoid
muscle; the anterior belly of digastric is involved for extreme depression (eg. during yawning)
5. Jaw closing or elevation (ie. adduction) ! results from pull of medial pterygoid, temporalis, and masseter
muscles
6. Superior pterygoid muscle (superior head of lateral pterygoid muscle) positions the condyle against the
surface of the articular eminence during jaw closing
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Facial Nerve (CN VII)
A. General
1. Mixed nerve - Motor, sensory & parasympathetic
2. Attached to pons posterolateral surface
3. Cell bodies in geniculate ganglion • somatic sensation and special sense
4. Leaves skull via internal auditory meatus, stylomastoid foramen
5. Damage or disease
a) Patient may loose taste (partly), salivation (partly) or lacrimation in one eye
b) Bell’s Palsy (hemi-facial paralysis)
B. Motor Function
1. Muscles of facial expression (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical branches)
2. Muscles of the scalp
a) Frontalis (temporal branch)
b) Occipitalis (posterior auricular n.)
3. Muscles of the external ear (posterior auricular n.)
4. Platysma m. • m. of facial exp.
5. Stylohyoid m.
6. Posterior digastric m.
7. Stapedius m. • smallest bone
of the body
C. Sensory Function
1. General sensation
a) skin around the ear
b) soft palate
2. Special sensation
a) taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue (via chorda tympani - joins lingual n)
b) taste from hard palate (via palatine nn. of V2)
D. Parasympathetic Function
1. Preganglionic fibres to the pterygopalatine ganglion via the greater petrosal n. Postganglionic fibres via
V2 and V1 to the lacrimal gland for tearing (lacrimation)
Pathway: Facial n. (CN VII) ! greater petrosal nerve ! nerve of the pterygoid canal !
pterygopalatine ganglion (synapse) ! maxillary n. (V2) ! zygomatic n. (branch of V2) !
communicating branch to ! lacrimal n. (branch of V1) ! lacrimal gland
2. Preganglionic fibres to the submandibular ganglion. Postganglionic fibres via V3 to the submandibular
& sublingual salivary glands (salivation)
Pathway: Facial n. (CN VII) ! chorda tympani n. ! joins the lingual n. (branch of V3) !
submandibular ganglion (synapse) ! lingual fibres ! submandibular and sublingual glands
3. Postganglionic fibres to the mucous glands of the nasal region and the hard palate
7
• sup. salivatory
nucleus • somatic
sensation from
• axons loop around trigeminal
forming the facial • postgang para.
coloquiius
• pregang. para
• abducens
nucleus
• facial nucleus
• somatic motor
• spinal nucleus nerves
of the
trigeminal Sensory ganglion w/ • supply nasal and
• nucleus solitarius sensory nerve bodies oral mucosa
(gustatory nucleus),
• also gets input from
iX and X
• PA to occipital
belly of ÉÉ
frontalis EÉ
• posterior
auricular n., • sympathetic • special sense taste
(CNVII)
• 5 facial nerves
taste sensation
that links up with
lingual n. of V3,
as well as para.
to sublingual and
submandibular
• upper third
still
functional • ipsilateral
• stroke a ects communication
contralateral only to upper
communication portion of facial
nucleus
• UMN a ects
contralateral side
EEII.in
• Facial N.
LMN
• Damage will
result in
hemifacial
paralysis
