Chapter 2.

1:
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
MS. CLAIRE A. GARCIA
Instructor
 Work Plan
01 02
Recall Lesson Proper
Introduce the concept of Discuss the differences among atoms,
atoms, ions, and molecules molecules, and ions as well as subatomic
particles

03 04
Indiv. Activity Reminders
Evaluate how well the students Remind students about the
understood the discussion advance study topic
RECALL
Identify whether the ff is atom, molecule, or ion:

Tin Bronze Hg
ATOM MOLECULE ATOM
Atomic symbol: Sn Chemical formula: Atomic name: Mercury
Copper and Tin (CuSn)

oxide CO2 Ca2+

ION MOLECULE ION
Chemical formula: O-2 Chemical name: Carbon Chemical name:
dioxide Calcium ion
 Atom, Ion, and Molecule
ATOM ION MOLECULE
Atom or group of Group of two or
Small particle of
atoms that carries a more atoms held
matter that is
positive or negative neutrally together
DEFINITION neutrally charged
electric charge by attractive forces
and consists of
known as chemical
subatomic particles (cation and anion) bonds.
Sodium atom (Na) Sodium ion (Na+) Table salt
EXAMPLE Copper atom (Cu) Copper (II) ion (Cu2+ ) (Sodium chloride,
Chlorine atom (Cl) Chloride ion (Cl-) NaCl)
 01
ATOM

DEMOCRITUS JOHN DALTON

“Atomos” “Atomic Theory”
- indivisible/ - Billiard ball model
uncuttable - Some of the theories
were falsified
 01
SUB-ATOMIC
PARTICLES

• Use of Cathode rays

J.J. THOMSON • Discovery of electron

• Plum-pudding model
 01
SUB-ATOMIC
PARTICLES

E. RUTHERFORD • Gold-foil method

• Discovery of Proton
 01
SUB-ATOMIC
PARTICLES

• Fired alpha radiation at beryllium

sheet from a polonium source.
J. CHADWICK
• This led to the production of an
uncharged, penetrating radiation.
 01
SUB-ATOMIC
PARTICLES
01 SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES
 01
SUB-ATOMIC Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus
PARTICLES Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons

Mass Number A
Atomic Number Z X Element Symbol
(neutral atom)
 01 Mass Number A
SUB-ATOMIC X Element Symbol
Atomic Number Z (neutral atom)
PARTICLES
Mass Number Atomic Number
= No. of protons + No. of neutrons = No. of protons in the nucleus
= Atomic number + No. of neutrons = No. of electrons

No. of neutrons
= Mass number – Atomic number
= Mass number – no. of protons
 01 How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in
SUB-ATOMIC
PARTICLES Mass Number 14
Atomic Number 7 N Element Symbol

Mass Number Atomic Number

= No. of protons + No. of neutrons = No. of protons in the nucleus
= Atomic number + No. of neutrons = No. of electrons

No. of neutrons
= Mass number – Atomic number
= Mass number – no. of protons

Protons 7 Electrons 7 Neutrons 7

 01 How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in
SUB-ATOMIC
PARTICLES Mass Number 40
Atomic Number 18 Ar Element Symbol

Mass Number Atomic Number

= No. of protons + No. of neutrons = No. of protons in the nucleus
= Atomic number + No. of neutrons = No. of electrons

No. of neutrons
= Mass number – Atomic number
= Mass number – no. of protons

Protons 18 Electrons 18 Neutrons 22

 01 How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in
SUB-ATOMIC
PARTICLES Mass Number 56
Atomic Number 26 Fe Element Symbol

Mass Number Atomic Number

= No. of protons + No. of neutrons = No. of protons in the nucleus
= Atomic number + No. of neutrons = No. of electrons

No. of neutrons
= Mass number – Atomic number
= Mass number – no. of protons

Protons 26 Electrons 26 Neutrons 30

02 Ions are charged
Transfer of
electron

IONS particles.
sodium atom chlorine atom

+ -
Na Cl
sodium ion chloride ion
(cation) (anion)
02 How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in
3+
IONS Mass Number 27 Ionic charge

Atomic Number 13 Al Element Symbol

Protons Neutrons
Electrons
= atomic number
= No. of protons – cation charge = Mass number – no. of
= No. of protons + anion charge electrons

Protons 13 Electrons 10 Neutrons 17

13 - (3e) 27 – 10
02 How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in
3+
IONS 59 Ionic charge
Mass Number

Atomic Number 27 Co Element Symbol

Protons Neutrons
Electrons
= atomic number
= No. of protons – cation charge = Mass number – no. of
= No. of protons + anion charge electrons

Protons 27 Electrons 24 Neutrons 35

27 - (3e) 59 – 24
02 How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in

IONS Mass Number 16 2- Ionic charge

Atomic Number 8 O Element Symbol

Protons Neutrons
Electrons
= atomic number
= No. of protons – cation charge = Mass number – no. of
= No. of protons + anion charge electrons

Protons 8 Electrons 10 Neutrons 6

8 + (2e) 16 – 10
02 How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in
3-
IONS Mass Number 14 Ionic charge

Atomic Number 7 N Element Symbol

Protons Neutrons
Electrons
= atomic number
= No. of protons – cation charge = Mass number – no. of
= No. of protons + anion charge electrons

Protons 7 Electrons 10 Neutrons 4

7 + (3e) 14 – 10
Which of the following represents the atomic
notation of carbon-12?

Mass number

24 12 6
12 C 6 C 6 C
Atomic number
✓ Carbon has varying mass numbers due to its abundance in nature.
✓ Certain atom with the same atomic number but has different mass
number is called ISOTOPE.
 03
ISOTOPES Isotope Facts
✓ All elements have isotopes
✓ Two types of isotopes:
a. stable
b. unstable (radioactive)
✓ There are 254 known stable isotopes
✓ Hydrogen is the only element whose
isotopes have unique names
 03
ISOTOPES Isotope Facts
 03
ISOTOPES
APPLICATION:

Radioactive decay
for nonliving things

Common Isotopes: Uranium-235

 03
ISOTOPES

APPLICATION:
Age of once-living artifacts

Common Isotopes: Carbon-14

 03
ISOTOPES

APPLICATION:
Used for the treatment of thyrotoxicosis

Common Isotopes: Iodine-131

 03
ISOTOPES

APPLICATION:
Determination of blood volume and in blood
transfusion studies

Common Isotopes: Iron-59

 03
ISOTOPES

APPLICATION:
Cancer detection and treatment especially in the skin and
eyes

Common Isotopes: Phosphorus-32

 03 APPLICATION:
ISOTOPES Powered more than 20 NASA spacecraft

Common Isotopes: Phosphorus-33

 03
ISOTOPES

APPLICATION:
Evaluation of lung ventilation and blood flow

Common Isotopes: Xenon-133

 03 APPLICATION:
ISOTOPES Electrolyte tracer

Other uses:
detection for leak
testing

Common Isotopes: Sodium-24

 03 APPLICATION:
Used for sterilization of surgical instruments
ISOTOPES

Common Isotopes: Cobalt-60

 03 APPLICATION:
ISOTOPES Used nuclear cardiology and tumor detection

Common Isotopes: Thallium-204

 03 Copper is made up of two isotopes, Cu-63 (62.9296 amu)
and Cu-65 (64.9278 amu). Given copper's atomic weight of
ISOTOPES 63.546, what is the percent abundance of each isotope?

STEPS:

FORMULA: (62.9296) (x) + (64.9278) (1 − x) = 63.546

 03 Copper is made up of two isotopes, Cu-63 (62.9296 amu)
and Cu-65 (64.9278 amu). Given copper's atomic weight of
ISOTOPES 63.546, what is the percent abundance of each isotope?

STEPS:

FORMULA: (62.9296) (x) + (64.9278) (1 − x) = 63.546

COMBINED SAME VALUES:

62.9296x + 64.9278 – 64.9278x = 63.54

62.9296x – 64.9278x = 63.54 – 64.9278

 03 Copper is made up of two isotopes, Cu-63 (62.9296 amu)
and Cu-65 (64.9278 amu). Given copper's atomic weight of
ISOTOPES 63.546, what is the percent abundance of each isotope?

STEPS:

FORMULA: (62.9296) (x) + (64.9278) (1 − x) = 63.546

COMBINED SAME VALUES:

62.9296x – 64.9278x = 63.54 – 64.9278

-1.9982x = -1.3878
 03 Copper is made up of two isotopes, Cu-63 (62.9296 amu)
and Cu-65 (64.9278 amu). Given copper's atomic weight of
ISOTOPES 63.546, what is the percent abundance of each isotope?

STEPS:

FORMULA: (62.9296) (x) + (64.9278) (1 − x) = 63.546

SIMPLIFY AND LOOK FOR THE VALUE OF X

-1.9982x = -1.3878
-1.9982 -1.9982
x = 0.69453
 03 Chlorine is made up of two isotopes, Cl-35 (34.969 amu)
and Cl-37 (36.966 amu). Given chlorine's atomic weight of
ISOTOPES 35.453 amu, what is the percent abundance of each
isotope?
 03 Oxygen is composed of three isotopes: One has a mass of
16.999 amu. This isotope makes up 0.037% of oxygen. Of
ISOTOPES the other two, one has a mass of 15.995 amu, and the
other has a mass of 17.999 amu. Calculate the abundance
of the other two isotopes, using the average atomic mass
of 15.9994 amu.
 03 A sample of naturally occurring silicon consists
Si-28 (amu = 27.9769), Si-29 (amu = 28.9765) and Si-30
ISOTOPES (amu = 29.9738).

If the atomic mass of silicon is 28.0855 and the natural

abundance of Si-29 is 4.67%, what are the natural
abundances of Si-28 and Si-30?
Written Work
Answer the activity sheet on
page 70A
 Chapter 2.2:
Naming Compounds
MS. CLAIRE A. GARCIA
Instructor
RECALL
What is the
Give one example
difference among
of atom, molecule,
atom, ions, and
and ion.
molecules?

Give one example

What is isotope? and uses of a
common isotope.
 Intramolecular Intermolecular
Force of Attraction Force of Attraction

holding the atoms Chemical hold atoms

together in the Bonds together between
molecules molecules
London-Dispersion
Ionic bond force

Dipole-dipole
Covalent bond
Hydrogen bond
Metallic bond Ion-dipole
 Intramolecular Force of
Attraction
Ionic bond Covalent bond Metallic bond

Bonds formed Bonds formed Bonds formed

between ions between nonmetals between metals

Donating and Sharing of electrons Overlapping of

receiving of atomic orbitals and
electrons the concept of sea of
electrons
Binary ions Ternary ions

Bond between
Bond between 1 Ionic bond cations and anions
cation and 1 anion

Cations – donate
Binary salt electrons
Ternary salt

Binary acid Anion – receive Ternary acid

electrons
Ternary base
01 Naming cations Naming anions
Naming Naming Naming multivalent cation Get the prefix
univalent name of a
Binary Classical system Stock system
cation nonmetallic atom
Ions With lowest oxidation state and add –ide for
Just copy the Get the prefix Name of a the suffix.
name of the name metallic atom +
metal and add –ous for charge (using
the suffix Roman numeral) Example:
With highest oxidation state O2- ox + ide =
oxide
Get the prefix Name of a
name metallic atom + P3- phosph + ide =
and add –ic for charge (using phosphide
the suffix Roman numeral)
01
Naming
Binary
Ions

Common multivalent metals and their charges:

Titanium (+3 and +4) Manganese (+2 +3, and +4) Nickel (+2 and +3)
Vanadium (+4 and +5) Iron (+2 and +3) Copper (+1 and +2)
Chromium (+2 and +3) Cobalt (+2 and +3) Gold (+1 and +3)
02 Binary acids
Naming Chemical formula always starts with H
Binary Prefix name (Hydro) + root word + suffix name (-ic
Acids acid)

H+ S2-
H+ F-
H+ Cl-
H+ Br-
H+ I-
03 Base
Naming substance that neutralizes the acid (pH>7)
Ternary Characterize by having hydroxide ion (OH-)
Base
Na+ OH-
K OH-
Ba2+ OH-
Ca2+ OH-
Li+ OH-
03 Acid
Naming substance that neutralizes the base (pH<7)
Ternary Characterize by having hydrogen ion (H+)
Base
Group 5 Group 6 Group 7
nitrogen fluorine
Lowest oxidation state nitr – fluor –
Root word + –ous acid phosphorous sulfur chlorine
phosphor – sulfur – chlor –
Highest oxidation state bromine
Root word + –ic acid brom –
iodine
iod –
04 Acid
Naming substance that neutralizes the base (pH<7)
Ternary Characterize by having hydrogen ion (H+)
Acid
Group 5 (charge: -1 and -3) Group 6 (charge: -2) Group 7 (charge: -1)
nitrogen +2 oxygen fluorine +1 oxygen
nitr – (-ous acid) fluor – (hypo + root word + ous acid)

+3 oxygen chlorine +2 oxygen

(charge: -1) (-ic acid) (root word + ous acid)
chlor –
phosphorous +2 oxygen sulfur +2 oxygen
bromine +3 oxygen
phosphor – (-ous acid) sulfur – (-ous acid) (root word + ic acid)
brom –
+3 oxygen +3 oxygen
(Charge: -3) iodine
+3 oxygen
(-ic acid) (-ic acid) (per + root word + ic acid)
iod –
04 Acid
Naming substance that neutralizes the base (pH<7)
Ternary Characterize by having hydrogen ion (H+)
Acid

H + NO2–
Chemical
H + NO3 –
formula and
name?
H + PO33–

H + PO43–
04 Acid
Naming substance that neutralizes the base (pH<7)
Ternary Characterize by having hydrogen ion (H+)
Acid

+1 oxygen H + FO–
(hypo + root word + ous acid)

Chemical
+2 oxygen
(root word + ous acid)
H + FO2–
formula and
+3 oxygen H + FO3– name?
(root word + ic acid)

+3 oxygen
(per + root word + ic acid)
H + FO4–
04 Acid
Naming Hydrogen Oxy- Chemical
Chemical name
Ternary ion (H+) anion Formula
Acid H+ SO32-
H+ SO42-
H+ ClO-
H+ BrO2-
H+ IO4-
H+ PO43-
04 Salt
Naming substance obtained by the reaction of an acid and a
Ternary base (neutralization reaction)
Salts
Group 5 Group 6 Group 7
nitrogen fluorine
Lowest oxidation state nitr – fluor –
Root word + –ite phosphorous sulfur chlorine
phosphor – sulfur – chlor –
Highest oxidation state bromine
Root word + –ate brom –
(except for halogens) iodine
iod –
04 Salt
Naming substance obtained by the reaction of an acid and a
Ternary base (neutralization reaction)
Salts
Group 5 (charge: -1 and -3) Group 6 (charge: -2) Group 7 (charge: -1)
nitrogen +2 oxygen fluorine +1 oxygen
nitr – (-ite) fluor – (hypo + root word + ite)

+3 oxygen chlorine +2 oxygen

(charge: -1) (-ate) (root word + ite)
chlor –
phosphorous +2 oxygen sulfur +2 oxygen
bromine +3 oxygen
phosph – (-ite) sulf – (-ite) (root word + ate)
brom –
+3 oxygen +3 oxygen
(Charge: -3) iodine
+3 oxygen
(-ate) (-ate) (per + root word + ate)
iod –
04 Salt
Naming substance obtained by the reaction of an acid and a
Ternary base (neutralization reaction)
Salts

Na + NO2–
Chemical
Na + NO3–
formula and
Na + PO33– name?

Na + PO43–
04 Salt
Naming Oxy- Chemical
Ternary Cation
anion Formula
Chemical name

Salt
Al3+ SO32-
Ti4+ PO43-
Ca2+ ClO-
Au3+ BrO3-
Na+ IO4-
Mg2+ SO42-
Chemical Binary or Acid, Base, Chemical Name
Formula Ternary Ions? or Salt?

Al(OH)3
Ba(Cl)2
HClO4
Co2S3
AgNO3
Naming Covalent Compounds
NAMING
• 1st element: prefix (except for mono) + name
• 2nd element: prefix + get the root word + ide

PREFIXES 1 – mono 4 – tetra 7 – hepta 10 – deca

2 – di 5 – penta 8 – octa 11 – undeca
3 – tri 6 – hexa 9 – nona 12 – dodeca
Naming Covalent Compounds
SF6
CCl4
N2O5
O2F2
BrF5
C2 H6