TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GEARS
Leader:
Cabasag, Cherrydhel V.
Members:
Bien, Paul
Bondavia, MJ
Bruit, Lemuel
Hibaya, John
Reyes, Marlon
 Gears
INTRODUCTION

This lesson discusses different gears by means of analysis and design. Spur gears, helical
gears, bevel gears, and worm gearings are the gears to be discussed. The topics include gear
nomenclature, gear tooth parts, pitches, load analysis, standard gears in metric and English
system, tooth profile construction, gear teeth analysis, bevel gear blank cone, and sample
problems for illustrative problems and gear analysis.

There are provided problems to be solved by students to practice their problem-solving

skills regarding gear analysis.

LESSON OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, students are expected to:

1. Appreciate different classifications and types of gears;
2. Understand gear nomenclature, gear pitches, standard gears, and gear applications;
3. Compute gear parameters;
4. Understand load analysis;
5. Understand the different methods of tooth profile construction;
6. Construct tooth profile based on the standard gears; and
7. Solve graphical and analytical problems involving gears.

TAKE NOTE
 Gear – a part of machine considered as a friction wheel with teeth cut around the
circumference.
 The basic types of gear are spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, and worm gearings.
 Gears are commonly employed in transmitting power from one rotating shaft to another.
 Gears are used in transmitting motion from a rotating shaft to another that rotates, or from
a rotating shaft body to a body which translates and can be considered as rotating about
an axis at infinity.
 In comparison with friction drives, gears are especially adapted where an exact velocity
ratio is required or where driving and driven members must maintain definite phase
relationship.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF GEARS
1. Spur Gears – gears with teeth parallel to the axis of rotation and are used to transmit
motion from one shaft to another parallel shaft.

Pinion
 Gear

2. Helical Gears – gears with teeth inclined to axis of rotation. It has the same applications
as spur gears but with less noise generated due to the more gradual engagement of the
teeth during meshing. The inclined tooth also develops thrust loads and bending couples,
which are not present with spur gearing. It is sometimes used to transmit notion between
nonparallel shafts.

3. Bevel Gears – gears with teeth formed on conical surfaces and are mostly used in
transmitting motion between intersecting shafts. Spiral Bevel Gears are cut so that the
tooth is no longer straight but forms a circular arc. Hypoid Bevel Gears are similar to
spiral bevel gears except that the shaft is offset and non-intersecting.
 Straight Bevel Gear Hypoid Bevel Gear

4. Worm Gearings – gears used for non-intersecting and non-parallel shafts. It resembles a
screw with a spiral thread, and it engages with the teeth of the worm wheel. The
interaction between the threaded worm and the teeth of the worm wheel allows for the
transmission of motion and power between the two components. It has ability to provide
a high reduction ratio in a compact space. This means that a single turn of the worm can
result in a significant rotation of the worm wheel, leading to a substantial reduction in
speed and an increase in torque.

Gear
Worm

Gear Worm
SPUR GEAR NOMENCLATURE
 Pitch Circle – Circle on a gear that aligns with the contact surface of the friction
wheel.
 Addendum Circle – Circle traced along the top of the gear tooth, with its center
positioned at the center of the gear.
 Addendum – Distance from the pitch circle to the addendum circle.
 Dedendum Circle – Also known as “Root Circle”. The circle traced along the bottom
of the gear tooth with its center positioned at the center of the gear.
 Dedendum –Distance from the pitch circle to the dedendum circle.
 Clearance circle – The circle that is not penetrated by the teeth of the mating gear
and is the largest circle centered at the gear center.
 Clearance – The radial distance from the dedendum circle to the clearance circle.
The difference between the dedendum of one gear and the addendum of the mating
gear.
 Whole Depth –Distance between the addendum and dedendum circle. The sum of the
addendum and dedendum of a gear.
 Working Depth –Distance between the addendum circle and clearance circle.
 Backlash – The amount by which the width of a tooth space exceeds the thickness of
the engaging tooth measured on the pitch circle. It is the minimum distance between
the non-driving side of a tooth and the adjacent side of the mating tooth.
 Arc of Action – The arc of the pitch circle where a tooth travels from the first point
of contact with the mating tooth to the point where the contact ceases.
 Arc of Approach – The arc of the pitch circle where a tooth travels from the point of
contact with the mating tooth to the pitch point.
 Arc of Recess – The arc of the pitch circle where a tooth travels from its contact with
the mating tooth to the point where the contact ceases.
 Axial plain in a pair of gears – The plain that contains the two axes within a single
gear. It may be any plane containing the axis and the given point.
 Pressure Angle – The angle between the line drawn from the pitch point
perpendicular to the line of centers and the line drawn from the pitch point to the
point where a pair of teeth are in contact.
 Base Circle – The circle from which an involute tooth is developed or generated.
 Base Helix Angle – The angle in the base cylinder of an involute gear that the tooth
makes with the gear axis.
 Base Pitch of an Involute Gear – the pitch along the line of action or on the base
circle.
 Normal Base Pitch of an Involute Gear – The base pitch in the normal plane.
 Axial Base Pitch of an Involute Gear - The base pitch in the axial plane.
 Center Distance - The distance between the parallel axes of spur gears and parallel
helical gears, or the distance between the crossed axes of helical gears and worm
gears.
  Tooth Thickness – Also called “circular thickness”. The width of the tooth measured
along the pitch circle.
 Chordal Thickness – The tooth width measured along the chord at the pitch circle.
 Tooth Space – Also called “width of space”. The space between teeth measured along
the pitch.
 Face Width – The width Tooth Face measured by the length of the tooth in axial
direction.
 Tooth Face – The surface of the tooth between the addendum cylinder and the pitch
cylinder
 Tooth Flank – The surface of the tooth between the root cylinder and the pitch cy.
 Tooth Top Land – The surface of the top of the tooth.
 Tooth Bottom Land – The surface of the bottom of the tooth space.

PITCH AND BASE CIRCLES

Here is an illustration of base circle, pitch circle, and
pitch point of two meshing spur gears:

CIRCULAR PITCH
Circular Pitch – The distance measured along the pitch
circle from a point on one tooth of a gear to a
corresponding point on an adjacent tooth.
πd
PC = Where: PC = Circular pitch of the gear (
T
inch mm
, , inch, or mm)
tooth tooth
d = Pitch diameter (inches or mm)
 T = Number of teeth of the gear

DIAMETRAL PITCH
Diametral Pitch – It is equal to the number of gear teeth divided by the pitch circle diameter (in
inches). The pitch diameter’s number of teeth per inch which its value is used to determine the
size of a gear in the English system.
T teeth
Pd = Where: Pd = Diametral pitch of the gear in
d inch
d = Pitch diameter (inches)
T = Number of teeth of the gear

DIAMETRAL PITCHES FOR FOUR TOOTH CLASSES

Standard Diametral Pitches for Four Tooth Classes in English System
Class Diametral Pitch
Coarse 1
, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
2
Medium Coarse 12, 14, 16, 18
Fine 20, 24, 32, 46, 64, 72, 80, 96, 120, 128

Ultra Fine 150, 180, 200

RELATION OF Pd and PC :
Pd PC = π

CIRCULAR PITCH in mm:

πd
PC = = πm
T
Where: d = Pitch Diameter(mm)

MODULE
Module – Used to determine gear tooth size in metric system. It is the ratio of the pitch diameter
to the number of teeth.
d 25.4 mm
m= = Where: m = Module ( ) d = Pitch diameter (mm)
T Pd tooth
teeth
T = Number of teeth Pd = Diametral pitch ( )
inch
Standard module for spur gears (Tooth sizes in General use)
Module
Preferred 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50
Next choice 1.125, 1.375, 1.75, 2.25, 2.75, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 18, 22, 28, 36

DIAMETRAL PITCHES COMPARED WITH TOOTH SIZE

Comparison of the different sizes of gear tooth
for corresponding diametral pitch

Diametral pitches with tooth size

Chart of relative sizes of spur gear teeth of different pitches

SPUR GEAR GEOMETRY

Gear – The larger of the two meshing gears.

Pinion – The smaller of the two meshing gears.
Here is an illustration of spur gear geometry, indicating the nomenclatures mentioned.
Spur Gear Geometry
FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF GEARING

The fundamental law of gearing can be expressed as follows: "The common normal at the
point of contact between two gear teeth must always pass through a fixed point on the line of
centers of the gears."

This principle is crucial in the design and manufacturing of gears to ensure that they
mesh correctly and transmit motion efficiently. The common normal is an imaginary line that is
perpendicular to the line of action (the line along which the force is transmitted) at the point
where two gear teeth come into contact. The fixed point on the line of centers ensures a
consistent and predictable relationship between the gears, contributing to smooth and accurate
motion transmission.

This law is essential in maintaining proper gear engagement, minimizing wear, reducing
noise, and ensuring the overall effectiveness of the gear system. Engineers and designers
consider this principle when creating gear profiles to meet specific requirements for various
applications.

A constant velocity or speed ratio is one of the main purposes of gears, and this law
specifies the requirements that the gear tooth profiles must meet in order to do so.

In gearing, the "fundamental law" or "law of gearing" often involves the concept of the
"common normal" at the point of contact between two gear teeth. Let's break down the
components of your description:
 Pitch Point (or Pitch Circle): This is a point on the line of centers of the gears where the
tooth profiles are designed to have a common tangent.
 Line ST and Line VW: These lines are tangent to the curves of the teeth at the point of
contact.
 Point a: This is the point where the teeth are in contact.

The fundamental law states that the line drawn from the pitch point to the point of contact
(point a) must be perpendicular to the line (line ST and line VW) drawn through the point of
contact tangent to the curves of the teeth. In other words, the common normal to the tooth curves
at all points of contact must pass through the pitch point.

This condition is crucial for ensuring proper meshing of gears, as it helps distribute the
forces evenly, reduce wear, and maintain a smooth transmission of motion. Engineers use these
principles when designing gear profiles to meet specific functional requirements in various
mechanical systems.
TOOTH SYSTEMS (Standard Gears)

Tooth systems - is a standard that outlines the relationships between the addendum, dedendum,
working depth, tooth thickness, and pressure angle in order to achieve the interchangeability of
gears with the same pitch and pressure angle but different tooth counts.

Table 1 and table 2 list the commonly used standard values of pitch and metric module,
respectively, and table 3.3 illustrates the standard gear profiles.

Table 1. Commonly Used Values of Diametral Pitch

Diametral Pitches Values
Coarse Pitch 1, 1 ¼, 1 ½, 1 ¾, 2, 2 ¼, 2 ½, 2 ¾, 3, 3 ½, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
12, 14 16, 18
Fine Pitch 20, 22, 24, 26, 32, 40, 48, 64, 72, 80, 96, 120

Table 2. Standard Values for Metric Module

Modules Values

Preferred 0.3, 0.5, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5 ,6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25,
32, 40, 50

Next Choice 1.125, 1.375, 1.75, 2.25, 2.75, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 18,
22, 28, 36

Table 3. Standard Gear Profile:

System Addendum Dedendum Clearance Whole Tooth

Depth Thicknes
s

14 ½° Full-depth 1/Pd 1.157/Pd 0.157/Pd 2.157/ 1.5708/Pd

involute Pd

14 ½° 1/Pd 1.157/Pd 0.157/Pd 2.157/ 1.5708/Pd

Composite Pd

20° Full-depth 1/Pd 1.25/Pd 0.25/Pd 2.25/P 1.5708/Pd

involute (coarse d
pitch)

20° Full-depth 1/Pd 1.2/Pd + 0.02 0.2/Pd + 2.2/Pd + 1.5708/Pd

involute (fine 0.02 0.02
pitch)
 20° Stub-tooth 0.8/Pd 1/Pd 0.2/Pd 1.8/Pd 1.5708/Pd
involute

20° Full-depth 1/Pd 1.25/Pd 0.25/Pd 2.25/P 1.5708/Pd

involute d

GEAR TOOTH PROFILE

 The gear tooth profiles could be: 1. Conjugate; 2. Involute; 3. Cycloid; and 4.
Combination of Involute and Cycloid

REQUIREMENTS OF GEAR TOOTH PROFILE

The standard forms and proportions of gear teeth have been influenced by a number of
requirements, in addition to the need that their working faces adhere to the fundamental law of
gearing. Which are as follows:
• The teeth need to be inexpensive and able to be produced accurately.
• The tooth form needs to be well-suited for wear. It is best to approach the surface close to
contact and at low rubbing speeds.
• A good "beam strength" must be produced by the tooth form. Forces acting on the tooth
side during service tend it like a beam.
• There cannot be continuous contact between gears unless the arc of contact is at least
equal to the circular pitch. It is generally accepted that a design is good if the arc of
action is larger than 1.4 times the circular pitch.
• The gears are likely to make noise below this threshold unless they are extremely
precisely cut. While many special purpose gears do not require it, interchangeability of a
set of gears with the same pitch is generally preferred.

 Conjugate Curves

When two curves can be used to form the outlines of two gear teeth that will
cooperate and satisfy the fundamental law of gearing, they are said to be conjugate.

 Cycloid Curves

A curve that rolls either internally or externally on another circle is known as a

cycloid curve. The rolling circle, also referred to as the describing circle, is rolled either
internally or externally on the pitch circle to create the outline of a gear or tooth. The tooth's
external rolling forms the face, while internal rolling forms the flank.
 Involute Curves

When a chord is unwrapped from a cylinder known as the base cylinder, a tracing
point on the chord creates a path known as an involute curve. The requirement that the
common normal at all points of contact pass through the pitch point must be met if the
mating tooth profiles have the shape of involute curves.
Involute Curve of a Circle

Ex.) From a circle shown below, draw the involute curve

Solution:

APPLICATION OF INVOLUTE CURVE TO GEARS

The following points are noted when applying the involute curve in the gear-tooth
profile, and the fundamental law of gearing should always be satisfied:
• The diameter of its base circle determines the involute entirely.
• A contacting involute receives rotative motion from an involute
rotating around the center of its base circle in precisely the same ratio
as the diameters of their respective base circles.

• Until an involute comes into close contact with a rack or another involute, it has no
pressure angle.
• The base-circle diameters and center distance are used to calculate the pressure angle. For
a fixed center distance, the pressure angle remains constant once it is established.
 • Until an involute comes into close contact with a rack or another involute, it has no pitch
diameter.
• The center distance and the ratio are used to calculate the pitch diameter of an involute
that is in contact with another involute.
• A base-circle center moved toward or away from a rack does not change the pressure
angle of an involute contacting it.
• The intersection of the line of action and a line that passes through the center of the base
circle and is perpendicular to the direction of rack travel determines the pitch-line
position of an engaging involute and rack.

PRACTICAL ADVANTAGES OF USING INVOLUTE CURVES

The following are some benefits of utilizing an involute curve in gear tooth profiles:
• The center-to-center distance of incorporated gears may be installed with slight initial
errors, or it may vary due to bearing wear, but the tooth contact will always adhere to the
basic law of gearing.
• Applications where the center-to-center distance fluctuates frequently, like driving rolls
in steel mills, can benefit from the use of involute gears.
• The involute rack's working surface is a plane in the most basic form imaginable.
• In cases where formed milling cutters are used to cut the teeth, fewer cutters are required
to convert the range from the smallest pinion to rack than what would be required for
cycloidal profiles. This is because as the number of teeth increases, the curvature of the
teeth changes slowly.

The primary drawback of involute teeth is interference with small tooth numbers in the
pinions; however, this can be avoided by altering the heights of the dedendum and addendum of
the mating teeth.

Example Problem

Given:
A standard spur gears.
Pd = 6 T = 18 teeth
Pressure angle, = 20° Tooth Profile System, Full depth Involute System
Required:
Construct the gear-tooth profile and draw, at least, 5 teeth of gear

EXTERNALLLY MESHING SPUR GEARS

Characteristics of Two Meshing Gears

 Connecting parallel shafts

 Opposite directions of rotation
 The same addendum
 The same dedendum
 The same tooth thicknesses
 The same clearance
 The same diametral pitch
 The same face width

Let,
N1 = The rpm of gear 1 or the pinion N2 = The rpm of gear 2 or the gear
r2 = Pitch radius of gear 1 (inches or mm) r2 = Pitch radius of gear 2
w1 = Angular velocity of gear 1 (rad/s) w2 = Angular velocity of gear 2 (rad/s)
D1 = Pitch diameter of gear 1 (inches or mm) D2 = Pitch diameter of gear 1 (inches or mm)
C = Center distance, (inches or mm) V = Pitch line velocity (m/s or fps)
T1 = No. of teeth of gear 1 T2 = No. of teeth of gear 2

SPEED RATIO OR VELOCITY RATIO: SR =

w 1 D2 r 2 N 1 T 2
= = = =
w 2 D1 r 1 N 2 T 1

CENTER-TO-FACE DISTANCE: C = r 1 + r2 =
D1+ D 2
2
INTERNALLY TWO MESHING GEARS
 Internal Gear is also
called Annular Gear.

Characteristics of Internally Meshing Gears

 Connecting parallel shafts

 Same directions of rotation
 The same addendum
 The same dedendum
 The same tooth thicknesses
 The same clearance
 The same circular pitch
 The same face width

w 1 D2 r 2 N 1 T 2
SPEED RATIO OR VELOCITY RATIO: SR = = = = =
w 2 D1 r 1 N 2 T 1

D1+ D 2
CENTER-TO-FACE DISTANCE: C = r 2 + r1 =
2
INVOLUTE PINION AND RACK

Pinion and Rack Gears

Ex. # 1] Given a gear of 22 teeth, 6 diametral pitch. The dedendum equals 2/P d, inch, the
clearance is to be two-eight of the addendum, and the backlash is to be 3 percent of the circular
pitch.

Calculate the following, giving the results to 3 decimal places:

a) the pitch diameter;
b) the addendum and dedendum diameter;
c) the whole depth;
d) the backlash;
e) the tooth thickness; and
f) the space width

Given:
A Spur Gears
T= 22 teeth Add= 2/Pd Clearance= (2/8) addendum
Backlash= 0.03 Pc

Required:
Determine the: a) D, e) tooth thickness,
b) Add and Ded diameters, f) space width.
c) whole depth,
d) Backlash,
Solution:

Given a gear with 22 teeth and 6 diametral pitch, we can calculate the following:
 P
a) The pitch diameter is given by the formula: D=
N

where N is the number of teeth and P is the diametral pitch. Substituting the values, we get: D=
22
=3.667 inches
6

b) The addendum and dedendum diameter are given by the formula:

Da=D+2ha

Dd=D−2hf

where ha is the addendum and hf is the dedendum. The dedendum is given by the formula: hf =
2
Pd

Substituting the values, we get: hf = 62=0.333 inches

The clearance is to be two-eighth of the addendum. Therefore, the addendum is given by: ha=
2 8
× = 0.667 inches
6 2

Substituting the values, we get: Da = 3.667+2×0.667=5.001 inches

Dd= 3.667−2×0.333=2.001 inches

c) The whole depth is given by the formula: ht = 2.2ha

Substituting the values, we get: ht = 2.2×0.667 = 1.467 inches

3
d) The backlash is given by the formula: B = Pc
100

π
where Pc is the circular pitch. The circular pitch is given by the formula: Pc =
Pd

π
Substituting the values, we get: Pc = = 0.524 inches
6

3
B= × 0.524=0.016 inches
100

π
e) The tooth thickness is given by the formula: s=
2 Pd
 π
Substituting the values, we get: s¿ = 0.262 inches
12

f) The space width is given by the formula: w = Pc−s

Substituting the values, we get: w= 0.524−0.262 = 0.262 inches

Therefore, the required values are:

a) Pitch diameter = 3.667 inches
b) Addendum diameter = 5.001 inches;
Dedendum diameter = 2.001 inches
c) Whole depth = 1.467 inches
d) Backlash = 0.016 inches
e) Tooth thickness = 0.262 inches
f) Space width = 0.262 inches

Ex. #2] A spur gear, having 32 teeth and a diametral pitch of 4, is rotating at 400 rpm. Determine
its circular pitch and its pitch line velocity.

GIVEN:
A spur gears
T=32 teeth
Pd=4 teeth/inch
N = 400 rpm

REQUIRED:
Determine the circular pitch and the pitch line velocity.
Pitch circle
Pc=?
V=?

Solution:

πD Pc=0.79 in/teeth
Solving for the circular pitch: Pc= Pc= π ¿ ¿ =
T
 T 32teeth
Solving for the pitch diameter, Pd= 4 teeth/in = = D= 8 in
D D

πDN ¿ 1 ft
Solving for the pitch line velocity, V= π ¿ ¿ = 167.55 s ×
60 12∈¿ ¿

V =13.9625 ft/s
Ex. # 3] Repeat Ex. # 1 for a gear manufactured with module of 1.5 mm rather than a diametral
pitch of 4.

GIVEN:
A spur gears
T = 32 teeth m = 1.5 mm/tooth
N = 400 rpm

REQUIRED
Determine a) the circular pitch in mm/tooth; b) the pitch diameter, mm;
and c) the pitch line velocity in m/s.

SOLUTION:
a) Solving for the circular pitch, Рc = π m= π (1.5) = 4.71 mm/tooth

b) Solving for the pitch diameter, D= mT=1.5 (32) = 48 mm

c) Solving for the pitch line velocity V= π DN/60=π (48) (400) / 60

V = 1005.6 mm/s = 1.006
m/sans.

Ex. # 4] Two spur gears have a velocity ratio of 4. The driven gear has a module of 6 mm, 96
teeth, and rotates at 500 rpm. Determine the rpm of the driver, the no. of teeth of the driver, and
the pitch line velocity.

GIVEN:
Two meshing spur gears shown
SR=4 m = 6 mm
T2 = 96 teeth N2 = 500 rpm

REQUIRED:
Determine N1, T1, and Vp.
SOLUTION:
Solving the value of N1,
N1 = SR (N2) = 4(500) = 2000 rpm

Solving for the number of teeth of the driver,

T1 = N2/SR = 96/4 = 24 teeth

Solving the pitch diameter of gear 2

D2 = mT2 = 6 (96) = 576 mm
Solving for the pitch line velocity,
Vp =л D2 N2/60 = π (576) (500) / 60
Vp=15 080 mm/s = 15.08 m/s

LOAD ANALYSIS FOR SPUR GEAR

 Consider the pitch circle of a spur gear with the loads acting on the pitch point, as shown
in the figure below.

Figure 3.15. Spur Gear Load Analysis

Tq N
Hp=
63000

πNTq
P=
30

Where;
F, tangential or transmitted load
FR = Radial Load
W = resultant load
φ = Pressure angle

D
Applied or Transmitted Torque: Tq = (¿ Ft
2
Tq n Ft V
Transmitted Horsepower, Hp = =
63000 33000

Where;
 Tq =torque, in-lb Ft, transmitted load, lb V= Pitch line velocity, fpm

Tq ( 2 π ) N πTq ղ
Transmitted Power (S.I.): P = Tq ω = =
60 30
Where, P= transmitted power. kW N = rpm
Tq = torque, kN-m ω = Angular velocity, rad/s

Ex. #5] Pinion 2 in the figure runs at 1 750 rpm and transmits 2.5 kW to idler gear 3. The teeth
are cut on the 20° full-depth system and have a module of m = 2.5 mm. Draw the free body
diagram of gear 3 and shows all the forces acting upon it. Determine the forces acting upon gear
3. The direction of rotation of gear 3, as shown, is counterclockwise.

GIVEN: Figure shown

N2= 1750 rpm P = 2.5 kW
φ=200 m = 2.5 mm

REQUIRED:
Draw the free body diagram of gear 3 and
compute the forces acting on it.

SOLUTION: Consider the Free Body Diagram of gear 3.

dp
T = Wt ×
2
Wt = tangential force
H=T×ω
Dp = pitch diameter
ω = angular rotation
H = Power
HELICAL GEARS
 A helical gear is an extension of a stepped gear. A stepped gear is made up of many spur
gears positioned side by side. Each subsequent gear rotates on its axis at a tiny angle
relative to the previous gear. The surface of a helical gear resembles a helix rather than a
straight line parallel to the axis, as is the case with spur gears.
 Helical gears have teeth that are inclined to the axis of rotation, can be employed as spur
gears in some applications, and are less loud since the teeth contact more gradually
during meshing. The inclined tooth also generates thrust loads and bending couplings,
which are not present in spur gear. Helical gears are sometimes employed to convey
motion between shafts that are not parallel.
 Helical gears are classified as right-hand or left-hand, based on the direction in which the
helix slopes away from the spectator. The line of sight runs parallel to the axis of the gear.

HELICAL GEARS TERMINOLOGY AND GEOMETRY

 The terminology for helical gears and spur gears is extremely similar. The majority of the
correlations found for spur gears apply equally to helical gears on parallel shafts. Except
for the extra terms discussed below,

Helical Gear with Parallel Shaft

Right-Hand Left-Hand
Nomenclature of Helical
Helical Gear Gear with Parallel Axes Helical Gear

Let,
Pd = diametral pitch D= pitch diameter
Pdn = normal diametral pitch Pa = axial pitch
 Ψ = helix angle φ = pressure angle
φn = normal pressure angle T= number of teeth
Pc = circular pitch or transverse circular pitch
Pcn = normal circular pitch, measured on the pitch surface along a normal to a Helix

Helical Gear Nomenclature

Helical Gear Pitches

Left-Hand Pitches of Helical GearRight-Hand

Helical
Gear πD Helical
Circular Pitch or Transverse Circular pitch, Pc = Gear
T
 T
Diametral Pitch or Transverse Diametral pitch Pd =
D
πD
Normal Circular Pitch, Pcn = Pc cos Ψ = cos Ψ
T
Pd T
Normal Diametral Pitch, Pdn = =
cos Ψ Dcos Ψ
Axial pitch – is the distance between corresponding points on adjacent teeth measured in axial
direction.
Pc πD
Pa = =
tan Ψ T tan Ψ

D
Module or Transverse Module, m =
T
Normal Module, mn = m cos Ψ
Pressure Angles, tan φn = tan φ cos Ψ

Speed Ratio or Velocity Ratio Helical Gears

Let,
D1 = pitch diameter of pinion gear 1 D2 = pitch diameter of the gear or gear 2
T1 = number of teeth of pinion gear 1 T2 = number of teeth of the gear/gear 2
N1 = rpm of the pinion or gear 1 N2 = rpm of the gear or gear 2
ω1 = angular velocity of pinion or gear 1 ω2 = angular velocity of the gear/gear 2

Meshing Helical Gears

Center distance
D1+ D 2 Pc (T 1+T 2) Pcn (T 1+T 2) m(T 1+T 2)
C= = = C = =
2 2π 2 πcos Ψ 2
ma(T 1+T 2)
2cos Ψ

N 1 ω 1 D2 T 2
Velocity Ratio or Speed Ratio: SR = = = =
N 2 ω 2 D1 T 1

HELICAL GEAR FORCES ANALYSIS

As shown in the figure consider the following parameters:

 Fn = normal or resultant load, KN, lbf

 Fa = axial load or thrust load, KN, lbf
 Fr = Radial load, KN, lbf
 Ft = tangential load or transmitted load, KN, lbf
Helical Gear Load Analysis Helical Gear load components

33000 Hp 63000 Hp 2
Tangential Load or Transmitted Load (English): Ft = =( )( )
Vm N D
Where;
Ft = tangential load, lb Vm = pitch live velocity, fpm
Hp = transmitted Horsepower D = pitch diameter, inches
N = rpm

2Tq 60 P P
Tangential Load or Transmitted Load (S.I.): Ft = = =
D πDN V
Where;
Ft = tangential load, KN D = pitch diameter, m
 Tq = transmitted torque, kN-m N = rpm
V = pitch line velocity, m/s P = transmitted power, kW
Ft = Fa cos φn cos Ψ

Axial Load, Fa = Fn cos φn sin Ψ Radial Load = Fr = Fn sin φn = Ft tan φ

Ft
Resultant or Normal Load, Fn =
cos φ n cos Ψ
= √(F t)2+(F a)2 +(F r )2
Ex. # 1] A helical gear of 10 inches pitch diameter has a helix angle of 30°, and there are 30
teeth. Find the value of the circular and diametral pitches measured both circumferentially and
normal to the teeth.

Given: A helical gear

D = 10 inches
Ψ = 30°
T = 30 teeth

Required:
Find the value of the circular and
diametral pitches measured both
circumferentially and normal to the teeth.

Left-Hand
Solution:
Helical
Gear
For circular pitch:
Pc = πD/T
Pc = (π (10))/30 = 1.04272 inch

Normal Circular Pitch:

Pcn¬ = Pc cos Ψ
Pcn¬ = (1.04272) cos 30 = 0.9069 inch

Diametral Pitch:
Pd = T/D
Pd = 30/10 = 3/inch

Normal Diametral Pitch:

Pdn = Pd/ (cos Ψ)
Pdn = 3/ (cos 30) = 3.464/inch

Thus,
Circular pitch = 1.04272-inch Diametral Pitch: 3/inch
Normal Circular Pitch: 0.9069-inch Normal Diametral Pitch: 3.464/inch
Ex. #2] A parallel helical gear set was a 20-tooth pinion driving a 35-tooth gear. The pinion has a
right-hand helix angle of 35°, a normal pressure angle of 25°, and a normal diametral pitch of 6
teeth/in.
Find:
a) the normal, transverse, and axial circular pitches;
b) the transverse diametral pitch and the transverse pressure angle;
c) the addendum, dedendum, and pitch diameter of each gear.

Given:
T1 = 20T
T2 = 35T
ψ = 35°
ϕ = 25°

Required:
a) Pcn, Pc, Pa
b) Pd, ϕ
c) a, d, D1, D2

Solution:
π π
a) Pcn = = = 0.524 in
Pdn 6 teeth/¿

b) Pd = Pdn cos ψ
Pd = 6 cos 35° = 4.915 teeth/in

Pc =
π
=
π
Pd 4.915 teeth/¿
= 0.64 in ϕ = arctan [ ]
tan ϕ
cos ψ

Pa =
Pc
=
0.64∈.
tan ψ tan 35 °
= 0.914 in ϕ = arctan [ cos 35°]
tan 25 °
= 26.65°.

1 1 T1 20 T
c) a = = = 1.91 in D1= = = 4.77 in
Pcn 0.524 Pd 4.195 teeth/¿

1.25 1.25 T2 35 T
d= = = 2.39 in D2 = = = 8.34 in
Pcn 0.524 Pd 4.195 teeth/¿
Example # 3] A parallel helical gear-set of 20-tooth pinion driving a 60-tooth gear. The pinion
has a left-hand helix of 25°, a normal pressure angle of 15°, and a normal diametral pitch of 11
teeth/inch. If the pinion is rotating at 2000 rpm and transmitting 60 Hp, determine the forces on
the gear tooth.

Given:
T1 = 20T Pdn = 11 teeth/in
T2 = 60T N1 = 2000 rpm
ψ 1 = 25° (left-handed) P = 60 hp
ϕ n = 15°

Required:
Forces on the gear tooth

Solution:

T1 20
D1 = = = 2.01 in
P dn cos ψ 11cos25 °

( 63000 )( ) =( ) ( 2.01 )
Hp 2 63000(50) 2
Ft = = 1567.16 lbs
N1 D1 2000

ϕ = arctan [ cos ψ]
tan ϕn
= arctan[tan 15 °
cos 25° ]
= 16.47°

Fr = Ft tan ϕ = 1567.16 lb x tan 16.47° = 463.32 lbs

Ft 1567.16 lb
Fn = = = 1790.17 lbs
ϕ n coz ψ cos 15 cos 25

Fa = Fn cos ϕ n sin ψ = 1790.17 x cos 15° sin 25° = 730.71 lbs

BEVEL GEARS
 Bevel Gears are gears used to connect and transmit power
between two intersecting shafts.

● Pitch cone - is the identical rolling contact-based geometric shape of bevel gears. Pitch
cones and pitch cylinders of spur gears are comparable.
● Apex of the Cone - The point where the components of the pitch cone converge.
● Cone Distance - It is the length of the pitch cone element and it also is the slant height of
the pitch cone.
● Face Cone - is created when materials go between the apex and the top of the teeth.
● Root Cone - is the shape created by the components that go through the apex and the
bottom of the teeth.
● Face Angle - is the angle formed by a face cone element and the gear's axis.
● Pitch Angle - is the angle formed by a pitch cone element and the gear's axis
● Root Angle - is the angle formed by a root cone element and the gear's axis.
● Face Width - refers to the width of a tooth.
● Addendum - is the measurement made on the exterior of the tooth between an element
on the pitch cone and an element on the face cone.
● Dedendum - is the distance, measured on the outside of the gear, between an element on
the itch cone and an element on the root cone.
● Addendum Angle - is the angle formed by an element on the pitch cone and an element
on the face cone.
● Dedendum Angle - the angle formed by an element on the pitch cone and an element on
the root cone. Pitch diameter measured on the interior of the tooth is known as the
internal pitch diameter.
● Inside Pitch Diameter - located inside of the tooth by measuring the pitch diameter.
● Outside Pitch Diameter - located outside of the tooth by measuring the pitch diameter.
● Back Cone - it is the outside of the teeth cone made up of components that are
perpendicular to the pitch cone parts.
● Back Cone Radius - it is a back cone element's length.
Bevel Gear Nomenclature

Velocity Ratio of Bevel Gears:

ωₚ N ₚ T ₉ D₉ r ₉
SR= = = = =
ω ₉ N ₉ Tₚ Dₚ rₚ
Velocity or Speed Ratio:
9 9
ωₚ N ₚ D r sin r
SR= 9 = 9 = = =
ω N Dₚ rₚ sin γ
∑=γ+r
Shaft ’ s Angle ,

Where;
 ∑ = shafts angle
r = gear pitch cone angle
γ = pinion pitch cone angle

Pitch Cone Angles

sin ∑ sin ∑
tan r= r =tan ⁻¹ [ ]
Tₚ Tₚ
( )+cos ∑ ( )+cos ∑
T₉ T₉

sin ∑ sin ∑
tan γ = γ =tan ⁻¹[ ]
T₉ T₉
( )+cos ∑ ( )+cos ∑
Tₚ Tₚ

Pitch Cone Angle if Σ = 90°

1 T₉ 1 Tₚ
tan r= = tan γ = =
Tₚ T ₚ; T₉ T₉
+0 +0
T₉ Tₚ
LOAD ANALYSIS
Let,
r = the resultant load, lb, kN Ft = tangential or transmitted load, kN, Ib
Fr = radial load, KN, Ib Fa = axial or thrust load, kN, Ib
γ = pitch cone angle ϕ = pressure angle
Tangential or Transmitted Load
2Tq
Ft =
D
63000 HP 33000 HP
where, Tq = = in – lb
N Vm
30 P
Tq = Kn, m
πN
Radial Load: Fr = Ft tan ϕ cos γ
Axial Load: Fa = Ft tan ϕ sin γ
Resultant Load:
t Bevel Gear Load
F
F= = √ (F ¿¿ t) ²+(Fr )²+(F a)²❑ ¿ Analysis
cos ϕ
Ex] A 20° straight-tooth bevel pinion having 15 teeth and a diametral pitch of 7 teeth/inch drives
a 34-tooth gear. The two shafts are at right angles and in the same plane. The pinion is to
transmit 2000 rpm and 55 hp.

Find:
a) the cone distance;
b) the pitch cone angles;
c) the pitch diameters; and
d) the tooth loads of the pinion

Given:
T1 = 15T Pdn = 7 teeth/in
T2 = 34T N1 = 2000 rpm
P = 55 hp

Required:
a. Cone Distance
b. Pitch Cone Angles
c. Pitch Diameters
d. Tooth Loads
Solution:

T1 15
c) D1 = = = 2.163 in
Pd 7 teeth/¿

T2 34
D2 = = = 4.85 in
Pd 7 teeth/¿

b) ∑ = 90°; y (pinion cone angle); r (gear cone angle)

[ ]
sin 90
y = arctan 32 = 23.63°
+cos 90
14

r = 90° - y = 90 - 23.63° = 66.37°

D2 4.85
a) L= = = 4.85 in
2sin r 66.73
 63000(50)
d) Tq = = 1575 lb
2000

2(1575)
Ft = = 1456.31 lb
2.163∈¿ ¿

Fa = Ft tan ϕ sin γ = 1456.31 lb (tan 20°) (cos 23.63°) = 212.461 lb

Fr = Ft tan ϕ cos γ = 1456.31(tan 20) (cos 36.63) = 485.61 lb

1456.31lb
F= = 1549.773 lb
cos 20

F = √ (F ¿¿ t) ²+(Fr )²+(F a)²❑ ¿ = √ (1549.773)²+(485.61)²+(212.461)²

❑

F = 1637.911 lb
WORM GEARINGS

 Worm gearings are gears used to connect non-parallel and non-intersecting shafts.

Worm
 is the e member having the screw-like thread, and worm teeth are frequently spoken of as
threads.
Worm gear
 is, normally, the driven member of the pair and is made to envelop, or wrap around, the
worm.
Axial pitch, Pa
 is the distance, measured axially, from a point on one thread to the corresponding point
on an adjacent thread.
Lead, L
 is the distance that a thread advances in one turn.
Lead angle, λ
 is the angle between a tangent to the pitch helix and a plane normal to the axis of the
screw.
Let,
Pa = axial pitch of the worm PC = circular pitch of the worm gear
L= lead of worm λ = worm lead angle
λ δ = Worm gear lead angle ψ g =gear helix angle
ψ w = worm helix angle Dw = Worm pitch diameter
N t = no. of threads of worm PC N = normal circular pitch of worm
Worm Nomenclature

1
Axial Pitch: Pa= Pa = PC when shafts are right angles
No , of threads per inch

Normal Pitch of worm: Pcn =Pa cos λ=Pc cos λ

ψw
Length of Thread
L

π Dw

Lead
Lead, L = π Dw tan λ=N t Pa λ+ ψ=90 °

 For the shafts angle is 90 ° , λ=ψ g and ψ= λg λ g +ψ g = 90

 Dw + Dg
Center Distance, C =
2

ωw N D cos λ Dg
Velocity Ratio or Speed Ratio: SR = = w= g =
ωg Ng Dw sin λ Dw tan λ

Worm Lead

LOAD ANALYSIS

Consider the figure shown below for the analysis of worm gearing loads.

Load analysis Worm

Let,
F = transmitted I load on the worm gear or
the driving force on the worm gear
 Frg radial load on the worm gear
Fag = axial load on the worm gear
Faw = axial load of the worm
Ftw = tangential load of the worm
Fn = resultant load
Frw = radial load of the worm

For 100% Efficiency Worm and 90° Shafts Angle

Faw = Ftg; Frw =Frg; Ftw =Fag

Tangential Load: Ftg = Fn cosϕ ncosψg = Fncosϕ ncos λ = Faw

Radial Load: Frg =Fnsinϕ n = Ftgtanϕ = Frw

Axial Load or Thrust Force:

Fag = Fncosϕ nsin ψ g = Fncosϕ nsin λ = Ftgtan λ = Ftw

If Friction is considered

Ftg = Fn (cosϕ ncos λ – f sin λ ) Ftw = Fag = Fn (cosϕ nsin λ – f cos λ )

cos ϕ sin λ+ fsin λ
Fw = Fag = Fn ( ) Frg = Frw = Fn sin ϕ n
cos ϕ n cos λ – fsin λ
Ftw sin ϕ n Ftw sin ϕn
Frw = Frg = ( ) Frw = Ftw = ( )
cos ϕ n cos λ – fsin λ cos ϕ n cos λ – fsin x +f cos λ

Worm Gearing Efficiency

cos ϕ n cos λ – f sin λ cos ϕ n – f tan λ

e = tan λ ( ) e = tan λ ( )
cos ϕ n sin λ – f cos λ cos ϕ n tan λ+ f

Ex] A double-threaded right-handed worm gear transmits 15 Hp at 1150 rpm. The pitch of the
worm is 0.75 inch and the pitch diameter of 3 inches. The pressure angle is 14.5 ° and the
coefficient of friction is 0.12.
a) Find the tangential force on the gear.
b) Find the tangential force on worm.
c) Find the separating force
Given:

Power = 15 HP N = 1150 rpm

p = 0.75 in; m = 1/p = 1.33 mm = 2

D1= 3 in = 76.2 mm

z1 = 38

b) Tangential force on the gear = Power transmitted / (angular velocity * pitch diameter)

1 horsepower (hp) = 745.7 watts

Therefore, 15 hp = 15 * 745.7 = 11185.5 watts

1 revolution = 2π radians
Therefore, 1150 rpm = (1150/60) * 2π = 120.77 radians per second

Tangential force = 11185.5 / (120.77 * 3) = 30.78 pounds

Therefore, the tangential force on the gear is approximately 30.78 pounds.

PROBLEMS:
Prob. #1 Two shafts 25 cm apart are to be connected by spur gears with external teeth, one shaft
running at 500 rpm, and the other at 800 rpm. Find the pitch diameters of the gears and the
number of teeth if the diametral pitch is 4. What is the value of the circular pitch?

Given:
Center Distance = 25 cm
N1 = 500 rpm
N2 = 800 rpm
Pd = 4
Required:
P c= ?

Solution:
N 1 D2
=
N 2 D1

500 D2
=
800 D1

D2 = 0.625D1

For Pitch Diameter:

D1+ D 2
x= = 0.25m D2 = (0.625) (0.3076) m
2
D2 = 0.1923 m
D1+0.625 D 1
= = 0.25m D2 = 192 mm
2

D1 = 0.3076m
D1= 308 mm

For Circular Pitch:

π
Pc = = 0.7854 mm
4

Prob. #2 Spur gear A has 20 teeth of 2-inch circular pitch and meshes with gear B having 28
teeth. Find the center-to-center distance of the shafts and the speed ratio.

Prob. #3 A helical gear with 26 teeth, pitch diameter 6 inches, has a normal diametral pitch of 5.
Find the helix angle.
Prob. # 4 A helical gear of 6-inch pitch diameter has a helix angle of 25 ° , and there are 24 teeth.
Find the values of the circular and diametral pitches measured both circumferentially and normal
to the teeth.

Prob. #5 Given a gear of 10 teeth, 4 diametral pitch. The addendum equals 1 / Pd inch, the
clearance is to be 1/8 of the addendum, and the backlash is to be 2 % of the circular pitch.
Calculate the following: a) pitch diameter; b) addendum circle diameter; c) the depth of teeth; d)
the backlash; e) the tooth thickness; and f) the space width.

Given:
T = 10
Pd = 4

Required:
a) pitch diameter;
b) addendum circle diameter;
c) the depth of teeth;
d) the backlash;
e) the tooth thickness; and
f) the space width.
Solution:
a) For Pitch Diameter:
D = T/Pd
= 10/4
D = 2.5 in

Module = D/T = 2.5 in/10

m = 0.25

b) For Addendum Circle Diameter:

Da = D + 2m
= 2.5 in + (2) (0.25)
Da = 3 in

c) Depth of teeth
dt = 2.5 x m = (2.5) (0.25)
dt = 0.625 in

d) Backlash
b= 0.04/Pd
 = 0.01 in

e) Tooth thickness
s = π m/2
π (0.25)
s= = 0.3926 in
2

f) Space Width
w = 1.5708 x m
w = 1.5708 (0.25)
w = 0.39 in

Prob. # 6 Two shafts are 38.1 cm on centers. One of the shafts carries a 40-tooth 2-diametral
pitch gear which drives a gear on the other shaft at a speed of 150 rpm. How fast is the 40-tooth
gear turning?

Given:
Center Distance = 38.1 cm = 15 in
T1 = 40
Pd = 2
N2 = 150 rpm

Required:
N1 =?

Solution:
Pd = 1/m
2 = 1/m
m=½

mT 1 mT 2
15 in = 2
+ 2

1
15 in = 4 (40 + T2)

60 – 40 = T2

T2 = 20 teeth

T1 40 N2
T2
= 20
= N1

150
2= N1
 N1 = 75 rpm

Prob. # 7 Two gears, 2 and 4, have 10 and 15 teeth, respectively. The distance between centers
of the shafts is 25 cm. The addendum equals the module and the clearance equals 0.157 times the
modules. There is no backlash. Placing the center of 2 on a vertical line above the center of 4,
draw, indicate and give the values of the diameters of the pitch, addendum, dedendum, and root
circle. Also, find the thickness of the teeth

Given:
T1 = 10
T2 = 15
Center Distance = 25 cm = 9.84 in
Addendum = module
Dedendum = clearance + module
= (0.157 + 1) m
= 1.157m

Required:
D1 =? D2=?
Addendum =? Dedendum =?
Root Circle =? S =?

Solution:
T 1+T 2
Center Distance = m (
2
)
15+10
9.84 in = m (
2
)
m = 0.79 in = Addendum

Gear 1 Pd = mT1 = (0.79) (10) = 7.9 in

Gear 2 Pd = mT2 = (0.79) (15) = 11.85 in

Dedendum = 1.157 (0.79) = 0 .91 in

Root Circle Diameter 1 = Pd1 – dedendum

= 7.9 – 0.91
= 6.99 in

Root Circle Diameter 2 = Pd2 – dedendum

= 11.85 – 0.91
= 10.94 in

πD 1 π (7.9)
S1 = (
2T 1
) = ( 2(10) ) = 1.24 in
 πD 2 π (11.85)
S2 = (
2T 2
) =( 2 (15)
) = 1.24 in

Prob. #8 Two parallel shafts 20.5 cm apart have an angular velocity ratio of 3 to 1 and are
connected by gears, the largest of which has 36 teeth. Find the pitch diameters of each gear, the
number of teeth on the smaller gear, the diametral pitch of each gear, and the circular pitch of
each gear.

Given:
Center Distance = 20.5 cm = 8 in
Angular Velocity Ratio = 3:1 = 3
T1 = 36

Required:
D1 =? D2 =?
T2 =? Pc =?
Pd1 =? Pd2 =?

Solution:
mxT1 1
Center Distance = (
2
) (1+
Velocity Ratio
)

2 x Center Distance
m = T 1(1+ 1
)
Velocity Ratio

2 x 8∈ ¿ ¿
m= 1 = 1/3 in
36(1+ )
3

D1 = mT1 = (1/3) (36) = 12 in

D1 12
D2 =
VR
= 3
= 4 in

T1 36
T2 =
VR
= 3 = 12 in

T1 36
Pd1 =
D1
= 12
= 3 teeth/in

T2 12
Pd2 =
D2
= 4 = 3 teeth/in
 Pc = π m = π (1/3) = 1.05 in

Prob. #9 A parallel helical gear set uses a 17-tooth pinion driving a 34-tooth gear. The pinion
has a right-hand helix angle of 30°, a normal pressure angle of 20°, and a normal diametral pitch
of 5 teeth/inch. Find: a) the normal, transverse, and axial circular pitches; b) the transverse
diametral pitch and the transverse pressure angle; and the addendum, dedendum, and pitch
diameter of each gear.

Given:
T1 = 17 T2 = 34
ψ = 30° ϕ = 20°
Pd= 5 teeth/in

Required:

a) the normal, transverse, and axial circular pitches;

b) the transverse diametral pitch and the transverse pressure angle;
c) the addendum, dedendum, and pitch diameter of each gear.

Solution:
Pn = π /Pd = π /5 = 0.628 in
Pt = Pn/cos ψ = 0.628/cos30° = 0.725 in
Px = Pt/tan ψ = 0.725/tan30° = 1.256 in

Pdnb = Pncosϕn = (0.628) cos (20° ¿ = 0.589 in

Pdt = Pdcosψ = 5 cos (30° ¿ = 4.33 teeth/in

tan ϕn
ϕ t = arctan (
cos ψ
)

tan20
= arctan ( cos 30 )

ϕ t = 22.73°

Addendum = 1/Pd = 1/5 = 0.2 in

Dedendum = 1.25/Pd = 1.25/5 = 0.25 in

D1 = T1/Pd cos ψ = 17/5 cos 30 = 3.926 in

D2 = T2/Pd cos ψ = 34/5 cos 30 = 7.852 in

Prob. # 10 In a standard bevel gear, the pinion rotates at 150 rpm, its number of teeth is 14 while
the gear has 42 teeth, what is the pitch angle of pinion and gear?
Prob. # 11 A spur gear rotates at 1800 rpm and transmits to a mating gear 30 Hp. The pitch
diameter is 4 inches and the pressure angle is 14.5°. Determine the tangential and radial loads.

Prob. # 12 A 36-tooth pinion with a turning speed of 300 rpm drives 120-tooth gear of 14.5°
involute full-depth pressure angle. What would be the speed of the driven gear?

Prob. #13 A triple thread worm has a pitch diameter of 3 inches. The wheel has 25 teeth and
pitch diameter of 5 inches. Compute for the helix angle.

Prob. # 14 A triple-threaded worm has a lead angle of 17° and a pitch diameter of 2.25 inches.
Find the Center distance when the worm is mated with a wheel of 48 teeth.

Prob. # 15 A double-threaded worm has a pitch diameter of 3 inches. The wheel has 20 teeth and
a pitch diameter of 5 inches. Find the value of helix angle.

Prob. # 16 A bevel gear with 50 teeth and 5 diametral pitch has a pitch angle of 60°. Determine
the number of teeth on the corresponding spur gear.

DRAFTING PROBLEMS

Prob. # 1 Lay out the two mating spur gears with the following specifications:
Gear Pinion
Number of Teeth 24 12
Diametral Pitch 2 2
14.5 Full-depth Involute Teeth

Prob. # 2 Given a standard 20° full-depth involute spur gear with 12 teeth and diametral pitch of
12, Construct the tooth profile and draw at least 5 teeth.