Introduction to Seaborn for Visualization
keyboard_arrow_down Setup
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
keyboard_arrow_down Import Data
The seaborn library has a set of sample datasets available for producing examples and testing in its online repository.
We will be using seaborn 's .load_dataset API to fetch the data we want. We will will need access to the internet to use this API.
To see a list of the available dataset, we use sns.get_dataset_names() .
sns.get_dataset_names()
['anagrams',
'anscombe',
'attention',
'brain_networks',
'car_crashes',
'diamonds',
'dots',
'dowjones',
'exercise',
'flights',
'fmri',
'geyser',
'glue',
'healthexp',
'iris',
'mpg',
'penguins',
'planets',
'seaice',
'taxis',
'tips',
'titanic']
Datasets used:
1. car_crashes
2. tips
3. flights
4. iris
We will be using the car_crashes dataset which contains information about car crashes in the USA. Each row represents information about car
crashes in each state of the USA.
We will also use the tips dataset which represents some tipping data where one waiter recorded information about each tip he received over a
period of a few months working in one restaurant. In all the waiter recorded 244 tips. The waiter collected several variables:
the tip in dollars
the bill in dollars
the sex of the bill payer
whether there were smokers in the party
the day of the week
the time of day
the size of the party
The flights dataset from the same library is based off of years and months of how many people flew an airline.
The iris dataset consists of 50 samples from each of three species of Iris (Iris setosa, Iris virginica and Iris versicolor). The Iris dataset was
used in R.A. Fisher's classic 1936 paper, The Use of Multiple Measurements in Taxonomic Problems, and can also be found on the UCI Machine
Learning Repository. Features include:
Id
SepalLengthCm
SepalWidthCm
PetalLengthCm
PetalWidthCm
Species
Load First Data
crash_df = sns.load_dataset('car_crashes')
crash_df.head()
total speeding alcohol not_distracted no_previous ins_premium ins_losses abbrev
0 18.8 7.332 5.640 18.048 15.040 784.55 145.08 AL
1 18.1 7.421 4.525 16.290 17.014 1053.48 133.93 AK
2 18.6 6.510 5.208 15.624 17.856 899.47 110.35 AZ
3 22.4 4.032 5.824 21.056 21.280 827.34 142.39 AR
4 12.0 4.200 3.360 10.920 10.680 878.41 165.63 CA
crash_df.shape
(51, 8)
crash_df.describe()
total speeding alcohol not_distracted no_previous ins_premium ins_losses
count 51.000000 51.000000 51.000000 51.000000 51.000000 51.000000 51.000000
mean 15.790196 4.998196 4.886784 13.573176 14.004882 886.957647 134.493137
std 4.122002 2.017747 1.729133 4.508977 3.764672 178.296285 24.835922
min 5.900000 1.792000 1.593000 1.760000 5.900000 641.960000 82.750000
25% 12.750000 3.766500 3.894000 10.478000 11.348000 768.430000 114.645000
50% 15.600000 4.608000 4.554000 13.857000 13.775000 858.970000 136.050000
75% 18.500000 6.439000 5.604000 16.140000 16.755000 1007.945000 151.870000
max 23.900000 9.450000 10.038000 23.661000 21.280000 1301.520000 194.780000
Second dataset
tips = sns.load_dataset('tips')
tips.head()
total_bill tip sex smoker day time size
0 16.99 1.01 Female No Sun Dinner 2
1 10.34 1.66 Male No Sun Dinner 3
2 21.01 3.50 Male No Sun Dinner 3
3 23.68 3.31 Male No Sun Dinner 2
4 24.59 3.61 Female No Sun Dinner 4
tips.shape
(244, 7)
tips.describe()
total_bill tip size
count 244.000000 244.000000 244.000000
mean 19.785943 2.998279 2.569672
std 8.902412 1.383638 0.951100
min 3.070000 1.000000 1.000000
25% 13.347500 2.000000 2.000000
50% 17.795000 2.900000 2.000000
75% 24.127500 3.562500 3.000000
max 50.810000 10.000000 6.000000
keyboard_arrow_down Distribution Plots for Continous Variables
Note!!!
The sns.distplot is a deprecated function and will be removed in seaborn v0.14.0.
keyboard_arrow_down Distribution Plot
sns.displot(crash_df['not_distracted']);
sns.displot(crash_df['not_distracted'], bins=10);
keyboard_arrow_down Joint Plot
sns.jointplot(x='speeding',
y='alcohol',
data=crash_df);
sns.jointplot(x='speeding',
y='alcohol',
data=crash_df,
kind='reg');
sns.jointplot(x='speeding',
y='alcohol',
data=crash_df,
kind='kde');
sns.jointplot(x='speeding',
y='alcohol',
data=crash_df,
kind='hex');
keyboard_arrow_down KDE Plot
sns.kdeplot(crash_df['alcohol']);
sns.kdeplot(crash_df['alcohol'], fill=True);
sns.kdeplot(crash_df['alcohol'], bw_method=10);
# Switch from Probability Density Function (PDF)
# to Cumulative Frequncy Distribution (CDF)
sns.kdeplot(crash_df['alcohol'], cumulative=True);
keyboard_arrow_down Bivariate Analysis with KDE Plot
sns.kdeplot(x='alcohol',
y='speeding',
data=crash_df);
sns.kdeplot(x='alcohol',
y='speeding',
data=crash_df,
n_levels=20);
sns.kdeplot(x='alcohol',
y='speeding',
data=crash_df,
fill=True);
keyboard_arrow_down Pair Plot
sns.pairplot(crash_df);
sns.pairplot(tips);
keyboard_arrow_down Rug Plot
sns.rugplot(tips['tip']);
keyboard_arrow_down Styling Plots in Seaborn
Available seaborn styles are: darkgrid , whitegrid , dark , white and ticks .
Using the sns.axes_style function as a context manager, we can temporarily change the style of your plots:
with sns.axes_style('white'):
sns.jointplot(x='speeding',
y='alcohol',
data=crash_df,
kind='reg'
);
with sns.axes_style('dark'):
sns.jointplot(x='speeding',
y='alcohol',
data=crash_df,
kind='reg'
);
with sns.axes_style('darkgrid'):
sns.jointplot(x='speeding',
y='alcohol',
data=crash_df,
kind='reg'
);
with sns.axes_style('whitegrid'):
sns.jointplot(x='speeding',
y='alcohol',
data=crash_df,
kind='reg'
);
with sns.axes_style('ticks'):
sns.jointplot(x='speeding',
y='alcohol',
data=crash_df,
kind='reg'
);
The set_context function allows us to control the scale of plot elements.
The four preset contexts, in order of relative size, are paper , notebook , talk , and poster .
The notebook style is the default, and was used in the plots above.
sns.set_style('ticks')
sns.set_context("paper")
sns.jointplot(x='speeding',
y='alcohol',
data=crash_df,
kind='reg'
);
sns.set_context("talk")
sns.jointplot(x='speeding',
y='alcohol',
data=crash_df,
kind='reg'
);
sns.set_context("notebook")
sns.jointplot(x='speeding',
y='alcohol',
data=crash_df,
kind='reg'
);
Remove spines from plot
sns.jointplot(x='speeding',
y='alcohol',
data=crash_df,
kind='reg'
);
sns.despine(left=True)
sns.jointplot(x='speeding',
y='alcohol',
data=crash_df,
kind='reg'
);
sns.despine(bottom=True)
sns.jointplot(x='speeding',
y='alcohol',
data=crash_df,
kind='reg'
);
sns.despine(left=True, bottom=True)
keyboard_arrow_down Categorical Plots for categorical data
keyboard_arrow_down Bar plot
sns.barplot(x='sex',
y='total_bill',
data=tips
);
The default estimator for the sns.barplot function is the mean. We can change this by uaing the estimator parameter. We pass an
aggregation function as a string to the parameter.
sns.barplot(x='sex',
y='total_bill',
data=tips,
estimator='median'
);
sns.barplot(x='sex',
y='total_bill',
data=tips,
estimator='sum'
);
Remove error bars
sns.barplot(x='sex',
y='total_bill',
data=tips,
estimator='sum',
errorbar=None
);
Add Data Labels
ax = sns.barplot(x='sex',
y='total_bill',
data=tips,
estimator='sum',
errorbar=None,
);
ax.bar_label(ax.containers[0], fontsize=10);
Clustered bar chart
sns.barplot(x='sex',
y='total_bill',
data=tips,
estimator='sum',
errorbar=None,
hue='smoker'
);
keyboard_arrow_down Count plot
sns.countplot(x='sex', data=tips);
keyboard_arrow_down Box plot
sns.boxplot(x='day',
y='total_bill',
hue='sex',
data=tips
);
keyboard_arrow_down Violin plot
The violin plot is a combination of a box plot and a KDE plot.
sns.violinplot(x='day',
y='total_bill',
hue='sex',
data=tips
);
sns.violinplot(x='day',
y='total_bill',
hue='sex',
data=tips,
split=True
);
keyboard_arrow_down Strip Plot
A strip plot plots scatter plots representing all data points for a continous feature across categories of a categorical feature.
sns.stripplot(x='day',
y='total_bill',
data=tips
);
sns.stripplot(x='day',
y='total_bill',
hue='sex',
data=tips
);
sns.stripplot(x='day',
y='total_bill',
hue='sex',
data=tips,
dodge=True
);
keyboard_arrow_down Swarm Plot
sns.swarmplot(x='day',
y='total_bill',
data=tips
);
sns.violinplot(x='day',
y='total_bill',
data=tips,
)
sns.swarmplot(x='day',
y='total_bill',
data=tips,
color='white'
);
keyboard_arrow_down Palettes
sns.set_context('talk')
with sns.axes_style('dark'):
sns.stripplot(x='day',
y='total_bill',
hue='sex',
data=tips
);
with sns.axes_style('dark'):
sns.stripplot(x='day',
y='total_bill',
hue='sex',
data=tips,
palette='magma'
);
with sns.axes_style('white'):
sns.stripplot(x='day',
y='total_bill',
hue='sex',
data=tips,
palette='copper'
);
Tweaking the position of the legend
with sns.axes_style('white'):
sns.stripplot(x='day',
y='total_bill',
hue='sex',
data=tips,
palette='copper'
);
plt.legend(loc='best', bbox_to_anchor=(1, 1));
keyboard_arrow_down Matrix Plots
keyboard_arrow_down Heatmap
crash_corr = crash_df.corr(numeric_only=True)
crash_corr
total speeding alcohol not_distracted no_previous ins_premium i
total 1.000000 0.611548 0.852613 0.827560 0.956179 -0.199702
speeding 0.611548 1.000000 0.669719 0.588010 0.571976 -0.077675
alcohol 0.852613 0.669719 1.000000 0.732816 0.783520 -0.170612
not_distracted 0.827560 0.588010 0.732816 1.000000 0.747307 -0.174856
no_previous 0.956179 0.571976 0.783520 0.747307 1.000000 -0.156895
ins_premium -0.199702 -0.077675 -0.170612 -0.174856 -0.156895 1.000000
ins_losses -0.036011 -0.065928 -0.112547 -0.075970 -0.006359 0.623116
sns.heatmap(crash_corr);
sns.set_context('paper')
sns.heatmap(crash_corr);
sns.heatmap(crash_corr, annot=True);
sns.heatmap(crash_corr, annot=True, cmap='Blues');
flights = sns.load_dataset('flights')
flights.head()
year month passengers
0 1949 Jan 112
1 1949 Feb 118
2 1949 Mar 132
3 1949 Apr 129
4 1949 May 121
flights.shape
(144, 3)
flights_ct = flights.pivot_table(
index='month',
columns='year',
values='passengers'
)
flights_ct
year 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960
month
Jan 112 115 145 171 196 204 242 284 315 340 360 417
Feb 118 126 150 180 196 188 233 277 301 318 342 391
Mar 132 141 178 193 236 235 267 317 356 362 406 419
Apr 129 135 163 181 235 227 269 313 348 348 396 461
May 121 125 172 183 229 234 270 318 355 363 420 472
Jun 135 149 178 218 243 264 315 374 422 435 472 535
Jul 148 170 199 230 264 302 364 413 465 491 548 622
Aug 148 170 199 242 272 293 347 405 467 505 559 606
Sep 136 158 184 209 237 259 312 355 404 404 463 508
Oct 119 133 162 191 211 229 274 306 347 359 407 461
Nov 104 114 146 172 180 203 237 271 305 310 362 390
Dec 118 140 166 194 201 229 278 306 336 337 405 432
sns.heatmap(flights_ct, cmap='Blues');
sns.heatmap(
flights_ct,
cmap='Blues',
linecolor='white',
linewidth=1
);
keyboard_arrow_down PairGrid
iris = sns.load_dataset('iris')
iris.head()
sepal_length sepal_width petal_length petal_width species
0 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
3 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
4 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
iris_grid = sns.PairGrid(iris, hue='species');
iris_grid = sns.PairGrid(iris, hue='species');
iris_grid.map(plt.scatter);
tips_grid = sns.PairGrid(tips);
tips_grid.map(plt.scatter);
keyboard_arrow_down Facet Grid
tips_fg = sns.FacetGrid(tips, col='time', row='smoker');
tips_fg = sns.FacetGrid(tips, col='time', row='smoker');
tips_fg.map(plt.hist, 'total_bill');
tips_fg = sns.FacetGrid(tips, col='time', row='smoker');
tips_fg.map(plt.scatter, 'total_bill', 'tip');
tips_fg = sns.FacetGrid(tips, col='time', hue='smoker');
tips_fg.map(plt.scatter, 'total_bill', 'tip');
tips_fg = sns.FacetGrid(
tips,
col='time',
hue='smoker',
height=4,
aspect=1.5
);
tips_fg.map(plt.scatter, 'total_bill', 'tip');
keyboard_arrow_down Regression Plots
sns.set_context('paper')
sns.lmplot(data=tips,
x='total_bill',
y='tip',
hue='sex');
sns.lmplot(data=tips,
x='total_bill',
y='tip',
hue='sex',
markers=['o', '*'],
scatter_kws={'s':100, 'linewidth':0.5}
);
sns.lmplot(data=tips,
x='total_bill',
y='tip',
col='sex',
row='time');
