Third Year Diploma Courses in Computer Science & Engineering,

Computer Engineering, Computer Technology & Information

Technology Branch.

Emerging Trends in Computer

Engineering and Information
Technology
As per MSBTE ‘I’ Scheme Syllabus
ETI-22618

Unit- I Artificial Intelligence

Total Marks- 06

Content:
1.1 Introduction of AI
 Concept
 Scope of AI
 Components of AI
 Types of AI
 Application of AI
1.2 Concept of machine learning and deep learning.

Prof. Gunwant V. Mankar

B.E(IT), M.Tech(CSE), Purs. LLB, AMIE, MIAEng, MSCI
Director
(ConnectSoft Infotech, IND)
e-mail:- info@gunwantmankar.com
website- www.gunwantmankar.com
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1.1 . Introduction of AI
A branch of Computer Science named Artificial Intelligence (AI)pursues creating the
computers / machines as intelligent as human beings. John McCarthy the father of Artificial
Intelligence described AI as, “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs”.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines
find solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion. Artificial is defined in
different approaches by various researchers during its evolution, such as “Artificial
Intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things which at the moment, people
do better.” There are other possible definitions “like AI is a collection of hard problems which
can be solved by humans and other living things, but for which we don’t have good algorithms
for solving.”

e. g., understanding spoken natural language, medical diagnosis, circuit design, learning, self-
adaptation, reasoning, chess playing, proving math theories, etc..

 Data: Data is defined as symbols that represent properties of objects events and their
environment.
 Information: Information is a message that contains relevant meaning, implication, or
input for decision and/or action.
 Knowledge: It is the (1) cognition or recognition (know-what), (2) capacity to
act(know-how), and (3)understanding (know-why)that resides or is contained within
the mind or in the brain.

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 Intelligence: It requires ability to sense the environment, to make decisions, and to

control action

1.1.1 Concept:
Artificial Intelligence is one of the emerging technologies that try to simulate human
reasoning in AI systems The art and science of bringing learning, adaptation and self
organization to the machine is the art of Artificial Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence is the
ability of a computer program to learn and think. Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of
computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work and reacts like
humans. AI is built on these three important concepts.
Machine learning: When you command your smartphone to call someone, or when you chat
with a customer service chatbot, you are interacting with software that runs on AI. But this type
of software actually is limited to what it has been programmed to do. However, we expect to
soon have systems that can learn new tasks without humans having to guide them. The idea is
to give them a large amount of examples for any given chore, and they should be able to process
each one and learn how to do it by the end of the activity.

Deep learning: The machine learning example I provided above is limited by the fact that
humans still need to direct the AI’s development. In deep learning, the goal is for the software
to use what it has learned in one area to solve problems in other areas. For example, a program
that has learned how to distinguish images in a photograph might be able to use this learning
to seek out patterns in complex graphs.

Neural networks: These consist of computer programs that mimic the way the human brain
processes information. They specialize in clustering information and recognizing complex
patterns, giving computers the ability to use more sophisticated processes to analyze data.

1.1.2 Scope of AI

The ultimate goal of artificial intelligence is to create computer programs that can solve
problems and achieve goals like humans would. There is scope in developing machines in
robotics, computer vision, language detection machine, game playing, expert systems, speech
recognition machine and much more.

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The following factors characterize a career in artificial intelligence:

 Automation
 Robotics
 The use of sophisticated computer software

Individuals considering pursuing a career in this field require specific education based
on the foundations of math, technology, logic and engineering perspectives. Apart from these,
good communication skills (written and verbal) are imperative to convey how AI services and
tools will help when employed within industry settings.

AI Approach:
The difference between machine and human intelligence is that the human think / act
rationally compare to machine. Historically, all four approaches to AI have been followed, each
by different people with different methods

Think Well:
Develop formal models of knowledge representation, reasoning, learning, memory,
problem solving that can be rendered in algorithms. There is often an emphasis on a systems
that are provably correct, and guarantee finding an optimal solution.

Act Well: For a given set of inputs, generate an appropriate output that is not necessarily
correct but gets the job done.
 A heuristic (heuristic rule, heuristic method) is a rule of thumb, strategy, trick,
simplification, or any other kind of device which drastically limits search for solutions
in large problem spaces.

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 Heuristics do not guarantee optimal solutions; in fact, they do not guarantee any
solution at all:
 all that can be said for a useful heuristic is that it offers solutions which are good
enough most of the time

Think like humans:

Cognitive science approach. Focus not just on behaviour and I/O but also look at reasoning
process.
The Computational model should reflect “how” results were obtained. Provide a new language
for expressing cognitive theories and new mechanisms for evaluating them.
GPS (General Problem Solver): Goal not just to produce humanlike behaviour (like ELIZA),
but to produce a sequence of steps of the reasoning process that was similar to the steps
followed by a person in solving the same task.

Act like humans:

Behaviourist approach-Not interested in how you get results, just the similarity to what human
results are.
Example: ELIZA: A program that simulated a psychotherapist interacting with a patient and
successfully passed the Turing Test. It was coded at MIT during 1964-1966 by Joel
Weizenbaum. First script was DOCTOR. The script was a simple collection of syntactic
patterns not unlike regular expressions. Each pattern had an associated reply which might
include bits of the input (after simple transformations (my →your) Weizenbaum was shocked
at reactions: Psychiatrists thought it had potential. People unequivocally anthropomorphized.

1.1.3 Components of AI
The core components and constituents of AI are derived from the concept of logic, cognition
and computation; and the compound components, built-up through core components are
knowledge, reasoning, search, natural language processing, vision etc

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The core entities are inseparable constituents of AI in that these concepts are fused at
atomic level. The concepts derived from logic are propositional logic, tautology, predicate
calculus, model and temporal logic. The concepts of cognitive science are of two types: one is
functional which includes learning, adaptation and self-organization, and the other is memory
and perception which are physical entities. The physical entities generate some functions to
make the compound components.
The compound components are made of some combination of the logic and cognition
stream. These are knowledge, reasoning and control generated from constituents of logic such
as predicate calculus, induction and tautology and some from cognition (such as learning and
adaptation). Similarly, belief, desire and intention are models of mental states that are
predominantly based on cognitive components but less on logic. Vision, utterance (vocal) and
expression (written) are combined effect of memory and perceiving organs or body sensors
such as ear, eyes and vocal. The gross level contains the constituents at the third level which
are knowledge-based systems (KBS), heuristic search, automatic theorem proving, multi agent
systems, Al languages such as PROLOG and LISP, Natural language processing (NLP).
Speech processing and vision are based mainly on the principle of pattern recognition.

AI Dimension: The philosophy of Al in three-dimensional representations consists in logic,

cognition and computation in the x-direction, knowledge, reasoning and interface in the y-
direction. The x-y plane is the foundation of AI. The z-direction consists of correlated systems
of physical origin such as language, vision and perception as shown in Figure.1.1.

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The First Dimension (Core)

The theory of logic, cognition and computation constitutes the fusion factors for the formation
of one of the foundations on coordinate x-axis. Philosophy from its very inception of origin
covered all the facts, directions and dimensions of human thinking output. Aristotle's theory of
syllogism, Descartes and Kant's critic of pure reasoning and contribution of many other
philosophers made knowledge-based on logic. It were Charles Babbage and Boole who
demonstrated the power of computation logic. Although the modern philosophers such as
Bertrand Russell correlated logic with mathematics but it was Turing who developed the theory
of computation for mechanization. In the 1960s, Marvin Minsky pushed the logical formalism
to integrate reasoning with knowledge.

Cognition:
Computers has became so popular in a short span of time due to the simple reason that they
adapted and projected the information processing paradigm (IPP) of human beings: sensing
organs as input, mechanical movement organs as output and the central nervous system (CNS)

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in brain as control and computing devices, short-term and long-term memory were not
distinguished by computer scientists but, as a whole, it was in conjunction, termed memory.
In further deepening level, the interaction of stimuli with the stored information to
produce new information requires the process of learning, adaptation and self-organization.
These functionalities in the information processing at a certain level of abstraction of brain
activities demonstrate a state of mind which exhibits certain specific behaviour to qualify as
intelligence. Computational models were developed and incorporated in machines which
mimicked the functionalities of human origin. The creation of such traits of human beings in
the computing devices and processes originated the concept of intelligence in machine as
virtual mechanism. These virtual machines were termed in due course of time artificial
intelligent machines.

Computation
The theory of computation developed by Turing-finite state automation—was a turning point
in mathematical model to logical computational. Chomsky's linguistic computational theory
generated a model for syntactic analysis through a regular grammar.

The Second Dimension

The second dimension contains knowledge, reasoning and interface which are the components
of knowledge-based system (KBS). Knowledge can be logical, it may be processed as
information which is subject to further computation. This means that any item on the y-axis is
correlated with any item on the x-axis to make the foundation of any item on the z-axis.
Knowledge and reasoning are difficult to prioritize, which occurs first: whether knowledge is
formed first and then reasoning is performed or as reasoning is present, knowledge is formed.
Interface is a means of communication between one domain to another. Here, it connotes a
different concept then the user's interface. The formation of a permeable membrane or
transparent solid structure between two domains of different permittivity is termed interface.

For example, in the industrial domain, the robot is an interface.

A robot exhibits all traits of human intelligence in its course of action to perform mechanical
work. In the KBS, the user's interface is an example of the interface between computing
machine and the user. Similarly, a program is an interface between the machine and the user.

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The interface may be between human and human, i.e. experts in one domain to experts in
another domain. Human-to machine is program and machine-to-machine is hardware. These
interfaces are in the context of computation and AI methodology.

The Third Dimension

The third dimension leads to the orbital or peripheral entities, which are built on the foundation
of x-y plane and revolve around these for development. The entities include an information
system. NLP, for example, is formed on the basis of the linguistic computation theory of
Chomsky and concepts of interface and knowledge on y-direction. Similarly, vision has its
basis on some computational model such as clustering, pattern recognition computing models
and image processing algorithms on the x-direction and knowledge of the domain on the y-
direction. The third dimension is basically the application domain. Here, if the entities are near
the origin, more and more concepts are required from the x-y plane. For example, consider
information and automation, these are far away from entities on z-direction, but contain some
of the concepts of cognition and computation model respectively on x-direction and concepts
of knowledge (data), reasoning and interface on the y-direction. In general, any quantity in any
dimension is correlated with some entities on the other dimension. The implementation of the
logical formalism was accelerated by the rapid growth in electronic technology, in general and
multiprocessing parallelism in particular

1.1.4 Types of AI
Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various types, there are mainly two types of
main categorization which are based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI. Following
is flow diagram which explain the types of AI.

Fig 1.3 Types of AI

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AI type-1: Based on Capabilities

1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
 Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with
intelligence. The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the
world of Artificial Intelligence.
 Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for
one specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in
unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
 Apple Siriis a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined
range of functions.
 IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert
system approach combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.
 Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-
commerce site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.
2. General AI:
 General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with
efficiency like a human.
 The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and
think like a human by its own.
 Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and
can perform any task as perfect as a human.
 The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General
AI.
 As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of efforts
and time to develop such systems.
3. Super AI:
 Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass
human intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive
properties. It is an outcome of general AI.

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 Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think,
to reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its
own.
 Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of
such systems in real is still world changing task.

Artificial Intelligence type-2: Based on functionality

1. Reactive Machines
 Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
 Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions. 
 These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best
action.
 IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
 Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.

2. Limited Memory
 Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short
period of time.
 These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
 Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These
cars can store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit,
and other information to navigate the road.

3. Theory of Mind
 Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be
able to interact socially like humans.
 This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making lots of
efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.

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4. Self-Awareness
 Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be
super intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-
awareness.
 These machines will be smarter than human mind.
 Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.

1.1.5 Application of AI
AI has been dominant in various fields such as
 Gaming: AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc.,
where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic
knowledge.
 Natural Language Processing: It is possible to interact with the computer that
understands natural language spoken by humans.
 Expert Systems: There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and
special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and
advice to the users.
 Vision Systems: These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on
the computer. For example
o A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial
information or map of the areas.
o Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
o Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with
the stored portrait made by forensic artist
 Speech Recognition: Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human
talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change
in human’s noise due to cold, etc.
 Handwriting Recognition: The handwriting recognition software reads the text
written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the
letters and convert it into editable text.

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 Intelligent Robots: Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have
sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature,
movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple sensors
and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from
their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.

1.2 . Concept of machine learning and deep learning

1.2.1 Machine Learning:
 Machine learning is a branch of science that deals with programming the systems in
such a way that they automatically learn and improve with experience. Here, learning
means recognizing and understanding the input data and making wise decisions based
on the supplied data.
 It is very difficult to cater to all the decisions based on all possible inputs. To tackle
this problem, algorithms are developed. These algorithms build knowledge from
specific data and past experience with the principles of statistics, probability theory,
logic, combinatorial optimization, search, reinforcement learning, and control theory.

The developed algorithms form the basis of various applications such as:

 Vision processing
 Language processing
 Forecasting (e.g., stock market trends)
 Pattern recognition
 Games
 Data mining
 Expert systems
 Robotics

Machine learning is a vast area and it is quite beyond the scope of this tutorial to cover all its
features. There are several ways to implement machine learning techniques, however the most
commonly used ones are supervised and unsupervised learning.

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Supervised Learning: Supervised learning deals with learning a function from available
training data. A supervised learning algorithm analyzes the training data and produces an
inferred function, which can be used for mapping new examples. Common examples of
supervised learning include:

 classifying e-mails as spam,

 labeling webpages based on their content, and
 voice recognition.

There are many supervised learning algorithms such as neural networks, Support Vector
Machines (SVMs), and Naive Bayes classifiers. Mahout implements Naive Bayes classifier.

Unsupervised Learning: Unsupervised learning makes sense of unlabeled data without

having any predefined dataset for its training. Unsupervised learning is an extremely powerful
tool for analyzing available data and look for patterns and trends. It is most commonly used for
clustering similar input into logical groups.

Common approaches to unsupervised learning include:

 k-means
 self-organizing maps, and
 hierarchical clustering

1.2.2 Deep Learning

Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning where concerned algorithms are inspired by
the structure and function of the brain called artificial neural networks. All the value today of
deep learning is through supervised learning or learning from labelled data and algorithms.

Each algorithm in deep learning goes through the same process. It includes a hierarchy of
nonlinear transformation of input that can be used to generate a statistical model as output.

Consider the following steps that define the Machine Learning process

 Identifies relevant data sets and prepares them for analysis.

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 Chooses the type of algorithm to use

 Builds an analytical model based on the algorithm used.
 Trains the model on test data sets, revising it as needed.
 Runs the model to generate test scores.

Deep learning has evolved hand-in-hand with the digital era, which has brought about an
explosion of data in all forms and from every region of the world. This data, known simply as
big data, is drawn from sources like social media, internet search engines, e-commerce
platforms, and online cinemas, among others. This enormous amount of data is readily
accessible and can be shared through fintech applications like cloud computing

However, the data, which normally is unstructured, is so vast that it could take decades for
humans to comprehend it and extract relevant information. Companies realize the incredible
potential that can result from unraveling this wealth of information and are increasingly
adapting to AI systems for automated support.

Applications of Machine Learning and Deep Learning

 Computer vision which is used for facial recognition and attendance mark through
fingerprints or vehicle identification through number plate.
 Information Retrieval from search engines like text search for image search.
 Automated email marketing with specified target identification.
 Medical diagnosis of cancer tumors or anomaly identification of any chronic disease.
 Natural language processing for applications like photo tagging. The best example to
explain this scenario is used in Facebook.
 Online Advertising.

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Sample Multiple Choice Questions

1. __________________is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines find

solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion
a. Artificial Intelligence b. Internet of Things
c. Embedded System d. Cyber Security

2. In ______________ the goal is for the software to use what it has learned in one area to
solve problems in other areas.
a. Machine learning b. Deep learning
c. Neural networks d. None of these

3. Computer programs that mimic the way the human brain processes information is called as
a. Machine learning b. Deep learning
c. Neural networks d. None of these

4. The core components and constituents of AI are derived from

a. concept of logic b. cognition
c. computation d. All of above

5. Chomsky's linguistic computational theory generated a model for syntactic analysis through
a. regular grammar b. regular expression
c. regular word d. none of these`

6. These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action
a. Reactive Machines b. Limited Memory
c. Theory of Mind d. Self-Awareness

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