The document discusses the basic structure and components of cells. It states that cells are the fundamental unit of life, first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. The cell theory presented by Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow states that all living things are composed of cells, cells arise from pre-existing cells, and cells contain hereditary material. The document then describes the structures of animal and plant cells in detail, including their membranes, organelles, nuclei, and differences between the two cell types.
The document discusses the basic structure and components of cells. It states that cells are the fundamental unit of life, first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. The cell theory presented by Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow states that all living things are composed of cells, cells arise from pre-existing cells, and cells contain hereditary material. The document then describes the structures of animal and plant cells in detail, including their membranes, organelles, nuclei, and differences between the two cell types.
The document discusses the basic structure and components of cells. It states that cells are the fundamental unit of life, first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. The cell theory presented by Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow states that all living things are composed of cells, cells arise from pre-existing cells, and cells contain hereditary material. The document then describes the structures of animal and plant cells in detail, including their membranes, organelles, nuclei, and differences between the two cell types.
The document discusses the basic structure and components of cells. It states that cells are the fundamental unit of life, first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. The cell theory presented by Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow states that all living things are composed of cells, cells arise from pre-existing cells, and cells contain hereditary material. The document then describes the structures of animal and plant cells in detail, including their membranes, organelles, nuclei, and differences between the two cell types.
What is Cell? Cell is the basic, fundamental and structural unit of life. All living organisms are made up of cells. O ften called the building block of life. Cell was first discovered by Rober t Hooke in 1665 The word cell comes from the Latin cella, meaning "small room".The descriptive term for the smallest living biological structure was coined by Rober t Hooke in a book he published in 1665 when he compared the cork cells he saw through his microscope to the small rooms monks lived in www.superiorexams.pk
Cell Theory Cell Theor y was presented by Schleiden, Schwann & Virchow.
Cell T heory States that
1. Cells are basic, fundamental and structural unit of life
2. All Cells come from Pre-existing Cells. 3. Cells contain heredity material which transfer from one generation to another generation www.superiorexams.pk
Basic Structure of Cell
Cytoplasm Cell Membrane
N ucleus www.superiorexams.pk
Structure of Animal Cell
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Cell Membrane Cell Membrane is outer layer of Animal Cell. It protects the cell. It is made mostly from a double layer of proteins and lipids (Lipo-Protein) It is Semi permeable in nature. It controls movement in and out of the cell www.superiorexams.pk
Cytoplasm Inside the cell there is a large fluid-filled space called the cytoplasm , sometimes called the cytosol. Cytoplasm is Jelly Like Substance. Almost All Impor tant organelles of Cell are present in Cytoplasm. These O rganelles from Cytoplasm carries all major activities of cell. www.superiorexams.pk
Mitochondria
These are also called Chondriosomes.
These are tubular or cup shaped structure. It is called Power House of Cell. Produces energy (ATP) through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates Controls level of water and other materials in cell Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. 4000 Mitochondria are present in hear t Cell 30 to 40 in normal cell. www.superiorexams.pk
Endoplasmic Reticulum ER frequently present in Cytoplasm This is a System of folded membrane. ER helps in transpor tation of materials in cell. ER has two par ts 1. Rough ER: It Contains Ribosomes on Surface. It helps in Protein Synthesis 2. Smooth ER: It does not contain Robosomes and helps in Synthesis of Lipids. www.superiorexams.pk
Ribosomes
Tiny O rganelles made-up of Protein and RN A
Each cell contains thousands. Make proteins hence know as protein factor y. Found on Endoplasmic Reticulum & floating throughout the cell. www.superiorexams.pk
Lysosomes These are spherical bodies surrounded by single membrane. Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates Transpor ts undigested material to cell membrane for removal Known as Suicide Sac Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes They only present in Animal Cell. www.superiorexams.pk
Vacuoles
Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal O uter membrane called tonoplast Found in Both Animal and Plant Cell www.superiorexams.pk
Centrioles Centrioles are present in animal cell and absent in plant cell. Centrioles helps in cell division.
Microtubules These are Straight, hollow cylindrical like structure found in Cytoplasm Their main function is structural suppor t and Transpor tation. www.superiorexams.pk
Golgi Bodies
They are also called “Dictosomes”
Protein 'packaging plant‘ Main Function Transpor tation Move materials within the cell Move materials out of the cell www.superiorexams.pk
Nucleus It is round or spherical structure at the center of cell. It is bound by double membrane called N uclear envelop or nuclear Membrane. N ucleus control all activities of cell and Called Brain of Cell. Jelly Like substance present inside nucleus called nucleoplasm. DN A and Chromosomes are present in N ucleus. N ucleolus is also present inside the nucleus. N ucleolus contain RN A. www.superiorexams.pk
Chromosomes
Chromosomes are thread like structure.
Made-up of Protein and DN A Chromosomes are present in nucleus Contain instructions for traits & characteristics www.superiorexams.pk
Structure of Plant Cell
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Cell Wall It is O uter Membrane of Plant Cell. Cell wall is made-up of Cellulose. Cell W all is non-living par t of plant cell. Cell wall is secreted and maintained by Protoplasm. It maintains the cell shell. It provides rigidity to cell. It is permeable in nature. It helps in the absorption of water. www.superiorexams.pk
Chloroplast
Usually found in plant
cells Contains green chlorophyll W here photosynthesis takes place www.superiorexams.pk
Plastids Plastids are pigments found in plant cells to create various colors. A double membrane bound organelle involved in the synthesis and storage of food. It is commonly found within the cells of photosynthetic organisms, like plants. www.superiorexams.pk
Difference Between Plant & Animal Cell
Plant Cell Animal Cell
1. O uter membrane is called Cell 1. O uter membrane is called Cell
W all. Membrane. 2. Cell wall is made up of 2. Cell Membrane is made up of cellulose. lipids and proteins. 3. There is only one large Vacuole . 3. There are small numerous 4. Chloroplast is present in plant Vacuoles. cell. 4. Chloroplast is absent in animal 5. Starch grains are present in cell. Cytoplasm. 5. Starch grains are absent in 6. Plastids are Present in Plant Cell animal cell. 7. Centrioles are absent in Plant 6. Plastids are Absent in Animal Cell Cell 8. Plant Cells stored food in the 7. Centrioles are Present in Animal form of strach Cell 8. Animal cells stored food in the form of glycogen. www.superiorexams.pk
Unicellular & Multicellular Organisms
Unicellular are those organisms which are made-
up of a single cell.
For Example: Paramecium
Amoeba www.superiorexams.pk
Unicellular & Multicellular Organisms
Multicellular are those organisms which are made
up of more than one cell.
For Example: Human, Frog, Fish, Parrot, Plants
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Types of Cells There are two types of Cells 1. Prokaryotic Cell > These are organisms or cells which lack a complete or distinct nucleus. > Prokar yotic cells do not have membrane bound organelles like mitochondria, nucleus, golgi bodies, lysosomes or endoplasmic reticulum. > Examples: Bacteria, Blue Green Alga etc… 2. Eukaryotic Cell > Cells or organisms which have true nucleus bound by nuclear membrane. > They have Membrane bound organelles. > Examples: All living organisms other than Bacteria, Blue Green Alga and Virus.
