the optical properties of a med; the pre-laser era, the answer to tia a “Pon the intensity enghate, "0". The ass for this conclu Rtas, conventional light sources used before the advent ei than the field strengths of atomic and interaes” order. of 107 to 10" V/em; whereas the fo tis natural that whe light wave with such ic fields to the extent of changing o eae pitied eerta isd ana a ate bith degree of spatial concentration of light power. It is now possible meee a pulses, lasting a few tenths of nanoseconds, using moderately aaa — The energy current density in a beam of cross-section 1 min? of such ek, is Jp =10° MW/m?, which corresponds to peak electric field strength E = 3 x 10’ V/m. Due to coherence, the beam can be focussed to an area A = 22, If the laser wavelength is assumed to be |p, then A = 10-2 m? and, hence J, = 10'8 MW/m? giving E = 3 = 10! Vim, which is within the range of, atomic fields. At such high fields, the relationship between the electric polarization P and the field strength £ ceases to be linear and some interesting nonlinear effects come to the fore. Bloembergen played an important role in establishing the theoretical framework of nonlinear optics. We deal in this chapter some nonlinear effects describable by semiclassical theory in ‘he electric dipole approximation. Y of radiation? would have been an tthe field str Strengths f lasers, were mea e atomic fields, 13.1 HARMONIC GENERATION Scanned with CamScanner. . =] Fig. 13.1 Second harmonic generations A ruby laser beam (4 = 6493 A) with average Power of 10 kW is focussed on a quartz slab. The transmitted light then through a filter which cuts off the red light and allows uv light to The emerging light was incident on a photocell. Radiation wit 4 = 3471 A and the power of the order of 1 mW was observed jn the transmitted light. How can one account for this change in frequency? A dielectric medium when placed in an electric field is Polarized, if the medium does not have a transition at the frequency of the field, Each Constituent molecule acts as a dipole, with a dipole moment Pj. The dipole moment Vector per unit volume P is given by P= YP (13.1) where the summation is over the dipoles in the unit volume. The orienting effect of the external field on the molecular dipoles depends both on the Properties of the medium and on the field strength. Thus, we can write [233] P = ey (13.2) where 7 is called the polarizability or dielectric susceptibility of the medium. This relation is valid for the fi eld strengths of conventional sources. The Quantity % is a constant only in the sense of being independent of £; ils magnitude is a function of the frequency. With sufficiently intense laser radiation the relation (13.2) does not hold ood and has to be generalized to P= e(QDE + xR 4 OE +.) (33) where °) is the same as x in (13.2); the coefficients 12), Pron define ineari : ld degree of non-linearity and are known as nonlinear susceptibilities. If the es is low, as it is in the case Of Ordinary lieht aa---- 9 a tans tem af (13. the Order of i ed Pass through, th Wavelength Scanned with CamScannerNON-LINEAR OPTICS ay be noted that optical characteristics of a medium, such as os ry, refractive index, ete, which depend upon susceptibility, rc perm ions of the field strength E, if itis sufficiently high. The eco Fy he polarization is described by a nonlinear relation of the wei ee je ealled a “non-linear medium.” ye 133) ey that the field incident on a medium has the form suppose E = Ey cos wt. (13.4) ubstitting this im (13.3), we have * pe eqxil Ey cos of + £97 B3 cos? wr +eoxE} cos? wrt... (13.5) * *ol . . using the trigonometric relations 1 +0820, sq _ £0830+3cos 8 costo = 17SEZE, costa = SEE 13.6) wwe can transform (13.5) to the form p= Seon 85 + eax” + 30183), cos wt 2) 1 + Seon E3 cos 2er + ton Eo cos3 f+... The first term is a constant term. It gives rise to a de field across the medium, the effect of which is of comparatively little practical importance. The second follows the external polarization and is called the first or fundamental harmonic of polarization; the third oscillates at frequency 2 and is called the second harmonic of polarization, the fourth is called the third harmonic of polarization, and so on. Scanned with CamScannerre oo i a 4 ik AB.) where i, j, & represent the coordinates x, y, 2,. Most of the Coeff however, are usually zero and we have to deal only with ONE OF twWo ¢ at It must be mentioned here that the second harmonic generation Tepresenteg by (13.8) occurs only in certain type of crystals. Consider, for cxample, a crystal that is isotropic. In this case %jq is independent of direction and, hence is a constant. If we now reverse, the direction of the axis (x = —Y, 2-2) leaving electric field and dipole moment unchanged in direction the sign of these two must change. , cients , omponei” i (2) 2 =p? = Dit CEDCE)=+2? ayy Q @ which means P?) = 0 and, hence, Mg Second harmonic generation, therefore, cannot occur in an isotropic medium such as liquids or gases nor in centro-symmetric crystals (ie, crystals symmetrical about a point). Only crystals that lack inversion symmetry exhibit SHG. In the case of non-centro-symmetric materials (e.g., anisotropic crystals, such as uniaxial crystals) both the quadratic and cubic terms are present, However, generally, the cubic term is sustantially smaller than the second order term and may be ignored. For such materials, we can write P= egy E+ egy? Ee? (13.10) and the medium is said to have second order linearity, 13.3 PHASE MATCHING The intense development of researc! harmonics in crystals and media in has indicated the importance of generated harmonics, as they Propagate in crystals having optical dispersion [Bloembergen 51, Franken and Ward 127]. It was observed that the efficiency of the generation of harmonics depends not only on the intensity of the exciting radiatinn bis 1 +h on the mechanism of generation of optical which such genération is effectively realizable phase relatjon between the fundamental and