© 2022 JETIR April 2022, Volume 9, Issue 4 www.jetir.
org (ISSN-2349-5162)
GC- MSAnalyses of Three Plant Oils Jasminum
Officinale, Mentha Piperita and Prunus Dulcis
Swapna M1, Elumalai K2and A. Jeyasankar1*
1
P. G and Research Department of Zoology, Govt. Arts College (Autonomous), Coimbatore, Tamilnadu
2
Entomology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Govt. Arts College for Men (Autonomous), Nandanam,
Chennai – 600035. Tamilnadu.
*
Corresponding author: Dr. A. Jeyasankar, Assistant Professor, 1P. G and Research Department of Zoology, Govt.
Arts College (Autonomous), Coimbatore, Tamilnadu. Mail: sankarzoology@gacbe.ac.in
ABSTRACT:
This present research was aimed to assess the phytochemical components present in the selected
three plant volatile oils such as Jasminum officinale, Mentha piperita and Prunus dulcisby the aid of GC-MS
techniques. The spectral data of Jasminum officinale showed the presence of 55 phytocompounds, Mentha
piperita showed the presence of 73 phytocompoundsand Prunus dulcis exhibited 42 phytocompounds. Most
of the phytocompounds belong to the terpenoid group. Other groups identified in the oils were sterols,
phenolics, etc. The analysis of the phytoconstituents of the oil is important for formulation a phytopesticides
to control the infestation of insects in field and storage conditions. This investigation is one of the initiative
and paved the lead to the thrust area of green chemistry.
Keywords: Phytochemical, Plant volatile, GC-MS, Mentha piperita, Jasminum officinale.
INTRODUCTION
The essential oils are secondary metabolites that plants produce to protect themselves against pests
and predators, to attract pollinators, as well as to disperse their seeds (Wink, 2018).In different species of
plants, the oil is located in different parts of the plant, such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and even seeds can
also produce oils (Baser, 2010).Cells, secretory cavities, or glandular hairs accumulate the essential oil
(Rehman et al., 2016). Almost all part of a plant canproduce essential oil, extracted and exploited in various
industrial ways (1).The essential oils are highly volatile (3), transparent and lipid-soluble liquids (Biliaet al.,
2014).They can easily soluble in organic solvents such as benzene, toluene, acetone, ethanol, and methanol
with less density than water (Hasan and Mujtaba, 2019).
Essential oils are composedof a mixture of compounds that give the plants a characteristic odour and
flavor (Wink, 2018).Most essential oils contain natural monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, with various
functional groupscontributing to antifungal and antibacterial properties (Sridhar et al., 2003).There are
JETIR2204484 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org e635
© 2022 JETIR April 2022, Volume 9, Issue 4 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
different methods of necessaryoil extraction.The extraction method depends on the kind of compounds
present in the oil and the location of the oils within the vegetative structure of the plant species (Singh et al.,
2008).
Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry areamong the best tools to identify and quantify the
constituents of essential oils because of their simplicity, rapidity, accuracy and efficiency (Singariyaet al.,
2015). Consequently, GC-MS has been widely used in chromatographic fingerprinting medicinal plants
(Gan and Ye, 2006; Ye, 2009; Yue et al., 2013).Jasminum officinale, known as the common jasmine or
simply jasmine, is a species of flowering plant in the olive family Oleaceae.Jasminum officinale is one of the
first plants that come to mind when one thinks of a sweet fragrance.A single jasmine vine can perfume an
entire room or garden.Jasmine oil and components of synthetic blends of jasmine essential oil have
properties that offer several health benefits.However, it is a popular home remedy used to treat everything
from depression to infections; it's best known as an aphrodisiac.
Mentha piperita is a medicinally important plant that belongs to Lamiaceae (Kiretheker and Basu,
19785). The volatile oil extracted from the aerial parts of this herb is a source of commercial
menthol.Peppermint leaves contain a volatile oil composed of free menthol, monoterpene, menthofurane and
traces of jasmine, which improve the oil quality remarkably(Dew and Evans, 1984). The essential oil of this
species is most popular and widely used.It is employed for flavoring, pharmaceuticals, mouthwashes, cough
drops and confectionery.The oil also has antiseptic and local anesthetic properties (Sharma et al., 2010).
Prunus dulcis is a species that belongs to the subgenus Amygdalus inside the genus Prunus,the
Rosaceae family and the order Rosales.Prunus dulcishas been known as a source of nutrients in many
traditional foods and as a source of important biologically active compounds in traditional
medicines.Because of its high unsaturated fatty acids content, almond consumption has been associated with
a wide range of health benefits, including reduced levels of coronary heart disease as a result of a reduction
in thelow-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Ahrens et al., 2005), hypertension, type 2 diabetes, obesity and
reduction in oxidative stress (Chen et al., 2006).Almonds have high nutritional properties and high contents
of micronutrients, making them an important dietary source.
Bioactive compounds in essential oils have been found to act as biopesticides locally, but commercial
industries do not adequately utilize them. Alternatively, herbal plants that produce essential oils have been
used to remedy various problems without knowing their quality or chemical composition (20), though with
lesser side effects(Mariyajancyraniet al., 2014). Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the composition of the
volatile components of essential oils of different plants to separate individual compounds that may have
additional uses in other industries.This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of Jasminum
officinale, Mentha piperita and Prunus dulcis by GC- MS method.
JETIR2204484 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org e636
© 2022 JETIR April 2022, Volume 9, Issue 4 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant collection and solvent extraction
The fully matured, uninfected, diseases-free plant leaves of Jasminum officinale, Mentha piperita and
Prunus dulciswere collected from Northwestern Nilgiri Hills (Blue Mountains), Nilgiri District, Tamilnadu,
India (11.56230 N, 76.53450 E). The leaves were collected between January and March 2018.The collected
plants were allowed to more than 15 days for air and shade, dried at room temperature and ground to a fine
powder with the help of an electric blender and sieved through a kitchen strainer.One thousand grams of the
fine powder of plants were sequentially extracted through hydro-distilled n a Clevenger apparatus for 6
hours. The distilled oil was stored ina refrigerator under 40C and packed in the aseptic amber bottle until use.
GC- MS analysis
The GC-MS was performed by using the Perkin Elmer Clarus 500 Model, and the software used is
Turbomassver 5.2.The fused silica column was packed with Elite -5MS(5% Phenyl 95%
dimethylpolysiloxane 30mx 250µm).The oven temperature was set up from 500C with an increase of
80C/min. To 2200C for 5 minand 70C/min. to 2800C for 15 min. Helium gas (99.999%) was used as the
carrier gas at a constant flow rate of 1ml/min. An aliquot of 2µ1of the sample was injected into the column
with the injector temperature at 2800C and a Split ratio of 10:1. The ionizing energy of 70eV was used and
the electron ionization is involved. The mass range is 40-600amu. The inlet line temperature was 2000C and
the source temperature was 1500C. Total GC running time was 50 minutes. The detection employed in the
NIST 2005 library.
GC-MS Identification of compounds
Interpretation of the mass spectrum of GC-MS was conducted using the National Institute Standard
and Technique (NIST Version Year 2005), having more patterns. The relative percentage amount of each
component was calculated by comparing its average peak area to the total sites. The spectrum of the
unknown element was compared with the spectrum of the known part stored in the NIST data library
(version 2005). The compound name, molecular weight and molecular formula were determined.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The plant oils Jasminum officinale, Mentha piperita and Prunus dulcis were analyzed by GC-MS.
The presence of components was confirmed by comparing mass spectra of analyzed components with
standard mass spectra of NIST library.In the GC-MS analysis of Jasminum officinale plant, oil 55
compounds were identified. The active principles with their peak, retention time, molecular formula,
molecular mass and concentration is presented in table 1 and chromatogram of jasmine oil is shown in figure
1.Among the 55 compounds identified major compounds includes Hydroxylamine,o-(phenylmethyl)-
11.4046%, Octanol,2- (phenylmethylene) -10.4985%, 5- Tetradecyne-9.5722% and 2-pyrrolidinethione,1-
phenyl-6.5898%. Mentha piperitaplant oil showed 73 compounds and presented in table 2 and figure2.
Major compounds include 1-Hexadecen-3-ol,3,5,11,15-tetramethyl- 17.8414%, Cyclohexene,4-methyl-1-(1-
methylethenyl) 9.6995%, Cyclopentane carboxylic acid, 2-fluorophenyl ester- 6.1853% and 3-(1-
JETIR2204484 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org e637
© 2022 JETIR April 2022, Volume 9, Issue 4 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
Methylpropyl)-2-hydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one-6.1520%. In the case of Prunus dulcis plant oil 42
compounds were identified and shown in table 3 and figure3. The major compounds are Sitosterol-
33.7846%, 9-Methyl-z-10-tetradecen-1-ol acetate-8.1529%, Squalene- 7.5509% and 2,4-Decadienal-
7.4493%.
Figure 1:Chemical constituents of plant oil Jasminum officinale (GC-MS Chromatogram)
GC-MS analysis of plant oils Jasminum officinale, Mentha piperita and Prunus dulcis revealed the
presence of various bioactive compounds. Hydroxylamine, o-(phenylmethyl) is the major compound
identified in the Jasminum officinale plant oil. In Mentha piperita plant oil 1-Hexadecen-3-ol, 3,5,11,15-
tetramethyl was the major compound. Sitosterol is the major compound identified in Prunus dulcis plant oil.
The three plant oils did not reveal a common major compound in them.
Figure2: Chemical constituents of plant oilMentha piperita(GC-MS Chromatogram)
JETIR2204484 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org e638
© 2022 JETIR April 2022, Volume 9, Issue 4 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
Figure 3: Chemical constituents of plant oil Prunus dulcis (GC-MS Chromatogram)
Studies carried out by Feng huanweiet al., (2015) showed that30 compounds were present in the
flower of Jasminum officinale by GC-MS. The major volatile components of the flower of Jasminum
officinale grandiflorumwere 3,7,11,15- tetramethyl-2-hexadecen- 1-ol 9(Phytol) (25.77%), 3,7,11-
trimethyldodeca -1,6,10- trien-3-ol (12.54%) and 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-1-Hexadecen-3-ol
(12.42%).Mokhtar et al.,(2018) observed that an obvious inter or intra differences in the chemical
composition of the three Mentha species. The common components in all species are 35 components, the
major of which is P-menthone (33.24%) in Mentha piperita leaf. Regarding the unique components it was
found that Mentha piperita contain 7 unique components the major of which is 2,4-(10)-thujadien (3.88%),
while Mentha spicata has 18 unique components, the major one is Cymene(24.445%) and finally Mentha
pulegum has 11 unique components the major one is (+)-Isomenthol (16.64%). Muhammad Nasimullah
Qureshi et al., (2019) reported that Prunus dulcis has been known as a source of nutrients in many
traditional foods and important biologically active compounds in traditional medicines. GC-MS analysis of
the hexane and chloroform fractions yielded a number of volatile constituents, resulting in the highest
amounts of 6-Octadecenoic acid and 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl cyclopentane 37.52%and 24.54% in hexane and
chloroform fractions respectively.
When the results were compared with the literature, the chemical composition and the content of
essential oils from Jasminum officinale, Mentha piperita and Prunus dulcis in the present study showed
slight differences, which can be attributed several factors such as the part of plant under analysis, the stage
Ofplant development, the time of harvesting or picking, differences in climatic and ecological conditions.
CONCLUSION
GC-MS analysis of plant essential oils (Jasminum officinale, Mentha piperita and Prunus dulcis)
revealed the presence of various compounds. The results reveal that essential oil of Jasminum officinale
contains 55 compounds, Mentha piperita with 73 compounds and Prunus dulcis contains 42 compounds.
Among the plant oils analyzed Mentha piperita shown higher percentages of biological compounds
compared to other two plant oils. The chemical composition of the essential oils of Jasminum officinale,
Mentha piperita and Prunus dulcis has a remarkable variation attributable to the species genetic variation
and probably the ecological conditions under these plants are grown.
JETIR2204484 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org e639
© 2022 JETIR April 2022, Volume 9, Issue 4 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
REFERENCES
AdorjanB,andBuchbauer G, 2010. Biological properties of essential oils: an updated review.Flavour and
Fragrance Journal, vol.25, no.6, pp. 407-426.
Ahrens S, Venkatachalam M, Mistry A. M, Lapsley K and Sathe S. K, 2005. Almond protein quality. Plant
Foods for Human Nutrition, 60(3), 123-128.
Alboofetileh M, Rezaei M, Hosseini H andAbdollahi M, 2014.Antimicrobial activity of alginate/clay
nanocomposite films enriched with essential oils against three common foodborne pathogens.Food
Control,vol.36,no.1, pp.1-7.
Baser K H, 2010. Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology and Application, Universityof Wien,
Vienna, Austria, 978-1-4200-6315-8.
Bilia A R,Guccione C,Isacchi B,Righeschi C,Firenzuoli F and M.C.Bergonzi M C, 2014. Essential oils
loaded in nanosystems: a developing strategy for a successful therapeutic approach.Evidence Based
Complementary Alternative Medicine, vol.2014, Article ID 651593,p.14.
Chen C. Y, Lapsley K and Blumberg J, 2006. A nutrition and health perspective on almonds. Journal of the
Science of Food and Agriculture, 86(14): 2245-2250.
Dew M J and Evans J R, 1984. Peppermint oil for the irritable bowie syndrome, a multi centretrialm. Br. J.
Clin Pract, 38:394-395.
Feng huan Wei, Feilong Chen and Xiaomei Tan, 2015. Gas Chromatographic – Mass Spectrometric
Analysis of Essential Oil of Jasminum officinale L var Grandiflorum Flower. Tropical Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research 14(1): 149-152.
Gan F and ye R. 2006. New approach on similarity analysis of chromatographic fingerprint of herbal
medicine, Journal of Chromatography, vol.1104, no. 1-2, pp.100-105.
Hassan A M K and Mujtaba M D, 2019. Antibacterial efficacy of garlic oil nano emulsion. AIMS
Agriculture and Food, vol.4,no.1,pp.194-205.
Kirethekar, Basu I,1985. Indian Medicinal Plants. Pp. 714-716.
Mariajancyrani J, Chandramohan G, Brindha P and Saravanan P, 2014. GC-MS analysis of terpenes from
hexane extract of Lantana camara leaves. International Journal ofAdvances in Pharmacy, Biology
and Chemistry, vol.3, no.1, pp. 2277- 4688.
Mokhtar M.Bishr and Osama M. Salama, 2018. Inter and intra GC-MS differential analysis of the essential
oils of three Mentha species growing in Egypt. Future Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences, vol.4,
no.1, pp. 53-56.
Muhammad Nasimullah Qureshi, SodikNumonov and Haji AkberAisa, 2019. Total polyphenolic
compounds, total flavonoids, GC-MS analysis of volatile constituents, evaluation of antioxidant and
antimicrobial activities of Prunus dulcisnuts.Pakistan Journalof Pharmaceutical Sciences, 32(4):
1461-1466.
Rehman R, Hanif M A,Mushtaq Z,Mochona B and Qi X, 2016. Biosynthetic factories of essential oils: the
aromatic plants.Natural Products Chemistry and Research, vol. 4, no.4,pp. 227.
Sharma Vivek, Sharma Nisha,PathaniaVijaylata, Malik A. Reyaz, Singh Bikram and Gupta C. Raghbir,
2010. GC-MS analysis and anti-microbial activity of essential Oilof Mentha piperita L. from Kullu-
a north Indian region of higher altitude
himalayas. International Journal of Drug Development and Research vol.2, no.4, pp.0975-9344.
Singh G, Kaoor I P S, Singh P, De Heluani C S, De Lampasona M P and Catalan C A N, 2008. Chemistry,
antioxidant and antimicrobial investigations on essential oil and oleoresins of Zingiber officinale.
Food and Chemical Toxicology. vol. 46,no.10,pp.295-3302.
Singariya P, Mourya K K and Kumar P, 2015. Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometric analysis of
acetone extract of Cenchrus ciliaris. International Journal of Science and Nature, vol.6,no.4, pp.
652-661
JETIR2204484 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org e640
© 2022 JETIR April 2022, Volume 9, Issue 4 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
Sridhar S R, Rajagopal R V, Rajavel R, Masilamani S and Narasimhan S, 2003. Antifungal activity of some
essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. vol.51,no.26,pp.7596-7599.
WHO, 2000. General guidelines for methodologies on research and evaluation of traditional medicines,in
WHO Consultation of Traditional Medicine, Hong Kong SpecialAdministrative Region of China, pp.
1-74, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
Wink M, 2018. Plant secondary metabolites modulate insect behavior- steps towards addiction. Frontiers I
Physiology, vol 9 no.364.
Ye J,2009. Application of gas chromatography- mass spectrometry in research of traditional Chinese
medicine. Chemical Papers,vol.63, no.5,pp.506-511.
Yue X S, Dong L Y, Ping S Y and Juan C, 2013. Qualiy control of traditional Chinese
medicines. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, vol.13, no.6, pp.596-607.
JETIR2204484 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org e641
