MAuA lnS1l1u1L Cl 1LCPnCLCC?

LnClnLL8lnC LL11L8lnC
u8AW10W / A33





CCSML kA8Ln ulAnnL C 10/13/11

M8S SWA?LLnL C LSCAMlLLA




LnClnLL8lnC LL11L8lnC
C8!LC1lvLS
1lps and 1echnlques
LeLLerlng
aLlence and pracLlce needed

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LeLLerlng Culdellnes PandouL
LeLLerlng SLyles
Shape of LeLLers
Crder of urawlng Llnes
CharacLer unlformlLy
Spaclng
LnClL 1LCPnlCuLS
1he besL penclls for leLLerlng on mosL surfaces are Lhe P l and P8 grades

Pold your pencll ln Lhe poslLlon shown lL should make approxlmaLely a 60
o
angle wlLh
Lhe paper

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ueveloplng good leLLerlng ls a personal sklll whlch Lakes pracLlce
LeLLers musL be formed properly
1hey musL be open shaped very leglble
Clear communlcaLlon ls essenLlal Lo avold mlsLakes and reduce wasLe
LeLLerlng may be done uslng a drafLlng Lype pencll lead holder or Lechnlcal pen
Whlchever Lool ls used Lhe leLLers musL properly formed and very black
ull Lhe pencll or pen across Lhe paper All leLLerlng sLrokes should be a pulllng
moLlon
8lghLhanded and lefLhanded drafLers may have Lo develop dlfferenL sLyles for
formlng leLLers
ress down hard when uslng a pencll
verLlcal caplLal leLLers are preferred for mosL Lechnlcal work 1hey are formed wlLhln a
6 by 6 grld









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MosL leLLers are sllghLly narrower Lhan Lhey are Lall 1he shapes of Lhe leLLers are as open as
posslble LeLLers wlLh small loops and crosslng sLrokes are avolded
1hls sequence ls recommended Lo assure LhaL each leLLer ls Lhe correcL wldLh ln relaLlon ln
helghL lor example form Lhe Lwo verLlcal sldes of Lhe P" n" and M" flrsL lorm Lhe Lop
of Lhe 1" flrsL
1he P" and n" are sllghLly narrower Lhan Lhey are Lall
1he 1" and Lhe M" are [usL as wlde as Lhey are Lall
noLe roporLlon wldLh vs helghL ls very lmporLanL ln formlng leLLers
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1he sLyle of englneerlng leLLerlng we wlll use ln Lhls course ls Slngle SLroke CoLhlc
LeLLerlng
noLlce LhaL only caplLal leLLers are demonsLraLed slnce we wlll use only caplLal leLLers
on drawlngs

1LCPnlCAL LL11L8lnC
Lnglneerlng Craphlcs ls sald Lo be Lnglneers language ln every language Lhere are Lwo
prlmary requlremenLs vlz Crammar and LeLLerlng So 1echnlcal LeLLerlng ls lndeed requlred
whlle learnlng Lhe concepLs of Lnglneerlng Craphlcs Machlne urawlng Machlne ueslgn and
all
1echnlcal leLLerlng ls Lhe process of formlng leLLers numerals and oLher characLers ln
Lechnlcal drawlng lL ls used Lo descrlbe or provlde deLalled speclflcaLlons for an ob[ecL

WlLh Lhe goals of leglblllLy and unlformlLy sLyles are sLandardlzed and leLLerlng ablllLy has
llLLle relaLlonshlp Lo normal wrlLlng ablllLy




Lnglneerlng drawlngs use a CoLhlc sansserlf scrlpL formed by a serles of shorL sLrokes
Lower case leLLers are rare ln mosL drawlngs of machlnes
1here are Lhree meLhods of formlng leLLers
lreehand leLLerlng ls done wlLhouL Lhe asslsLance of Lools 1o regulaLe leLLerlng helghL
commonly 3 mm (1/8) guldellnes are drawn
Mechanlcal leLLerlng ls done uslng Lools such as leLLerlng guldes LemplaLes or uslng a
small mechanlcal panLograph referred Lo by Lhe keuffel Lsser Lrademark Leroy
Modern drawlngs are leLLered wlLh compuLeralded deslgn sofLware




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lor qulck acLlon ln Lhelr work englneers are requlred Lo have pracLlce of freehand
leLLerlng as lL allows Lhem Lo represenL Lhelr ldeas ln a shorL Llme and ln a more efflclenL
manner
ln freehand leLLerlng Lhe Lwo baslc Lhlngs are Lo be followed
1he leLLers Lo be drawn Lhough freehanded musL be sLable and graceful ln some cases Lhe
sLablllLy may geL damaged (As ln case of and l whlch show a 1opPeavy effecL 8uL lL ls
sLlll unavoldable) ln oLher cases Lhe sLablllLy and Lhe grace of Lhe leLLers may be malnLalned
by elLher
1urawlng Lhe lower parLs of Lhe leLLers llke 8L eLc wlder Lhan Lhe upper parLs
or
2 urawlng Lhe horlzonLal llne aL Lhe cenLer of Lhese leLLers [usL above Lhelr geomeLrlc
axls(LxcepLlon ln case of Lhe leLLer A Lhe horlzonLal member ls drawn below geomeLrlc
cenLer axls Pere along wlLh sLablllLy one more facLor ls consldered LhaL ls equallLy of areas
below and above Lhe cenLer llne lf we draw Lhe horlzonLal llne exacLly aL Lhe cenLer Lhen
Lhe dlfference ln Lhe areas of Lhe Lrlangle above Lhe llne and Lhe Lrapezlum below Lhe llne ls
much larger 1hls creaLes an unusual effecL Lo our eyes)
* When Lhe comblnaLlon of leLLers occurs Lhen lL should be kepL ln mlnd LhaL we are wrlLlng
a whole word noL a slngle leLLer Pence emphasls should be on Lhe overall beauLy of Lhe
word raLher Lhan one or Lwo leLLers
1he CC1PlC ls Lhe mosL common leLLerlng fonL used ln freehand leLLerlng 1he only reason
behlnd Lhls ls Lhe wldLh of each llne elemenL of each leLLer ls same LhroughouL LlLher
S18AlCP1 CC1PlC or lnCLlnLu CC1PlC maybe used for leLLerlng 1he angle of lncllnaLlon of
Lhe leLLers ln lnCLlnLu CC1PlC ls 13 wlLh respecL Lo Lhe verLlcal


ulMLnSlCnS Cl LL11L8S

A deLall drawlng such as glvlng shape of a parL furnlsh of parL locaLlon of hole klnd of
flnlsh Lype of maLerlal number requlred eLc all such lnformaLlon on a drawlng ls
done by use of llnes symbols flgures and noLes and all Lhls ls conslsL of dlmenslonlng
And Lhese llnes symbol language ln machlne drawlng ls known as Lechnlcal leLLerlng
1he nomlnal Slze of leLLerlng ls deflned by Lhe helghL (h) of Lhe ouLllne conLour of Lhe
uppercase (caplLal)
CenLral Llne ls Lhe lmaglnary llne ln Lhe mlddle of each llne or llne elemenL whlch ls a
consLlLuLlve parL of a graphlc characLer seL
lf we conslder d as Lhe wldLh of Lhe llne elemenL and h as Lhe helghL of Lhe llne
elemenL Lhen Lhe Lwo sLandard raLlos for d/h are 1/14 and 1/10 whlch are feaslble
because Lhey resulL ln a mlnlmum number of llne Lhlcknesses
LocaLlon of CenLral Llnes 1he nomlnal slze (h) and Lhe spaclng beLween characLers (a)
shall be Laken as Lhe basls for deflnlng Lhe cenLral llne
8ange of nomlnal Slzes 1he range of nomlnal slzes are 23 mm 33mm 3 mm 7 mm
10 mm 14 mm 20 mm
1he mulLlple of 1414(square rooL of 2) ls Lhe range of helghLs for leLLerlng ls derlved from
Lhe sLandardlzed progresslon of dlmenslons for paper slzes
LeLLerlng Angle1he leLLerlng may be verLlcal (uprlghL) or lncllned (sloped) Lo Lhe rlghL
aL 73 from Lhe horlzonLal
1he spaclng beLween Lwo characLers may be reduced by half lf Lhls glves a beLLer
vlsual effecL
varlous leLLers are dlvlded lnLo no of parLs so LhaL dlmenslons wlll be accuraLe


LnClnLL8lnC LL11L8S
Lnglneerlng LeLLers ls publlshed wlLh boLh onllne and prlnL verslons 1he [ournal covers Lhe
fronLler lssues ln Lhe englneerlng and Lhe compuLer sclence and Lhelr appllcaLlons ln
buslness lndusLry and oLher sub[ecLs 1he compuLer sclence ls a branch of englneerlng
sclence LhaL sLudles compuLable processes and sLrucLures lL conLalns Lheorles for
undersLandlng compuLlng sysLems and meLhods compuLaLlonal algorlLhms and Lools
meLhodologles for LesLlng of concepLs 1he sub[ecLs covered by Lhe [ournal lnclude arLlflclal
lnLelllgence blolnformaLlcs compuLaLlonal sLaLlsLlcs daLabase daLa mlnlng elecLronlcs
flnanclal englneerlng hardware sysLems lmaglng englneerlng lndusLrlal englneerlng
lnformaLlon englneerlng lnLerneL compuLlng neLworklng operaLlons research sclenLlflc
compuLlng sofLware englneerlng LelecommunlcaLlons and Lhelr appllcaLlons eLc
rlnLed coples of Lhe [ournal are dlsLrlbuLed Lo accredlLed unlverslLles and governmenL
llbrarles All Lhe papers ln Lhe [ournal are also avallable freely wlLh onllne fullLexL conLenL
and permanenL worldwlde web llnk 1he absLracLs wlll be lndexed and avallable aL ma[or
academlc daLabases
Lnglneerlng LeLLers welcomes auLhor submlsslon of papers concernlng any branch of Lhe
englneerlng and Lhe compuLer sclence and Lhelr appllcaLlons ln buslness lndusLry and oLher
sub[ecLs 1he sub[ecLs covered by Lhe [ournal lnclude arLlflclal lnLelllgence blolnformaLlcs
compuLaLlonal sLaLlsLlcs daLabase daLa mlnlng flnanclal englneerlng hardware sysLems
lmaglng englneerlng lndusLrlal englneerlng lnLerneL compuLlng neLworklng operaLlons
research sclenLlflc compuLlng sofLware englneerlng and Lhelr appllcaLlons
All submlLLed papers are Lo be peerrevlewed for ensurlng Lhelr quallLles
verLlcal llnes are usually drawn ln an upward dlrecLlon movlng from lefL Lo rlghL
across Lhe drawlng Powever when you have Lo draw a number of verLlcal llnes or

llnes slanLed ln Lhe same dlrecLlon Lhe way you draw Lhem wlll be governed by Lhe
source of your llghL and Lhe way you have found LhaL you can draw verLlcal llnes wlLh
greaLesL conLrol LeL Lhe flrsL llnes dry before sLarLlng Lo draw any lnLersecLlng llnes WaLch
carefully when you draw one llne across anoLher llne ?ou vary Lhe Lhlckness of lnk llnes by
selecLlng a pen unlL LhaL maLches your deslred appllcaLlon and/or llne convenLlon 1he
order generally recommended for lnklng ls as follows
1 lnklng of a drawlng musL sLarL from Lhe Lop of Lhe paper and progress Loward Lhe
boLLom
2 SLarL lnklng all arcs of clrcles fllleLs rounds small clrcles large clrcles and oLher
compassdrawn llnes
3 lnk all lrregular curves uslng a lrench curve or a spllne as a gulde
4 lnk all Lhlck horlzonLal llnes Lhen all medlum and Lhln llnes
3 SLarL aL Lhe lefL edge and lnk Lhe Lhlck flrsL Lhe medlum nexL and flnally Lhe Lhln verLlcal
llnes from lefL Lo rlghL
6 lollow Lhe same procedure descrlbed ln (4) and (3) for slanLlng
7 lnk secLlon llnes dlmenslons and arrowheads
8 lnk noLes and LlLle merldlan symbol and graphlc scales
9 lnk borders and check lnked drawlng for compleLeness
10 use an arL gum or a kneaded eraser Lo erase pencll marks or for flnal cleanup of
Lhe drawlng

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1he lnformaLlon LhaL a drawlng musL presenL cannoL be revealed by graphlc shapes and
llnes alone 1o make a drawlng lnformaLlve and compleLe you musL lnclude leLLerlng
ln Lhe form of dlmenslons noLes legends and LlLles LeLLerlng can elLher enhance
your drawlng by maklng lL slmple Lo lnLerpreL and pleasanL Lo look aL or lL can ruln
your drawlng by maklng lL dlfflculL Lo read and unslghLly ln appearance 1herefore lL


ls essenLlal LhaL you masLer Lhe Lechnlques and skllls requlred for neaL leglble
leLLerlng

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As you work wlLh experlenced drafLsmen you wlll noLlce LhaL Lhelr freehand leLLerlng
adds sLyle and lndlvlduallLy Lo Lhelr work 1hey Lake greaL prlde ln Lhelr freehand
leLLerlng ablllLy 8y learnlng baslc leLLer forms and wlLh consLanL pracLlce you wlll soon
be able Lo do a credlLable [ob of leLLerlng and acqulre your own sLyle and lndlvlduallLy
Anyone who can wrlLe can learn Lo leLLer As you pracLlce you wlll sLeadlly lmprove boLh
your sLyle and Lhe speed wlLh whlch you can leLLer neaLly uon'L glve up lf your flrsL
aLLempLs do noL produce neaL leLLerlng uon'L be afrald Lo ask your supervlsor for a few
polnLers An undersLandlng of Lhe leLLer shapes and Lhe ablllLy Lo vlsuallze Lhem can be
accompllshed by drawlng Lhem unLll Lhe muscles of your hand are accusLomed Lo Lhe
paLLern of Lhe sLrokes LhaL make up Lhe leLLers ?ou should be able Lo draw good leLLers
wlLhouL consclously Lhlnklng of Lhls paLLern ?our poslLlon and how you hold your pencll
wlll greaLly affecL your leLLerlng ?ou should slL up sLralghL and resL your forearm on
Lhe drawlng board or Lable Pold Lhe pencll beLween Lhe Lhumb foreflnger and second
flnger Lhe Lhlrd and fourLh flngers and Lhe ball of Lhe palm resL on Lhe drawlng sheeL uo
noL grlp Lhe pencll LlghLly A LlghL grlp wlll cramp Lhe muscles ln your flngers causlng you
Lo lose conLrol lf you geL wrlLer's cramp" easlly you are probably holdlng your pencll
Loo LlghLly 1he pencll should be kepL sharpened Lo produce unlform llne welghLs A
conlcalshaped pencll polnL works besL for mosL leLLerlng usually an l or P pencll ls
used for leLLerlng A pencll LhaL ls Loo hard may cuL lnLo Lhe paper or lL may produce
leLLerlng LhaL wlll noL reproduce easlly A pencll LhaL ls Loo sofL wlll requlre frequenL
sharpenlng and lL wlll produce leLLerlng LhaL may smear easlly on a drawlng



8LlL8LnCLS
hLLp//wwwenglneerlngleLLerscom/
hLLp//wwwLpubcom/conLenL/englneerlng/14069/css/14069_112hLm
hLLp//enwlklpedlaorg/wlkl/1echnlcal_leLLerlng
hLLp//wwwslldeshareneL/hermlragullar/englneerlngdrawlngenglneerlngleLLerlng
lesson3