ILMI STARS Education System | spreading the Light 1°" YEAR PHYSICS NOTES FEDERAL BOARD and KPK BOARD CHAPTER 3: FORCES AND MOTION TOPIC-WISE NOTES (Reduced Syllabus) Linear Momentum Definition The linear momentum P is defined as the product of the mass and linear velocity 0” of the object. Mathematical Form P= mv Nature Linear momentum is vector quantity that points in the same direction as the velocity S1Unit SI unit of momentum kilogram metre / second (kgm/s) or newton second (Ns) Linear Momentum and Newton’s 2" Law By Newton's 2™ law; www.ilmistarsacademy.com | www.youtube.com/ilmistarsacademy | _ www.facebook.comy/ilmistarsacademy : | Whatsapp :0312-5969383 | Email: ilmistarsacademy@gmailcom11 Physics | Chapter 1: Measurement | Federal Board | KPK Board Page 2 qt By putting the value of a’ in eq.1 ye =m) F= > RR lias at _|aey =a Thus; rate of change of linear momentum is equal to the force acting on the body Impulse and Change of Momentum a) Impulse It is the product of force and time interval during which force acts b) Mathematical Form J=F x at ¢) Nature It is vector quantity having same direction as average force d) Significance It describes the effect of how large force is acting and for how long force acts i) A large force can act for small interval of time ii) A small force can act for long interval of time J =F X At _ a T= 3x ae www.iimistarsacademy.com | www.youtube.com/ilmistarsacademy | www.facebook.com/ilmistarsacademy ‘Mob :0312-5969383 | Whatsapp : 0312-5969383 | Email: iimistarsacademy@gmail.com11° Physics | Chapter 1: Measurement | Federal Board | KPK Board Conservation of Linear Momentum Statement Law of conservation of momentum states that; “1n an isolated system the final momentum is of the system must be equal to initial momentum” Explanation Isol: stem An isolated system is a collection of particles that can interact with each other but whose interactions with environment outside the collection have a negligible effect on their motions. [ System on which no external force acts is called isolated system ] Verification ‘As we know that; Force = Rate of change of momentum As in isolated system external force F = 0 therefore; Boe o At 0 xat =P - PB =R-F o+ www.ilmistarsacademy.com | — www.youtube.com/ilmistarsacader | www.facebook.com/ilmistarsacademy ‘Mob :0312-5969383 | Whatsapp : 0312-5969383 | Email: imistarsacademy@gmail.com11" Physics | Chapter 1: Measurement | Federal Board | KPK Board age 4 An event in which particles come close to each other and interact by means of forces is called collision Explanation © Forces due to collision are assumed to be much larger than any external forces present. * For collision to occur the colliding object must not necessarily touch. For example in collision of proton with nucleus they do not touch with each other because they are positive and repel each other © Inany isolated system total energy and momentum are conserved but some energy transformations can take place © There are two types of collisions; a) Elastic Collision i) Definiti Collision in which the kinetic energy and linear momentum of the system is conserved il) Explanation Real collisions in macroscopic world are only approximately elastic because Some transformation of kinetic energy can take place > Some energy leaves the system Truly elastic collisions do occur between atomic and subatomic particles. K. Einitiat = K.Eginat www.ilmistarsacademy.com | — www.youtube.comyilmistarsacader | wwwfacebook.com/iImistarsacademy Mob : 0312-5969383 | Whatsapp : 0312-5969383 | Email: imistarsacademy@gmail.com11° Physics | Chapter 1: Measurement | Federal Board | KPK Board age 5 b) Inelastic Collision i) Definition Collision in which the kinetic energy is not conserved even though momentum is conserved ii) Explanation The kinetic energy is lost in inelastic collisions. Collisions of daily life are generally inelastic collisions. For example collision between two billiard balls or a baseball and a bat or between the colliding cars. K.Einitiat # K.Eginat Elastic Collision in One Dimension In perfectly elastic collision there is conservation of momentum as well as conservation of kinetic energy. Conservation of Momentum Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision muy + mMyU, = mv, +m2vz Myuy — MV, = M2V2 — MyUy my (uy V4) = eq.t Conservation of K.E Total K.E before collision = Total K.E after collision 1 1 1 1 pms? +5 myuy* = 5m,v,? +5 mv," www.ilmistarsacademy.com | — www.youtube.comyilmistarsacader | wwwfacebook.com/iImistarsacademy ‘Mob :0312-5969383 ‘Whatsapp : 0312-5969383 | Email: iimistarsacademy@gmail.com11" Phy Measurement | Federal Board | KPK Board. my (uy? — 147) = mz (v? = uy?) Divide equation-1 by equation-2 ma (v2? m3 (v2 miu? mi (uy (uy? = 1?) (u;? =u”) (4 = %) (v2 = M2) According to a? — b? = (a+b) x (a-5) (ut M)GH = V1) _ (2+ Ue)(v2 ~ wa) (4-1) (v2. =u) (a+ v1) = (v2 + U2) Relative velocity before collision = Relative velocity after collision www.iimistarsacademy.com | www.youtube.com/ilmistarsacademy | www.facebook.com/ilmistarsacademy ‘Mob :0312-5969383 | Whatsapp :0312-5969383, | Email: iimistarsacademy@gmail.com11 Physics | Chapter 1: Measurement | Federal Board | KPK Board Page7 wy — Uy = —(-%, +) uy — Uz = —(%1— v2) Change in velocity before collision = Change in velocity after collision Determination of Velocity v, As we know that; Vg = Uy + Vy elgem By putting the value of v2 in equation-1 My + MzUz = mM,v, + m2v2 my +mzUz = m,V; + m2( uy +V, — U2) muy + MyU, = m,V, + mzU, + Mv, —MyU2 My + MzUz + MpUz — MU, = Mv, + MV, mMyYy + MgVy = MU, + MzUz + MzUz — MU, mv, + mgv,= MU, —mMzU, + 2mzUz (m+ ma), = (my — m2)uy + 2myUy (Gny=m,)u,+2mzuz y= a (mst ma) www. iimistarsacademy.com | — www.youtube.com/ilmistarsacader | www.facebook.com/ilmistarsacademy ‘Mob : 0312-5969383 ‘Whatsapp : 0312-5969383 | Email: ilmistarsacademy@email.com11° Physics | Chapter 1: Measurement | Federal Board | KPK Board (mymma)uy 2m M1 = “Gmptm,) + Gmtm, Determination of Velocity v2 From equation-4 Wy = UW +My Vy = Vat lg Uy By putting the value of v,in equation-1 My + MzUz = mM (vz + Uz— wh) +mMyvz muy, + mzUz = MzV2 + MyUZ — MU + M2Vv2 mu, + my Uy — MyUz + MZU, = MyVvz + mv; 2mguy — (my = Mau, = va(m, + m2) 2myus—(My= Matta (atm) = 2mgty0my mse Ye = Grama) = 2m (m=) 72° Gnatma)— Grtma) Projectile Motion Definition www.ilmistarsacademy.com | — www.youtube.comyilmistarsacader | wwwfacebook.com/iImistarsacademy Mob : 0312-5969383 | Whatsapp : 0312-5969383 | Email: iimistarsacademy@gmail.com11 Physics | Chapter 1: Measurement | Federal Board | KPK Board Page 9 Two dimensional motion of a body near the surface of earth under the effect of gravity only is called projectile motion. The body is called projectile and its path is called trajectory. Assum ns Following two assumptions are made; © Air resistance is negligible * Value of gravity is constant Examples * A football hit into air © Acricket ball hit into air « Ashell fired from cannon * Astone thrown down the hill Ideal Projectile Motion Projectile motion in which there is no influence of air resistance, wind speed, spin of projectile, variations in gravity is called ideal projectile motion. Velocity and Acceleration © Horizontal component of projectile velocity V’,. remains same (constant) therefore there is no horizontal acceleration (@'; = 0) www.llmistarsacademy.com | www.youtube.com/ilmistarsacademy | wnww.facebook.comy/ilmistarsacademy ‘Mob :0312-5969383 | Whatsapp :0312-5969383 | Email: iimistarsacademy@gmail.com11° Physics | Chapter 1: Measurement | Federal Board | KPK Board age 10 * Vertical component of projectile velocity Vy changes therefore there is vertical acceleration (@'y) ¥ vsin@| v H 8 vcos@ x Velocity of Projectile a) Magnitude Horizontal component of velocity 1* equation of motion V;= Vitat Vox = Vix + Oyt Here Viy=Vy, Viz = Ycos8, Y= V,cosd + (0)t V, = V,cosd Vertical component of velocity 1" equation of motion v= Vi+at Vpy = Viy + yt www.ilmistarsacademy.com | www.youtube.com/ilmistarsacademy | _ wnww.facebook.comyilmistarsacademy Mob : 0312-5969383 | Whatsapp :0312-5969383 | Email: imistarsacademy@gmail.com11 Physics | Chapter 1: Measurement | Federal Board | KPK Board age 11 Here Viy=W, Vy=Vsin8, ay=—g, V, sin + (—g)t V, sind — gt Now for magnitude of velocity v va /V2, + V2, v=\(W, cos)? + (¥, sind — gt)? piste % = tan & = tan" = -1 Ye siné=gt D can-92 g=tan Vacos® 1) Maximum Height Definition Maximum vertical distance reached by projectile from projection level is called maximum height of projectile. Derivation ¥ Using 3 equation of motion vsine | v H 2aS = V2, — V2, @ vos 8 2aySy = Vipy — Viy Here Vjy = Vy =0 Viy = Va sind By putting above values; —2gH = (0)? — (V, sind)? —2gH =—V,? sin? @ www.ilmistarsacademy.com | www.youtube.com/ilmistarsacademy | _ wnww.facebook.comyilmistarsacademy Mob : 0312-5969383 | Whatsapp : 0312-5969383, | Email: imistarsacademy@gmail.com11 Physics | Chapter 1: Measurement | Federal Board | KPK Board 2gH = V," sin? @ 2) Time of Flight Definition The time taken by projectile from point of projection to the point of impact is called time of flight of projectile Derivation Using 2” equation of motion y Vit + Sat? Sy = Viyt + Here &, By putting these values; 0 V, sinoT + —(—g) T* 0 V, sinoT — 9 T? —V, sinoT = — sar? Vv sind = Sor gT = 2%sind Time to Reach Summit www.ilmistarsacademy.com | www.youtube.com/ilmistarsacademy | _ wnww.facebook.comy/ilmistarsacademy Mob : 0312-5969383 | Whatsapp : 0312-5969383, | Email: imistarsacademy@gmail.com11" Physics | Chapter leasurement | Federal Board | KPK Board age 13 * Summit is the highest point Summit time is equal to the half of the total time of flight 3) Range Definition The horizontal distance from the point of projection to the point of impact is called range R of projectile Y Derivatior vsind | Vv. Using 2” equation of motion @ vcos8 1 x a 1 S= Vit sat R . 1 2 Sy = Vigt + Sagt’ Here Vix= Vj cos@, a, =0, t=T= ue By putting above values; ( a) ( ety 1 R= V, cosé +> 2, sind R= V,cosé (—*)+ 0 2V, sind R= V,cos0 —— f ve R= Fo (2sin6cos0) Since 2sinOcos@ = sin2@ therfore www.ilmistarsacademy.com | www.youtube.com/ilmistarsacademy | _ wnww.facebook.comy/ilmistarsacademy Mob : 0312-5969383 | Whatsapp :0312-5969383, | Email: imistarsacademy@gmail.com11” Physics | Chapter Measurement | Federal Board | KPK Board. 14 2 R (sin28) Maximum Range Angle a) Introduction * Maximum value for sine of any angle is 1 © Range will be maximum if sin2@ is maximum ‘ 7 %— sin2@ . 7 * Factor ‘sin26" in = —* "20 will be maximum ifit is equal to 2 b) Derivation of Angle for Maximum Range sin26nax = 1 26 max = sin“ 1 Since sin11= 90° therefore; 26 nen = 9max = > Imax = 45° ¢) Conclusion Above derivation proves that projectile will cover maximum range if itis projected at 45° Two Projection Angles for same Range a) Introduction * Ifthe velocity of projection and the acceleration due to gravity g is kept constant , then there are twwo complementary angles will have same horizontal range © Complementary angles are those whose sum is 90° www.ilmistarsacademy.com | www.youtube.com/ilmistarsacademy | _ wnww.facebook.comy/ilmistarsacademy Mob : 0312-5969383 | Whatsapp : 0312-5969383, | Email: imistarsacademy@gmail.com11 Physics | Chapter 1: Measurement | Federal Board | KPK Board 10 ove 4 6 6 1012 14 16 18 20° Range In meters (horizontal distance) b) Examples i) Range is same at 75° and 15° 25 sin2(75°) ie = 75 a v2, sin150° Re = 75; ai We Rys = —{* (05) ——-—-——-equation-1 v2, sin2(15°) Reo = OOO 15 z V2o sin30° [Rivee= — aoe 15 A Vig i“ Rye = (05) -equation-2 Equation-1 and Equation-2 proves that range is same for complementary angles 75° and 15°. Similarly range is same for all other complementary angles Range with Air Resistance © Air Resistance affects both the vertical and horizontal components of velocity and hence the height and range of projectile is reduced www.ilmistarsacademy.com | — www.youtube.com/ilmistarsacader | wwwfacebook.com/iImistarsacademy ‘Mob :0312-5969383 | Whatsapp : 0312-5969383, | Email: imistarsacademy@gmail.com11” Physics | Chapter 1: Measurement | Federal Board | KPK Board age 16 Without air resistance www. ilmistarsacademy.com | — www.youtube.com/ilmistarsacademy | www.facebook.com/ilmistarsacademy ‘Mob :0312-5969383 ‘Whatsapp :0312-5969383 | Email: ilmistarsacademy@ gmail.com