FACTORS IN TECHNOLOGY

ADOPTION

RYAN PAUL C. CAALEM, LPT, RA

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY-GABALDON CAMPUS
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Define terminologies used in technology adoption;

2. Identify the categories, types and sources of agricultural
technologies;
3. Explain the technology development process, diffusion-
adoption process and innovation-decision process; and
4. Discuss the factors affecting technology adoption process
What is Technology?
A great manifestation of human activity in the world, a
means of performing or a capacity to perform a particular
activity.
Concerned with making ways and doing things which touched
every aspect of life.

Viewed as a new idea conceived because of a need, a want, lack or

demand.

A body of tools, machines, materials, techniques and processes

used to produce goods and services to satisfy human needs
(World Book Dictionary (1998)

Means and methods employed in the production /manufacture of

an output; installation, operation and maintenance of equipment,
device or industrial setup, know-how, invention, discovery the
building the performance of technical skills and services (Perez &
Burgos, 1992)
What is Innovation?
Innovation – is an idea, practice or object perceived as new
by an individual, something new and novel in human
knowledge and experience.
WHY ARE TECHNOLOGIES &
INNOVATIONS DEVELOPED?
Technologies and innovations are developed:
✎in response to a want, lack or demand (necessity is the
mother of invention)
✎ it is useful (when idea is put into practice!)
✎ it initiates societal change (change in the socio-economic
status of people)
✎ it symbolizes modernization which could lead to
transformation and development
 CATEGORIES OF TECHNOLOGY

COMPONENT PACKAGE
TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY
• Refers to specific cultural • Refers to combination of all
techniques in management / necessary component
production of crops, livestock, technologies for production or
fishery and forestry. postproduction activities.
TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCT
• Some technologies take the from of physical goods. As far as the
technologies generated by the National R and D System are
concerned.
• Onion dryer, tissue cultured macapuno, rhizobia, new crop
varieties and hybrids, copra swine meal in swine ration,
rice bran quality assurance and snack food items from
coconut.

PROCESS
• Technologies of this nature are intangible and may refer to system for
doing things or systems/schemes for improved production,
postproduction and processing.
• Biological method of coconut oil extraction, improved
agroforestry systems, appropriate farming system for small
hold upland farmers and barangay integrated development
approach for nutrition improvement (BIDANI).
 TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY
SERVICE
• These type of technologies provide complementary
activities/services to enhance existing programs/policies of the
government.
• Technology on Upgrading Philippine Carabao Through
Estrus Synchronization and Artificial Insemination. This
has a very high impact in terms of complementing the program of
the government to improve carabao stocks.

INFORMATION
• These technologies are simply information or significant findings that
may indicate valuable socio-economic and technical databases for policy
formulation and follow-up R and D activities.
• Information systems or processes such as Decision Support System
for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT), Agrotechnology
Suitability Evaluation System (ASES), Agriculture and
Resources Regional Technology Information System and etc.
 SOURCES OF TECHNOLOGY
a. Government R & D centers like PhilRice, BPRE, PCC
b. State Universities and Colleges like CLSU, UP Los Baños, USM, etc

c. International research centers like IRRI, ICRISAT

d. Private chemical companies

e. Private manufacturers of machines, tools, equipment

f. Non-government organizations

g. Agri-business group, successful entrepreneurs, farmer-cooperators

h. Government personnel of agencies such as DA, DENR, DAR, NIA

i. Traders, processors, chemical dealers, seed producers, etc

j. Mass media
 Technology Development Process
According to the Philippine Council for Agriculture Resources Research and Development
(PCARRD) of DOST, composed of five major phases of Technology Packaging Process:

TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY

TECHNOLOGY
VERIFICATION ADAPTATION COMMERCIALI-
GENERATION DISSEMINATION
ZATION
 TECHNOLOGY
GENERATION

This is the scientific and experimental stage wherein a Research and

Development Center utilizes all its resources to generate a
component technology or a package of technology.
 TECHNOLOGY
VERIFICATION

A technology is classified for verification if it can be incorporated in a

package of technology that has potential for improving existing
farmers’ practices. Specifically, it should satisfy the following:
a. An integrated technology conducted in the farmer’s field
b. It has been tested for two seasons in technology generation (TG)
trials
c. It has shown economic and technical feasibility in TG trials. Its
computed return based on TG trials is better than that of
farmer’s practices as shown by marginal rate of return.
d. It is perceived to be socially acceptable and environmentally safe.
 TECHNOLOGY
ADAPTATION

A technology is classified as technology for adaptation if meets the

following criteria:
a. It is conducted in station or farmer’s field and only a component
of technology
b. It has been tested for technology generation (TG) research for at
least one season
c. It has shown good potential for economic feasibility based on TG
research
d. It has good potential for acceptance by farmers and commercial
producers
 TECHNOLOGY
DISSEMINATION

This is the stage when promoters of technologies can use varied

approaches and methods in bringing technologies to end-users.
Technologies are ready for dissemination if these have met the
following criteria:
a. General adaptability – these are replicable under field conditions
b. Economic profitability – the percent of profitability is equal to
the prevailing rate of interest on loans all formal financial
institutions. Profitability also considers social cost and benefits.
c. Social acceptability – these do not contradict social norms and
values prevailing in the community.
d. potential availability of support services – users have access to
market, credit facilities, material inputs and others.
 TECHNOLOGY
COMMERCIALIZATION

Technologies that have successfully passed the piloting stage or the

criteria for piloting or not piloted yet but have high potential for
commercialization I can see their priority technologies for
commercialization. Technologies are selected based on the following
criteria:
a. These could provide the best alternative for improving income
and productivity of a greater majority of people.
b. These could provide immediate solutions to self-sufficiency
problems, environmental sustainability, import substitution,
export generation in promotion of alternative sources of food.
 DIFFUSION-ADOPTION PROCESS
Diffusion is the process of spreading technology/information from one
agency to another; from one person to another person; from one group
to another group; from generation to generation (Mercado, 1964).
The acceptance over time of some specific item: an idea or practice, by
an individual or group, linked to a specific channel of communication
to a social structure and to a given system of values or culture.
The ultimate objective of the diffusion process is users' adoption of the
technology.

Awareness Interest Evaluation Trial Adoption

 DIFFUSION-ADOPTION PROCESS
Diffusion is the process of spreading technology/information
from one agency to another; from one person to another person;
from one group to another group; from generation to generation
(Mercado, 1964). The ultimate objective of the diffusion process
is users' adoption of the technology.

Awareness Interest Evaluation Trial Adoption

1. AWARENESS STAGE – the individual learns of the existence of the
new idea but lacks information about it.
2. INTEREST STAGE – the individual develops interest in the
innovation and seeks additional information
3. EVALUATION STAGE – the individual makes mental application
of the new idea to his present and anticipated future situation and
decides whether or not to try it.
4. TRIAL STAGE – the individual actually applies the new idea on a
small scale in order to determine its utility in one’s own situation.
5. ADOPTION STAGE – the individual uses the new idea
continuously on a full scale. It is the decision to make full use of the
technology as the best option possible.
CRITICISMS OF THIS ADOPTION
PROCESS
• The process seems to always end in adoption decisions, when
rejection may also be a likely outcome.
• The five stages may not always occur in specified order; the trial
stage may be skipped, and evaluation stage may occur throughout the
whole process.
• Adoption may not always be the end process, but more information
may be needed to confirm, reinforce or switch decision.
 ATTRIBUTES OF TECHNOLOGY
➢ RELATIVE ADVANTAGE – the degree to which an innovation
is perceived as being better than the idea it supercedes.
➢ COMPATIBILITY – the degree to which an innovation is
perceived as consistent with the existing values, past experiences
and needs of the receivers.
➢ COMPLEXITY – the simpler the technology, the higher is the
rate of adoption
➢ TRIABILITY – the degree to which an innovation may be
experimented with on a limited basis
➢ OBSERVABILITY – the degree to which the results of an
innovation are visible to others ( or communicability)
HOW DO THE ATTRIBUTES RELATE
WITH THE RATE OF TECHNOLOGY
ADOPTION?
Attributes Rate of adoption
Relative advantage +
Compatibility +
Complexity -
Trialability +
Observability +
 INNOVATION-DECISION PROCESS
The innovation decision process is the mental process through
which an individual passes from first knowledge of an innovation
to a decision to adopt or reject and to confirm this decision.
The model of the innovation decision making process is shown
below consists of four functions or stages as follows:

Knowledge Persuasion Decision Confirmation

 INNOVATION-DECISION PROCESS
➢ Knowledge. the individual is exposed to the innovations
existence and gains some understanding of how it functions.
➢ Persuasion. the individual forms favourable or unfavourable
attitude towards the innovation.
➢ Decision. the individual engages in activities which lead to a
choice to adopt or reject the innovation; and
➢ Confirmation. the individual seeks reinforcement for the
innovative decision he has made but he made reverse his
previous decision if exposed to conflicting messages about the
innovation
WHY DO FARMERS ADOPT/REJECT
TECHNOLOGY/INNOVATION?
1. The Technology/Innovation
2.The Clientele
a. Socio-psychological trait of farmers
b.Farmers Education
c. Family Size
d. Farmer’s Experience
e. Family Aspirations
f. Age
g.Income
h.Value System
i. Tenure Status
3.The ChangeAgent

• Credibility is the competency, trustworthiness and

dynamism of the extension worker as perceived by the
farmers.
• Homophilic relationship with farmers is the degree to which
the extension worker has rapport with the farmers and has
sense of belonginess.
• Personality traits are attributes of extension workers such as
intelligence, emphatic ability, commitment/sincerity,
resourcefulness, concern for farm people, ability to
communicate, persuasiveness and development orientation.
4.The Biophysical Environment
It includes physical condition of the farm, its location and
ecological setting, availability of resources/facilities, pests and
diseases, rainfall, soil type, water availability and electricity.
5.The Socio-economic Environment
It includes farmers’ participation in social organization, access
to capital, high income, availability of credit, farm size, clear
benefits and advantages over current practices and individual
need for change.
6.The Socio-cultural factors
a. Impact on social relations
b. Reversibility refers to the ease with which the ‘status quo
ante’ can be established is a change is affected.
 GOD BLESS YOU !!!

JAMES 1 : 5

IF ANYONE LACKS WISDOM, ASKGODWHO GIVES

GENEROUSLY TOALL WITHOUT FINDING FAULT…

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING