UNIT III

Mysql Advanced & PHP Basics

AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

1. AVG(): The AVG() function returns the average value of

a numeric column.
SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name

Eg. SELECT AVG(FEES) AS FEESAVERAGE FROM studentpersonal;

In the above example AVG function will find the average

of fees column/attribute/FIELD from the given
table(name the table)

2. COUNT() :The COUNT() function returns the number of

rows/records/tuples that matches a specified criteria.
Syntax
COUNT(column_name)
SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name

The COUNT(*) function returns the number of records in a

table:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name.

1.Eg. SELECT COUNT(*) AS TOTALSTUDENT FROM STUDENTPERSONAL;

2. SELECT COUNT(firstname) FROM studentpersonal;

3. SELECT COUNT(place) AS placename FROM studentpersonal
WHERE place =’cortalim’;

COUNT (DISTINCT column_name)

The COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) function returns the number
of distinct values of the specified column:

4.Eg. SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT std) AS studentstd FROM

studentpersonal;

3. The MAX() : The MAX() function returns the largest

value of the selected column.
Syntax
SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name

1
SELECT MAX(percentage)AS highestpercentage FROM
studentpersonal;

4. The MIN(): The MIN() function returns the smallest

value of the selected column.

Syntax
SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name

SELECT MIN(fees) AS lowestfeepaid FROM studentpersonal;

5. SUM(): The SUM() function returns the total sum of a

numeric column.

SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name

SELECT SUM(fees) AS totalfees FROM studentpersonal;

MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
1.The ABS() : returns the absolute value of a number.
ABS(X) Returns the absolute value of X.
mysql> SELECT ABS(2);
-> 2
mysql> SELECT ABS(-32);
-> 32
In the above ex. It gives the absolute value of 2 is
2. It does not show any effect on positive numbers,
where else -32 the absolute value is 32.
2. The CEILING().Ceil() takes the number and rounds it to
the nearest integer above its current value.
Eg.
Select CEIL(11.256)
O/P
12
In the above ex. The value 11.256 is round to 12. It round
to the nearest integer above its current value.

3. The FLOOR()function rounds the value to the largest

previous integer. It rounds it to the nearest integer below
its current value.
Eg.
Floor(11.256)
O/P
11

2
In the above ex. The value 11.256 is round to 11. It round
to the nearest integer below its current value.

4. The ROUND() rounds it to the nearest integer above its

current value. It returns a number rounded to a specified
number of decimal places.Eg.

Round (11.256,2)
O/P
11.26
In the above ex. The value 11.256 is round to 11.26. It
round to the nearest integer above its current value.

5. RAND() The rand() function generates a random integer. It can

be used perform some action randomly such as to get a random
number, If you want a random integer between 10 and 100
(inclusive), use rand (10,100).

6. SQRT()function Returns the square root of a given non-

negative number. If the number is negative then it returns
NULL. Parameter : SQRT function in MySQL accepts one
parameter and gives the result on the basis of input.

MYSQL>select SQRT(9);
O/P
3

7. The SIGN(X) function : Returns the sign of the argument

as -1, 0, or 1, depending on whether X is negative, zero,
or positive.

mysql> SELECT SIGN(-32);

-> -1
mysql> SELECT SIGN(0);
-> 0
mysql> SELECT SIGN(234);
-> 1

8. TRUNCATE(X,D) : Returns the number X, truncated to D

decimal places. If D is 0, the result has no decimal point
or fractional part. D can be negative to cause D digits
left of the decimal point of the value X to become zero.

mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(1.223,1);

3
 -> 1.2
mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(1.999,1);
-> 1.9
mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(1.999,0);
-> 1
mysql> SELECT TRUNCATE(-1.999,1);
-> -1.9
9. LEAST(val1, val2, ...) :This function accepts any number
of arguments and returns the value that represents the
least value of the set.
Examples:
SELECT LEAST(90, 9.125, 3, 75)
==> 3
SELECT LEAST('H', 'Z', 'B')
==> B
10. GREATEST(val1, val2, ...) : This function accepts any
number of arguments and returns the value that represents
the greatest value of the set.
Examples:
SELECT GREATEST(90, 9.125, 3, 75)
==> 90
SELECT GREATEST('H', 'Z', 'B')
==> Z

STRING FUNCTIONS

In this group we have various strings related functions.

1. The LENGTH() function returns the length of a string.

>Select length(‘computer’);
8
In the above example the length function find the
length of the string given ie ‘computer’ and the length
is 8

2. The UPPER() function converts characters into upper-

case letters.

>Select upper(‘computer’);

o/p

4
COMPUTER
In the above example the upper function convert the string
given in lower case to upper case as shown in the ouput.
Upper function have no effect if the string given in upper
case.
3. The LOWER() function converts characters into lower-
case letters.
>Select lower(‘computer’);
o/p - computer

4. The LEFT() The LEFT() function extracts a number of characters from a

string (starting from left).

SYNTAX
LEFT(string, number_of_chars)
>Select left(‘computer’,4);
o/p
comp

5. the RIGHT() The RIGHT() function extracts a number of characters from a

string (starting from right).

SYNTAX
RIGHT(string, number_of_chars)

>Select right(‘computer’,3);
o/p
ter

6. SUBSTRING(),extracted a smaller string from the given

string as per the format given.

mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5);

-> 'ratically'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('foobarbar',4);
-> 'barbar'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Quadratically',5,6);
-> 'ratica'
mysql> SELECT SUBSTRING('Sakila', -3);

7. The STRCMP() compares two strings and returns 0, if they

are the same.

Mysql> select STRCMP(‘BYTE’,’BYTE’);

5
O/P
0

8. The CONCAT()function concatenates two strings. The

MySQL CONCAT function takes one or more string arguments
and concatenates them into a single string.
The CONCAT function requires a minimum of one parameter
otherwise it raises an error.EG.

CONCAT(‘TWELVE’,’CT’);
O/P
TWELVE CT

9. ASCII(str) Returns the numeric value of the leftmost

character of the string str. Returns 0 if str is the
empty string. Returns NULL if str is NULL. ASCII() works
for 8-bit characters.

mysql> SELECT ASCII('2');

-> 50
mysql> SELECT ASCII(2);
-> 50
mysql> SELECT ASCII('dx');
-> 100

10. CHAR(N,... [USING charset_name])

CHAR() interprets each argument N as an integer and returns

a string consisting of the characters given by the code
values of those integers. NULL values are skipped.

mysql> SELECT CHAR(77,121,83,81,'76');

-> 'MySQL'
mysql> SELECT CHAR(77,77.3,'77.3');
-> 'MMM'

11. REPEAT(str,count) : Returns a string consisting of the

string str repeated count times. If count is less than 1,
returns an empty string. Returns NULL if str or count are
NULL.

mysql> SELECT REPEAT('MySQL',3);

-> 'MySQLMySQLMySQL'

6
12. REVERSE(str) : Returns the string str with the order
of the characters reversed.

mysql> SELECT REVERSE('abc');

-> 'cba'

13. LTRIM(str) : Returns the string str with leading space

characters removed.

mysql> SELECT LTRIM(' barbar');

-> 'barbar'

14. RTRIM(str)

Returns the string str with trailing space characters

removed.

mysql> SELECT RTRIM('barbar ');

-> 'barbar'

15. Trim() The TRIM() function removes leading and trailing

spaces from a string.

TRIM(string)

mysql> SELECT TRIM(' bar ');

-> 'bar'

16. The INSERT() function inserts a string within a string

at the specified position and for a certain number of
characters.

INSERT(string, position, number, string2)

String The string that will be modified

Position The position where to insert string2
Number The number of characters to replace
string2 The string to insert into string

>SELECT INSERT("W3Schools.com", 1, 9, "Example");

o/p
Example.com

7
DATE & TIME FUNCTIONS

In MySQL, date is written in the format YYYY-MM-DD. Year is

followed by month and day. They can be separated by slash
or by hyphen. MySQL also supports a shortened date format,
without separators. Time is written in a standard form,
HH:MM:SS. Hours followed by minutes and seconds.

The NOW() function returns the current date and time.

>SELECT NOW();

The CURTIME() returns the current time.

the CURDATE() returns the current date.

>SELECT CURTIME(),CURDATE();

With the DATEDIFF() we get the number of days between two

dates.

>SELECT DATEDIFF(‘2020-3-12’, ‘2020-1-12’);

O/P
59

To display date in a different format, we use

the DATE_FORMAT().

>SELECT DATE FORMAT(‘200122’,’%d-%m-%y’);

O/P
22-01-2020

DAYOFMONTH(date)

Returns the day of the month for date, in the range 1

to 31, or 0 for dates such as '0000-00-00' or '2008-00-
00' that have a zero day part.

mysql> SELECT DAYOFMONTH('2007-02-03');

-> 3
SELECT DAYOFMONTH(CURDATE());
SELECT DAYOFMONTH(fieldname);

8
 Date can be given to any of the function either fix
date, curdate or field name. Any one way.

DAYOFWEEK(date)

Returns the weekday index for date (1 = Sunday, 2 =

Monday, …, 7 = Saturday). These index values correspond
to the ODBC standard.

mysql> SELECT DAYOFWEEK('2020-05-13');

o/p
4
SELECT DAYNAME(CURDATE());

DAYNAME(‘2020-05-13’);

FRIDAY

YEAR('2020/01/23'),

2020

SELECT DAY(CURDATE());
13

• MONTH(date)

Returns the month for date, in the range 1 to 12 for

January to December, or 0 for dates such as '0000-00-
00' or '2008-00-00' that have a zero month part.

mysql> SELECT MONTH('2020-05-13');

-> 5

• MONTHNAME(date)

Returns the full name of the month for date.

mysql> SELECT MONTHNAME(''2020-05-13');

-> 'MAY'

4. DAYOFYEAR(date) Returns the day of the year for date,

in the range 1 to 366.

9
 mysql> SELECT DAYOFYEAR('2021-01-01');
-> 34

• HOUR(time)

Returns the hour for time. The range of the return

value is 0 to 23 for time-of-day values. However, the
range of TIME values actually is much larger, so HOUR
can return values greater than 23.

mysql> SELECT HOUR('10:05:03');

-> 10

• MINUTE(time)

Returns the minute for time, in the range 0 to 59.

mysql> SELECT MINUTE('2008-02-03 10:05:03');

-> 5

PERIOD_ADD(P,N)

Adds N months to period P (in the format YYMM or YYYYMM).

Returns a value in the format YYYYMM. Note that the period
argument P is not a date value.

mysql> SELECT PERIOD_ADD(200801,2);

-> 200803

PERIOD_DIFF(P1,P2)

Returns the number of months between periods P1 and P2. P1

and P2 should be in the format YYMM or YYYYMM. Note that
the period arguments P1 and P2 are not date values.

mysql> SELECT PERIOD_DIFF(200802,200703);

-> 11
SECOND(time)
Returns the second for time, in the range 0 to 59.
mysql> SELECT SECOND('10:05:03');

-> 3

10
 TO_DAYS(date)

Given a date date, returns a day number (the number of

days since year 0).

mysql> SELECT TO_DAYS(950501);

-> 728779
mysql> SELECT TO_DAYS('2007-10-07');
-> 733321

Triggers in SQL

SQL trigger is an SQL statements or a set of SQL statements

which is stored to be activated or fired when an event
associating with a database table occurs. The event can be
any event including INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. A trigger
is a special kind of stored procedure that is invoked
whenever an attempt is made to modify the data in the table
it protects. Modifications to the table are made using
INSERT,UPDATE,OR DELETE statements. Triggers are associated
with tables and they are automatic . Triggers are
automatically invoked by SQL SERVER. Triggers prevent
incorrect , unauthorized, or inconsistent changes to data.

Triggers Views

In SQL, a view is a virtual table based on the result-set

of an SQL statement.

View is a pre-defined query that is stored in the database it has

the appearance of an ordinary table and is accessed like a table
but does not require physical storage.

Example:- a view can be created from the employee table that

contains only the employees name and address instead of all
columns in the employee. A view can contain all rows of a table
or selected rows from a table a view can be created from one or
many tables.

Select statement is used to define the view and contains column

names from the table or can be written using various function and
calculations to manipulate and summarized the data.

11
A view is considered a database object although the view takes up
no storage space on its own.

Different between view and table

Tables are the actual database entities that hold your

rows. A Tables store the actual data.
and is the primary storage object for data in a relational
database. A table consists of rows and columns. A table
takes up physical space in a database and can be permanent
or temporary.

Eg. CREATE TABLE TABLENAME;

A view is a virtual table. it does not require physical

storage because it is actually referring to data from a
table. View are "imaginary" tables that are constructed
based on the actual tables.
The advantage of a view is that it can join data from
several tables thus creating a new view of it. A view is
just a SELECT statement which has been saved in the
database. Instead of sending the complex query to the
database all the time, you can save the query as a view and
then SELECT * FROM view
CREATE VIEW VIEWNAME AS SELECT * FROM TABLE NAME;

12
 INTRODUCTION to PHP BASICS

History of PHP
PHP began in 1995 when Rasmus Lerdorf developed a Perl/CGI
script toolset he called the Personal Home Page or PHP
PHP 2 released 1997 (PHP now stands for Hypertext
Processor). Lerdorf developed it further, using C instead

What is PHP?
PHP == ‘Hypertext Preprocessor’
Open-source, server-side scripting language
Used to generate dynamic web-pages
PHP scripts reside between reserved PHP tags
This allows the programmer to embed PHP scripts within HTML
pages
PHP files can contain text, HTML tags and scripts
PHP files have a file extension of ".php", ".php3", or
".phtml"
PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today
(Apache, IIS (Internet Information Server ), etc.)

Basic PHP Syntax

A PHP script always starts with <?php and ends with ?>. A
PHP script can be placed anywhere in the document. Once
the program is written, it should be saved under the www
directory under WAMP. first script PHP script can be typed
in any text editor like notepad++. Each code line in PHP
must end with a semicolon. The semicolon is a separator and
is used to distinguish one set of instructions from
another. The extension to php document should be always
.Php after the document is saved you should be able to
access it via your browser if there are no errors the
output will be as follows.
Format :

<?php

?>
Eg:-

<?php
Print ”Hello web”;
?>

13
There are two basic statements to output text with PHP:
echo and print.

Print () function

Print () function output data any output by print function ends

up in browser window data sent to a function is always placed in
brackets which is a collection of characters or strings . Strings
must always be enclosed by quotation marks either single or
double each line should be ended with a semicolon. The semicolon
informs the data that you have completed a statement.

In PHP there are two basic ways to get output: echo and print.

The echo statement can be used with or without

parentheses: echo or echo().

The print statement can be used with or without

parentheses: print or print().

1. The differences are small: echo has no return value

while print has a return value of 1 so it can be used in
expressions. echo can take multiple parameters echo can
pass multiple string separated as ( , )
while print can take one argument.

echo is marginally faster than print.

Combining HTML with php

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>A PHP script including HTML </TILE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<b>
<?php
Print “Hello Web”;
echo “Hello world”;
?>
</BODY>
</HTML>

14
Comments in PHP

In PHP, we use // to make a one-line comment or /* and */

to make a comment block:

<html>
<body>
<?php
//This is a comment
/*
This is
a comment
block
*/
?>
</body>
</html>

PHP Variables

Variables are "containers" for storing information. The

letters are called variables, and variables can be used to
hold values (x=5) or expressions (z=x+y).A variable can
have a short name, like x, or a more descriptive name, like
carName. If you want to create a variable without assigning
it a value, then you assign it the value of null.

Dynamic Variable:-

A variable you create with a $ sign followed by a variable

name
Eg:- $user=”Sahana”;

Rules for PHP variable names:

• Variables in PHP starts with a $ sign, followed by the

name of the variable
• The variable name must begin with a letter or the
underscore character
• A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric
characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
• A variable name should not contain spaces
• Variable names are case sensitive (y and Y are two
different variables)

15
 • When you assign a text value to a variable, put quotes
around the value.
• In PHP, a variable does not need to be declared before
adding a value to it.

eg: create a variable containing a string, and a variable

containing a number:

<?php
$txt="Hello World!";
$x=16;
?>

What Global Variable

A global variable in PHP is one that can be accessed from

any part of the program. This is in contrast to a local
variable that can be accessed only from within the scope or
context in which it is defined. It should be noted that if
a global variable needs to be modified it should be
explicitly declared global in the function in which it
would be modified.

Escape character

\n is used to give one blank line

\t It is used to give one tab space.

Data Types

PHP4's six data types

Type Example Description

Integer 5 Whole number

Double 3.34 Floating point number
String “Hello” Collection of character
Boolean True True or fasle
Objects
Array

PHP Operators :The assignment operator = is used to assign

values to variables in PHP.

Assignment Operators

16
The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that
the left operand gets set to the value of the expression on
the right. That is, the value of "$x = 5" is 5.

Assignment Same as... Description

The left operand gets set to the value
x = y x = y
of the expression on the right
x += y x = x + y Addition
x -= y x = x - y Subtraction
x *= y x = x * y Multiplication
x /= y x = x / y Division
x %= y x = x % y Modulus
a .= b a = a . b Concatenate two strings

Incrementing/Decrementing Operators

Operator Name Description

Pre-
++ x Increments x by one, then returns x
increment
Post-
x ++ Returns x, then increments x by one
increment
Pre-
-- x Decrements x by one, then returns x
decrement
Post-
x -- Returns x, then decrements x by one
decrement

Comparison Operators

Comparison operators allows you to compare two values:

Operator Name Description

True if x is equal to
x == y Equal
y
True if x is equal to
x === y Identical y, and they are of
same type
True if x is not
x != y Not equal
equal to y
True if x is not
x <> y Not equal
equal to y
Not True if x is not
x !== y
identical equal to y, or they
17
 are not of same type
Greater True if x is greater
x > y
than than y
True if x is less
x < y Less than
than y
Greater
True if x is greater
x >= y than or
than or equal to y
equal to
Less than True if x is less
x <= y
or equal to than or equal to y

Logical Operators

Operator Name Description

X and y / x && y And True if both x and
y are true
x or y / x || y or True if either or
both x and y are
true
x xor y x xor y True if either x or
y is true, but not
both
! x Not True if x is not
true

PHP String Variables

A string variable is used to store and manipulate text.

The Concatenation Operator

There is only one string operator in PHP. The concatenation

operator (.) is used to put two string values together.To
concatenate two string variables together, use the
concatenation operator:

<?php
$txt1="Hello World!";
$txt2="What a nice day!";
echo $txt1 . " " . $txt2;
?>

The output of the code above will be:

18
Hello World! What a nice day!

we had to insert a third string (a space character), to

separate the two strings.

The strlen() function

The strlen() function is used to return the length of a

string.

<?php
echo strlen("Hello world!");
?>

The output of the code above will be:

12

PHP substr() Function

The substr() function returns a part of a string.

Syntax
substr(string,start,length)
String : The string from which the part is to be extracted
is mentioned here. Start : The start in the string from
which the characters are to be extracted.

Length : It is an optional parameter. It specifies the

length of the string which is to be extracted.

<?php
echo substr("Hello world!",6,5);
?>

The output of the code above will be:

world
<?php echo substr("Hello world",6); ?> //Returns world

<?php echo substr("Hello world",6,4); ?> // Returns worl

<?php echo substr("Hello world", -1); ?> // Returns d

19
PHP strrev() Function

The strrev() function reverses a string.

Syntax : strrev(string)

Eg.

<?php

echo strrev("Hello World!");

?>

The output of the code above will be:

!dlroW olleH

Conditional Statements

Conditional statements are used to perform different

actions based on different conditions.

In PHP we have the following conditional statements:

• if statement - use this statement to execute some code

only if a specified condition is true
• if...else statement - use this statement to execute
some code if a condition is true and another code if
the condition is false
• if...elseif....else statement - use this statement to
select one of several blocks of code to be executed
• switch statement - use this statement to select one of
many blocks of code to be executed

The if Statement

The if statement evaluates an expression between

parentheses. If this expression results in a true value, a
block of code is executed. Otherwise, the block is skipped
entirely.
Syntax
if (condition) code to be executed if condition is true;

<html>
<body>

20
<?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
?>
</body>
</html>

The if...else Statement

When working with the if statement, you will often want to

define an alternative block of code that should be executed
if the expression you are testing evaluates to false. You
can do this by adding else to the if statement followed by
a further block of code:
Syntax

if ( expression )
{
// code to execute if the expression evaluates to true
}
else
{

// code to execute in all other cases

}
Ex.The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!"
if the current day is Friday, otherwise it will output
"Have a nice day!":

<html>
<body>

<?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
else
echo "Have a nice day!";
?>

21
</body>
</html>

If more than one line should be executed if a condition is

true/false, the lines should be enclosed within curly
braces.

PHP Switch Statement

Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks of

code to be executed. The switch statement's block of code,
you find a number of case statements. Each of these tests a
value against the result of the switch statement's
expression. First we have a single expression n (most often
a variable), that is evaluated once. The value of the
expression is then compared with the values for each case
in the structure. If there is a match, the block of code
associated with that case is executed. Use break to prevent
the code from running into the next case automatically. The
default statement is used if no match is found.

Syntax
switch (n)
{
case label1:
code to be executed if n=label1;
break;
case label2:
code to be executed if n=label2;
break;
default:
code to be executed if n is different from both label1
and label2;
}

22
Ex.
<html>
<body>

<?php
$x=1;
switch ($x)
{
case 1:
echo "Number 1";
break;
case 2:
echo "Number 2";
break;
case 3:
echo "Number 3";
break;
default:
echo "No number between 1 and 3";
}
?>

</body>
</html>

LOOPS
Loop statements are designed to enable you to achieve
repetitive tasks. Almost without exception, a loop
continues to operate until a condition is achieved, or you
explicitly choose to exit the loop.

The while Statement

The while statement looks similar in structure to a basic
if statement:

while ( expression )
{
// do something
}
As long as a while statement's expression evaluates to
true, the code block is executed over and over again till
the expression becomes false. Within the block, you usually
23
change to either increment /decrement the value something
that affects the while statement's expression; otherwise,
your loop continues indefinitely.

The do..while Statement

A do...while statement looks a little like a while
statement. The essential difference between the two is that
the code block is executed before the test condition and
not after it:
do {
// code to be executed
}
while ( expression );

Note The test expression of a do...while statement should

always end with a semicolon. This statement might be useful
if you want the code block to be executed at least once
even if the while expression evaluates to false. creates a
do...while statement. The code block is executed a minimum
of one time.

The for Statement

The for loop is used when you know in advance how many
times the script should run.

The for statement allows you to achieve this on a single

line.
Syntax

for ( variable assignment; test expression; variable

increment )
{
// code to be executed
}

Each of the expressions within the parentheses of the for

statement is separated by semicolons. Usually, the first
expression initializes a counter variable, the second
expression is the test condition for the loop, and the
third expression increments the counter. Ex.

The example below defines a loop that starts with i=1. The
loop will continue to run as long as i is less than, or
equal to 5. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs:
24
<html>
<body>

<?php
for ($i=1; $i<=5; $i++)
{
echo "The number is " . $i . "<br />";
}
?>

</body>
</html>

Output:The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5

What Is a Function?
A function is a block of code that is not immediately
executed but can be called by your scripts when needed.
Functions can be built-in or user-defined. They can require
information to be passed to them and usually return a
value.

In PHP, there are more than 700 built-in functions.

Syntax
Function functionName()
{
code to be executed;
}

PHP function guidelines:

• Give the function a name that reflects what the

function does
• The function name can start with a letter or underscore
(not a number)

Defining a Function
You can define a function using the function statement:

25
function some_function( $argument1, $argument2 )
{
// function code here
}
The name of the function follows the function statement and
precedes a set of parentheses. If your function is to
require arguments, you must place comma-separated variable
names within the parentheses. These variables will be
filled by the values passed to your function. If your
function requires no arguments,you must nevertheless supply
the parentheses.

Eg:-

<?php
function bighello ()
{
Print “<h1> Hello </h1>”;
}
?>

What Is an Array?
An array allows you to store as many values as you want in
the same variable. Each value is indexed within the array
by a number or a string. An array is flexible. It can store
two values or two hundred values without the need to define
further variables. Each element can be accessed directly
via its index.
You can sort items numerically, alphabetically, or even
according to a system of your own.
An index to an array element can be either a number or a
string. By default, array elements are indexed by number
starting at zero. Array is always one less than the number
of elements the array contains.

The following examples show how arrays of integers and

strings can be constructed and assigned to variables.
$number = array(6, 4, 10, 23, 7);
0 1 2 3 4
$words = array(“web”, database”, “technology”);

Accessing Arrays
You can access an element of an array by using its index:
print $user[4]

Printing array elements eg.

26
 print $number[2]; // prints 10
print $words[0]; // prints web

An empty array can be created by assigning to a variable.

Eg. $xiict = array().

In PHP, there are three kind of arrays:

• Numeric array - An array with a numeric index

• Associative array - An array where each ID key is
associated with a value
• Multidimensional array - An array containing one or
more arrays

Creating Arrays / Defining Arrays with the array() Function

The array() functin is useful when you want to assign
multiple values to an array at one time. By default, arrays
are lists of values indexed by number. Values can be
assigned to an array in two ways: with the array() function
or directly using the array identifier [].

Numeric Arrays

A numeric array stores each array element with a numeric

index.

There are two methods to create a numeric array.

1. In the following example the index are automatically

assigned (the index starts at 0):

$cars=array("Saab","Volvo","BMW","Toyota");

2. In the following example we assign the index manually:

$cars[0]="Swift";
$cars[1]="Volvo";
$cars[2]="BMW";
$cars[3]="Toyota";

Example

In the following example you access the variable values by

referring to the array name and index:

27
<?php
$cars[0]="Swift";
$cars[1]="Volvo";
$cars[2]="BMW";
$cars[3]="Toyota";

echo $cars[0] . " and " . $cars[1] . " are cars models.";
?>

The code above will output:

Saab and Volvo are Swedish cars.

Associative Arrays : An associative array uses string keys

to access values stored in the array. An associative array
can be constructed with array() by associating each key to
a value using the => operator.
Example 1 : In this example we use an array to assign ages
to the different persons:
$ages = array("Peter"=>32, "Quagmire"=>30, "Joe"=>34);

Example 2 : This example is the same as example 1, but

shows a different way of creating the array:
$ages['Peter'] = "32";
$ages['Joy'] = "30";
$ages['Joe'] = "34";

The ID keys can be used in a script:

<?php
$ages['Peter'] = "32";
$ages['Joy'] = "30";
$ages['Joe'] = "34";

echo "Peter is " . $ages['Peter'] . " years old.";

?>

The code above will output:

Peter is 32 years old.

Getting the Size of an Array

we use the count() function. In the following code, we

28
define a numerically indexed array and use count() to
access its last element:

$users = array ("Bert", "Sharon", "Betty", "Harry" );

print $users[count($users)− 1];
Notice that we subtract 1 from the value returned by
count(). This is because count() returns the number of
elements in an array, not the index of the last element.

Looping Through an Array (listing the values of the arrays)

There are many ways of looping through each element of an
array. For these use PHP4's powerful foreach statement.

foreach( $array as $temp )

{
//...
}
where $array is the array you want to loop through, and
$temp is a variable in which you will temporarily store
each element.In the following code, we define a numerically
indexed array and use foreach to access each of its
elements in turn:
$users = array ("Bert", "Sharon", "Betty", "Harry" );
foreach ( $users as $val )
{
print "$val<br>";
}

Looping Through an Associative Array

To access both the keys and values of an associative array,
you need to alter the use of foreach slightly.
In the context of associative arrays, you would use a
foreach statement like this:
foreach( $array as $key=>$value )
{
//...
}
where $array is the array we are looping through, $key is a
variable that temporarily holds each key, and $value is a
variable that temporarily holds each value.

29
Manipulating Arrays
Joining Two Arrays with array_merge()
array_merge() accepts two or more arrays and returns a
merged array combining
all their elements. Ex. we create two arrays, joining the
second to the first, and loop through the resultant third
array:
$first = array("a", "b", "c");
$second = array(1,2,3);
$third = array_merge( $first, $second );
foreach ( $third as $val )
{
print "$val<BR>";
}
The $third array contains copies of all the elements of
both the $first and $second
arrays. The foreach statement prints this combined array (
'a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3 ) to the
browser with a <BR> tag between each element

Adding Multiple Variables to an Array with array_push()

array_push() accepts an array and any number of further
parameters, each of
which is added to the array. The array_push() function is
unlike
array_merge() in that the array passed in as the first
argument is transformed.
array_push() returns the total number of elements in the
array.

Let's create an array and add some more values to it:

$first = array("a", "b", "c");

$total = array_push( $first, 1, 2, 3 );
print "There are $total elements in \$first<P>";

foreach ( $first as $val )

{
print "$val<BR>";
}

Because array_push() returns the total number of elements

in the array it
transforms, we are able to store this value (6) in a
variable and print it to the

30
browser. The $first array now contains its original
elements as well the three
integers we passed to the array_push() function, all of
these are printed to the
browser within the foreach statement.

Removing the First Element of an Array with array_shift()

array_shift() removes and returns the first element of an
array passed to it as an
argument. Ex. we use array_shift() in conjunction with a
while loop. We test the value returned from count() to
check whether the array still contains elements:

<?php
$an_array = array("a", "b", "c");
while ( count( $an_array) )
{
$val = array_shift( $an_array);
print "$val<BR>";
print "there are ".count($an_array)." elements in
\$an_array <br>";
}
?>
Using array_shift() to remove and print every element in an
array.
array_shift() is useful when you need to create a queue and
act on it until the queue
is empty.

Sorting Arrays
This section introduces some functions that allow you to
sort both numerically
indexed and associative arrays.

Sorting Numerically Indexed Arrays with sort()

sort() accepts an array as its argument and sorts it either
alphabetically if any
strings are present or numerically if all elements are
numbers. The function doesn't
return any data, transforming the array you pass it. Ex.

$an_array = array("x","a","f","c");
sort( $an_array);
foreach ( $an_array as $var )

31
{
print "$var<BR>";
}

You can reverse sort a numerically indexed array by using

rsort() in exactly the
same way as sort().

Sorting an Associative Array by Value with asort()

asort() accepts an associative array and sorts its values
just as sort() does.
However, it preserves the array's keys:
$first = array("first"=>5,"second"=>2,"third"=>1);
asort( $first );
foreach ( $first as $key => $val )
{
print "$key = $val<BR>";
}

You can reverse sort an associative array by value with

arsort().

Sorting an Associative Array by Key with ksort()

ksort() accepts an associative array and sorts its keys.
Once again, the array you
pass it will be transformed and nothing will be returned:
$first = array("x"=>5,"a"=>2,"f"=>1);
ksort( $first );
foreach ( $first as $key => $val )
{
print "$key = $val<BR>";
}

You can reverse sort an associative array by key with

krsort().

Finding Maximum and minimum values in a array using max()

and min().

Eg. $var = array(1, 10, 5,37, 23, 65, -75, 6);

Print max($var); // print 65

Print min($var); // print -75

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33